Formation flight of fixed-wing UAV swarms: A group-based hierarchical approach

This paper investigates a formation control problem of fixed-wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) swarms. A group-based hierarchical architecture is established among the UAVs, which decomposes all the UAVs into several distinct and non-overlapping groups. In each group, the UAVs form hierarchies with one UAV selected as the group leader. All group leaders execute coordinated path following to cooperatively handle the mission process among different groups, and the remaining followers track their direct leaders to achieve the inner-group coordination. More specifically, for a group leader, a virtual target moving along its desired path is assigned for the UAV, and an updating law is proposed to coordinate all the group leaders’ virtual targets; for a follower UAV, the distributed leader-following formation control law is proposed to make the follower’s heading angle coincide with its direct leader, while keeping the desired relative position with respect to its direct leader. The proposed control law guarantees the globally asymptotic stability of the whole closed-loop swarm system under the control input constraints of fixed-wing UAVs. Theoretical proofs and numerical simulations are provided, which corroborate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

变体飞行器控制系统综述

介绍了变体飞行器控制系统和涉及的控制理论问题。分析了变体飞行器的控制系统,指出变体飞行器的控制系统由变形控制层和飞行控制层组成。对变体飞行器的硬件结构和变体飞行器控制方法的研究现状进行了阐述。分析了集中式和分布式两种变形机械结构以及控制系统体系结构,提出采用总线网络连接变形结构的分布式元件。总结了变体飞行器需深入研究的变形控制和飞行控制问题,包括大尺度变体飞行器的飞行控制问题,通信受约束的大数目的驱动器的协调控制问题。     

Cooperative formation control of multiple aerial vehicles based on guidance route in a complex task environment

In recent years, formation control of multi-agent has been a significant research subject in the field of cooperative control. However, previous works have mainly concentrated on formation control for simple point-mass model and linear model. In contrast, this paper presents a novel cooperative algorithm for multiple air vehicles formation control, which aims to devise a control strategy based on guidance route to achieve precisely coordinated formation control for a group of fixed-wing aircraft in a complex task environment. The proposed method introduces the leader-follower structure for effective organization of the multi-agent coordination. Moreover, the Partial Integrated Formation and Control (PIFC) is adopted to design the control law for Guidance-Route based Formation Control (GRFC). Additionally, the proposed approach designs two guidance-route generation strategies for two special situations to demonstrate the effectiveness of GRFC in complex task environments. Theoretical analysis reveals that the proposed control protocol for guidance command can ensure the overall stability and tracking accuracy of the system. Numerical simulations are performed to illustrate the theoretical results, and verify that the proposed approach can achieve coordinated formation control precisely in a complex task environment.     

工程约束下基于自由曲面方法的机头气动修形设计

二次曲线由于其良好的几何特征,在传统的飞机建模过程中得到较多的应用,但是单一的控制参数使其外形变化受到限制,而灵活的外形变化恰是NURBS曲线的主要特点。根据飞机设计过程中总体布局要求及人机工效约束条件,采用NURBS曲线曲面方法,使用控制点位置的相对长度与角度为设计参数,在飞机机头参数化建模过程中融入相关的工程约束,通过CFD计算分析,对设计参数进行优化,得到符合要求的模型;并尝试在风挡区域增加一条横向控制线,调节风挡局部区域的气流流动。结果表明,采用NURBS方法可以得到符合设计要求的机头外形,而且对外形的控制更加灵活;增加风挡区域的横向控制线改善了风挡局部区域的气流流动。     

多飞行器的分布式优化研究现状与展望

航空领域的多个飞行器协同搜救、区域监控、编队飞行等实际任务具有个体数量多、信息分散、任务指标复杂等特点,分布式优化是实现上述任务中多飞行器有效协同的重要保证,具有重要的理论意义和显著的应用价值。从优化任务的问题模型、研究框架和典型优化算法3个方面对分布式优化的研究现状进行了概述。根据不同的优化问题,从无约束的分布式凸优化、集合约束的分布式凸优化、不等式约束的分布式凸优化和分布式非凸优化这4个方面对分布式优化领域典型的研究成果进行了概述,并讨论了分布式优化研究的共性难点问题,对未来的分布式优化方向进行了展望。     

面向智能空战的它机协同试飞验证方法

为验证无人机自主协同算法在空战环境下的适用性，提出了一种高等效的它机协同试飞验证方法。根据算法功能实现的需求，以成熟的民用固定翼无人机平台为基础进行改装，搭建它机试飞平台，对真实空战环境开展模拟和等效设计。以四机协同编队算法为例，在试飞平台上移植算法程序，开展相关科目试飞验证。当需要验证不同控制算法时，无需针对它机试飞平台开发控制策略，只需修改控制算法即可。试验结果表明：编队综合误差较小，算法能够实现无人机编队的稳定控制；同时，它机协同试飞验证方法因其迭代速度快、安全稳定性高、成本低等特点，可用作中间阶段算法的前置试飞手段，为算法的开发迭代提供有效验证。     

基于LQR的飞机纵向控制律设计

介绍了最优二次型理论 LQR,以及加权矩阵 Q的选取。建立了某型固定翼飞机的纵向小扰动方程,利用显模型最优二次型法设计了飞机的纵向控制律,对飞机的 C*响应进行了改善。利用低阶等效系统方法,对飞机的法向过载和俯仰角速率进行拟配,并对设计的控制律进行飞行品质的评价,仿真结果表明所设计的控制律符合 而现代控制理论可以得到系统的状态变量模型,相比éêê ê? GJB 185-86的相关规范。     

飞行器集群协同制导控制方法及应用研究

分析了目前多飞行器协同作战的发展现状与趋势，指出了多飞行器以编队形式进行协调与配合，可以有效提高突防概率与作战效能。针对飞行器集群协同制导控制技术，分析梳理了相关的技术难点。然后，分别对协同任务规划与动态目标分配方法和多飞行器编队协同控制方法、多约束条件下的分布式协同制导方法的国内外研究现状进行了介绍。最后对飞行器集群协同制导控制技术进行了总结，并对未来的发展方向进行了展望。     

航机陆用动力装置控制系统的一种设计方法

本文以内部模型控制(IMC)算法为出发点,阐述了航机陆用动力装置的控制系统的设计方法。文中讨论了内部模型的原理及特点,滞后系统辨识的特殊性及解决方法,最后又把IMC控制器与经典反馈系统的控制器比较。并对内部模型系统进行了仿真计算,用IMC算法设计的系统可简便地通过盏线调整一个参数来实现ISE最小及较好的过渡过程性能指标。     

面向机翼气动外形优化的二级优化方法

针对飞机气动外形优化问题,提出了一种流程简单,可同时优化总体外形和剖面形状的二级优化方法.这种方法将优化流程分为总体外形级和剖面形状级两个层次:总体外形级优化任务是将外形参数传递给剖面形状级,并对总体外形进行优化;剖面形状级优化任务是对剖面形状进行优化,并将目标函数和约束值返回总体外形级.二级优化的最终结果可获得最优的总体外形和剖面形状.文章以一个通用航空飞机的机翼为算例,验证了这种二级优化方法的可行性和有效性.     

小型固定翼无人机集群综述和未来发展综述

围绕小型固定翼无人机集群这一难度高、发展快、应用前景广阔、多学科交叉的新方向,从集群系统内涵、现有典型项目、关键技术3个角度综述了国内外小型固定翼无人机集群的研究现状。在系统梳理集群系统内涵和应用优势的基础上,从集群协同模式探索、分布指挥体系构建、核心关键技术突破和集群验证等4个视角总结现有典型项目,从体系架构、通信组网、决策与规划、飞机平台、集群飞行、集群安全与集群指控等7个核心点综述了技术研究现状。最后,综合小型固定翼无人机集群中亟需解决的关键技术,展望了这一领域未来的发展趋势。     

Virtual target guidance-based distributed model predictive control for formation control of multiple UAVs

The paper proposes a Virtual Target Guidance (VTG)-based distributed Model Predictive Control (MPC) scheme for formation control of multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). First, a framework of distributed MPC scheme is designed in which each UAV only shares the information with its neighbors, and the obtained local Finite-Horizon Optimal Control Problem (FHOCP) can be solved by swarm intelligent optimization algorithm. Then, a VTG approach is developed and integrated into the distributed MPC scheme to achieve trajectory tracking and obstacle avoidance. Further, an event-triggered mechanism is proposed to reduce the computational burden for UAV formation control, which takes into consideration the predictive state errors as well as the convergence of cost function. Numerical simulations show that the proposed VTG-based distributed MPC scheme is more computationally efficient to achieve formation control of multiple UAVs in comparison with the traditional distributed MPC method.     

Study of RCS characteristics of tilt-rotor aircraft based on dynamic calculation approach

To study the Radar Cross-Section(RCS) characteristics of the tilt-rotor aircraft, a dynamic calculation approach that takes into account rotor rotation and nacelle tilt is presented.Physical optics and physical theory of diffraction are used to deal with the instantaneous electromagnetic scattering of the target. The RCS of the aircraft in the helicopter mode, fixed-wing mode and transition mode is analyzed. The results show that in the fixed-wing mode, the blade has a weaker deflection effect o...     

一种基于飞机总能量控制飞行速度/航迹的解耦控制系统设计新方法

在分析总能量控制理论的基础上,提出一种简单实用的飞机飞行速度/航迹解耦控制器设计方法,它以飞机能量控制和能量分配为内核,通过选择合适的误差反馈,采用工程上常用的试凑法,即可获得理想的解耦控制效果。以某型飞机为对象,以飞行速度/高度的解耦控制为例,验证了该方法的有效性。     

一种多操纵面复合控制的动态分配策略研究

随着航空航天技术的迅速发展,现代飞行器常采用多种操纵面进行控制,以提高飞行性能。基于多操纵面控制的姿态控制系统,需要将控制量在各操纵面之间进行分配。然而由于不同操纵面的执行机构在摆角范围、舵面效能、负载特性等多个方面存在差异,单一的分配策略难以实现姿态控制系统的综合性能最优,甚至会影响到控制系统的稳定性。针对上述问题,提出了一种适应多种约束要求的目标函数构造方法,并在此基础上,研究了自适应动态加权最优分配策略,最后通过数学仿真试验对比验证了该分配策略的有效性。     

Design of Flight Control System for a Small Unmanned Tilt Rotor Aircraft

A tilt rotor is an aircraft of a special kind, which possesses the characteristics of a helicopter and a fixed-wing airplane. However, there are a great number of important technical problems waiting for settlements. Of them, the flight control system might be a critical one. This article presents the progresses of the research work on the design of flight control system at Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (NUAA). The flight control law of the tilt rotor aircraft is designed with the help of an inner/outer loop control structure and an eigenstructure assignment algorithm on the basis of a proper mathematical model already verified by the wind tunnel tests. The proposed control law has been born out through the construction of the flight control system and the flight tests. Now, the flight tests are still underway on a prototype of small unmanned tilt rotor aircraft. The results have evidenced the credibility of the aircraft design and the effectiveness of the flight control system for the tilt rotor working in the helicopter mode. A full envelope flight test is planned to carry out further researches on the flight control law.     

Closed-loop dynamic control allocation for aircraft with multiple actuators

A closed-loop control allocation method is proposed for a class of aircraft with multiple actuators. Nonlinear dynamic inversion is used to design the baseline attitude controller and derive the desired moment increment. And a feedback loop for the moment increment produced by the deflections of actuators is added to the angular rate loop, then the error between the desired and actual moment increment is the input of the dynamic control allocation. Subsequently, the stability of the closed-loop dynamic control allocation system is analyzed in detail. Especially, the closedloop system stability is also analyzed in the presence of two types of actuator failures: loss of effectiveness and lock-in-place actuator failures, where a fault detection subsystem to identify the actuator failures is absent. Finally, the proposed method is applied to a canard rotor/wing (CRW) aircraft model in fixed-wing mode, which has multiple actuators for flight control. The nonlinear simulation demonstrates that this method can guarantee the stability and tracking performance whether the actuators are healthy or fail.     

某小型无人机编队控制器设计及试飞验证

以某小型固定翼无人机作为研究平台,按前向、侧向和垂直方向3个通道设计僚机编队控制器.利用自动驾驶仪的航路飞行模态简化侧向通道编队控制器的设计,并采用在长机航向角发生较大变化时加入基于视线方位角的方法,使僚机保持编队精度.试验结果表明,所提出的编队算法是可用的,并能够很好地控制无人机的编队飞行精度.     

固定翼无人机航磁探测系统的磁补偿模型分析

近年来,无人机的应用日益广泛,逐渐用于航空物探。在使用固定翼无人机搭载磁力仪进行航磁测量时,必然引入飞行平台干扰,包括与机动无关的干扰和与机动有关的干扰。去除和飞机机动有关的磁干扰,即为磁补偿工作。航磁补偿的经典TOLLES-LAWSON模型将磁干扰分为剩余磁场、感应磁场和涡流磁场。对于固定翼无人机,涡流磁场可以不考虑,将剩余磁场和感应磁场合称为稳态干扰场。主要对飞机干扰的来源和性质进行分析,并在地面设计实验验证铁磁性材料的性质,以加深对磁补偿模型的假设和推导过程的理解。最后,在地面实验平台上测量了飞机磁干扰场的平面分布图,指导航空磁力仪的安装。在将TOLLES-LAWSON模型应用于固定翼无人机航磁探测系统的磁补偿工作时,无人机与有人机相比,在结构和材料方面都有较大差异,因此对模型的物理意义和假设条件的深入理解至关重要,此即本文所述工作成果的出发点。     

基于dSPACE的性能寻优控制工程应用研究

发动机性能寻优是提高飞机效能的方法之一,其先进控制模态能够综合飞机和发动机的信息,在安全运行的前提下,实现发动机某项或综合性能指标的最优。为提高飞机效能,本文在对飞行/推进系统性能寻优控制理论及现有成果的学习基础上,通过最小二乘法求取线性模型,获得较为精确的全包线推进系统矩阵,从而确定线性小区间内性能指标和约束条件的线性表达式,进而将发动机性能寻优问题表述成线性规划问题,通过单纯形法获取寻优模式下的各项性能指标。从验证性能寻优控制算法工程可行性的角度出发,将性能寻优程序模块嵌入到数控系统中;在dSPACE设备上搭建快速控制原型仿真平台,进行了实时仿真验证,仿真结果能够获得预期的指标优化结果。研究表明:性能寻优算法在工程应用上具有可行性及有效性。