Applications of slotted cable antennas in the instrument landingsystem

The use of slotted waveguides in the instrument landing system (ILS) is discussed, and applications of slotted cable antennas to the ILS localizer and glide slope are described. Examples are given of both existing and prospective designs intended to provide solutions for specific siting problems. Important applications are to the end-fire glide slope and category-III localizers     

Improvement of Automatic Landing Through the Use of a Space Diversity ILS Receiving System

A space diversity method of receiving and processing ILS localizer information has been developed and flight tested. Multiple lateral ly separated antennas are used which sense the ILS signal on and around the approach path. Combining these signals suppresses ILS beam distortion produced by multipath signal interference and provides much improved guidance information to the landing aircraft control system.     

ILS-a safe bet for your future landings

An argument is presented in favor of the ILS (instrument landing system), the principal components of which are the localizer, which provides lateral guidance to the pilot, and the glide slope, which gives the vertical guidance. A pilot flying these signals precisely will end up over the hard surface runway with the ILS receiving antenna, wherever it is mounted on the aircraft, being about 20 ft above the touchdown point. The safety record and evolution of the ILS are examined, and a pilot's view of ILS (that of the author, an engineer who has worked with ILS since 1957 and a pilot who has used ILS safely for over 30 years) is given. System availability is discussed, and comments concerning future use are offered     

ILS-past and present

Insight is provided into the evolution of VHF/UHF instrument landing system (ILS) equipment and the role of the US Civil Aeronautics and Federal Aviation Administrations in its development. The discussion covers the ILS localizer, glide slope (image arrays and nonimage arrays), marker beacon, reliability, and avionics     

Improved Antenna Systems for ILS Localizers

For many years Norwegian airports have been equipped with instrument landing system (ILS) localizers of conventional type. Most of the localizers, however, were found not to perform very well on these sites. The course bends were too large and even moderate amounts of snow and ice could cause the localizer to fall out of operation. To overcome these difficulties, the requirements for localizer operation at these airports were analyzed and a new and improved antenna system developed. After a long period of operational testing, during which it was made clear that a substantial improvement in performance had been achieved, the new localizer antenna system is now in operation at 13 Norwegian airports.     

Disturbance of ILS Localizer Signals by Reflections from Large Hangers

An equation giving the disturbance of ILS localizer signals by reflections from a flat hangar wall is derived, and a computer program for performing the required calculations is discussed. Results calculated for a hypothetical case are presented.     

民机航向道信标接收功能定量评估方法研究

针对民用飞机仪表着陆系统（ILS）航向道信标（LOC）接收功能试飞中机载LOC接收功能定量评估存在困难的问题，通过对LOC基本工作原理和机场LOC地面台信号的分析，并结合机场LOC地面台的飞行校验方法和校验结果，将试飞使用跑道LOC地面台本身存在的误差以及飞行校验的设备误差纳入考量，结合民用飞机机载LOC系统试飞科目的试飞方法和试飞内容，以相应系统规范的精度要求为依据，分为“飞机沿航向道飞行”和“飞机与航向道成夹角飞行”两种情况，制定出了一套现实可行的机载LOC接收功能定量评估方法。此外，用实际的试飞数据验证了该套方法的正确性和科学性，可作为目前国内仅作定性评估的有力补充和支撑，并且可为类似的系统提供定量功能评估思路、方法及验证路径的参考。     

转子倾斜对交错式迷宫密封动静特性的影响

建立了交错式迷宫密封数值分析模型,并通过基于微元理论的密封动力特性系数理论识别方法研究了转子倾斜对密封动静特性的影响。结果表明：转子倾斜可降低交错式迷宫密封泄漏量,倾斜角为0.6°时泄漏量降低约2.5%,且进出口压比越大,效果越显著;转子倾斜带来的交错式密封腔室几何形状与齿径向间隙变化使得腔室在周向存在压力分布不均,且随倾斜角增加而增大;密封各腔室对系统稳定性影响规律不同,与交错式迷宫密封腔室的几何特性有关,密封腔室进口靠近转子、出口远离转子的腔室局部出现逆转动方向的速度场,能提高密封系统稳定性,而密封腔室进口远离转子、出口靠近转子的腔室则降低系统稳定性;整个密封段的有效阻尼随倾斜角增大而增大,转子在密封段中心倾斜不会降低交错式迷宫系统的稳定性。     

MLS: keeping pace with the future

It is argued that the instrument landing system (ILS) is now at its operational limit in terms of radio frequency availability, approach flexibility, and technology. The operational requirements for a microwave landing system (MLS), which will overcome key limitations of the ILS and provide growth to meet future requirements of precision landing systems, are discussed, John F. Kennedy (JFK) International Airport and LaGuardia Airport in New York City are discussed as examples to demonstrate the capabilities of MLS     

Application of Endfire Arrays at Contemporary Glide-Slope Problem Sites

The application of the endfire-type, compatible instrument landing system (ILS) glide slope is discussed in the context of providing increased capability to install facilities without requirements for extensive terrain modification. Costs of preparing a site for glide-slope operation can be reduced many times by eliminating the requirement for the usual image-forming ground plane. An example is given where the first endfire glide slope has been installed at an airdrome on a mesa giving a high quality path in space in spite of the limited real estate. Recent flight data from this glide slope are presented.     

Flight safety performance of the microwave landing system

The microwave landing system (MLS), which is scheduled to be implemented progressively over the next 10 years, is intended to supply the instrument landing system (ILS) as the international standard landing aid. MLS has been demonstrated to be superior to ILS from both performance and reliability standpoints, yet considerable debate persists on its relative merits. Although tolerance criteria for flight safety are embedded in these comparisons, flight safety has not been a major component of these discussions. The reasons why flight safety has not been an issue are addressed, and observations on the flight safety of MLS are related from a systems point of view. The effect of MLS on airport capacity is identified as a central issue. Observations are derived from a review of available documentation and operational results to date as well as discussions with the participants     

Comments on “Effect of wet snow an the null-reference ILSsystem”

The subject paper (July 1993) has raised some issues regarding the probability of the Instrument Landing System (ILS) radiating out-of-tolerance vertical guidance signals. An independent study has substantiated the findings of that paper and adds further concern regarding some FAA ILS snow procedures. The principal conclusions of this paper are: 1) an analysis, based on Walton's discovery of rare snow conditions that cause the null-reference ILS antenna image to disappear, indicates that these conditions can cause out-of-tolerance guidance signals, 2) operation without a monitor of the image radiation can result in signal-in-space guidance signal errors that are significantly beyond the intended limit values, and 3) the integrity of image glide path equipment in snow environments does not satisfy the ILS integrity requirements     

飞机着陆系统的现状与发展

论述了仪表着陆系统(ILS)、微波着陆系统(MLS)的作用及应用前景和主要优缺点。提出在未来MLS系统逐步取代ILS系统的过程中,ILS／MLS组合着陆系统导航设备的应用与发展。     

Microwave Landing System

The National Microwave Landing Systems (MLS) program is a joint DOT/DOD/NASA effort to implement a common civil/military precision landing system to replace the current Instrument Landing System (ILS). The MLS will be capable of providing precision landing guidance down to Category III minimum while allowing for complex approach paths in both the horizontal and vertical planes. The system is based on the Time Reference Scanning Beam (TRSB) technique which was selected by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) in April 1978 as the new international landing system standard. MLS is less susceptible to interference from the surrounding area and provides a greater signal coverage area than ILS.     

北斗星基增强系统双频多星座服务覆盖范围评估

双频多星座（DFMC）服务已成为星基增强系统（SBAS）未来能力提升的重要方向之一，相关国际标准也将在2023年11月正式发布。北斗星基增强系统（BDSBAS）是全球范围内唯一持续播发DFMC增强服务测试信号的星基增强系统。在详细介绍SBAS DFMC服务可用性和保护级计算方法的基础上，利用实测的BDSBAS B2a增强电文对BDSBAS DFMC增强服务的一类垂向引导进近（APV-I）/垂向导航信标性能（LPV）和决断高度200英尺垂向导航信标性能（LPV-200）等级的服务覆盖率进行了初步评估。评估结果表明，当前BDSBAS DFMC增强服务能够实现对中国及周边广大区域的服务覆盖，且双系统（BeiDou navigation satellite system和global positioning system，BDS+GPS）增强服务的APV-I和LPV-200等级99%可用性覆盖率比单系统（BDS）增强服务的覆盖率分别提升16%和32%。     

Vertical Path Guidance Computer

A low-cost airborne computer which provides a multiangular glide path for the landing problem is independent of ILS or GCA methods. A barometric altitude signal is divided by slant-range information from a DME interrogator. The resulting ground-based angle is subtracted from the selected approach angle to provide the displayed departure from the glide path. Angular and lineal outputs are available. DME station position may be electrically offset to serve all airdrome runways. Theoretical and experimental results are presented     

基于成本效益分析的ILS/MLS过渡决策

本文在对民航几个具有代表性的机场和航空公司进行调研基础上，提出了ＩＬＳ／ＭＬＳ成本计算和未来机队预测方法，从我国目前应用ＩＬＳ现状出发，列举了由ＭＬＳ可能获得的效益。根据成本计算结果的比较和分析，提出了我国ＩＬＳ／ＭＬＳ过渡方案参考的结论和建议，供领导机关作决策选择。     

LS Localizer Multipath Analysis

The scattering effect of structures on Instrument Landing System localizer signals is analyzed in this paper. A generalized computer program results which can be used to determine the reflection from surfaces of most materials and orientations for which the radius of curvature is large compared with the wavelength. For most reflecting walls, a closed form solution is used and the computation time is short. The program will enable users to determine the placement of hangars, towers, etc., in airports and to find ways to reduce their effect on localizer facilities.     

The ILS Glidepath: New Designs for Severe Sites

A fundamental new theory for the operation of the instrument landing system (ILS) glidepath is presented. Simple new image array designs for use on severe sites are developed from this theory. The new arrays have been thoroughly tested at model scale and on a particularly severe site at Sydney airport. The approach also leads to a simpler setting up procedure which substantially improves performance.     

军用飞机推行综合保障工程的研究

阐述了ILS的涵义及ILS在军用飞机形成战斗力中的重要作用,结合军用飞机实施ILS的现状,对大力推行军用飞机ILS的实施提出了几点建议。