高超声速滑翔-巡航飞行器方案弹道设计

以射程为指标,研究了最优滑翔方案、最大升阻比滑翔方案等方案弹道,给出了滑翔段方案的确定原则;设计了程序转弯下压及高精度定高控制圆弧拉升的下压弹道段方案;针对巡航段的作战需求,重点设计了高精度稳态巡航方案。三自由度弹道的仿真结果表明,各项性能指标均满足飞行任务的要求,从而验证了所设计的方案的合理性。     

高超声速飞行器再入多段导引方法研究

针对通用航空飞行器(CAV)的再入飞行问题,研究了一种滑翔式再入飞行器的三自由度轨迹快速生成方法。该方法将再入轨迹分为初始下降段、过渡段和占大部分飞行时间的拟平衡滑翔段,引入拟平衡滑翔条件(QEGC),将过程约束转换成倾侧角制导律的上界。结合预测校正方法在线设计满足各种轨迹约束的倾侧角制导律,最后在计算机上进行制导仿真。仿真结果表明,该方法可快速地得到满足过程约束和目标要求的弹道。     

高超声速滑翔飞行器摆动式机动突防弹道设计

 为提高大升阻比高超声速滑翔飞行器机动突防能力,提出了一种侧向摆动式机动弹道的设计方法。基于动态逆的思想,建立了侧向摆动式机动弹道的弹道形式和所需倾侧角间的关系模型;在平衡滑翔假设下,将包括动压、过载和热流在内的飞行约束转化为迎角约束,从而确定了迎角-速度飞行走廊;在此基础上,设计了平衡滑翔情况下满足侧向摆动式机动及飞行约束所需的迎角变化规律。根据所设计的迎角和倾侧角,即可实现平衡滑翔情况下预定机动模式的侧向机动。以HTV(Hypersonic Technology Vehicle)为例进行仿真分析,结果表明该方法能够快速设计出预定机动幅度和机动频率的侧向摆动式机动突防弹道。     

不确定飞行环境下的滑翔制导炮弹方案弹道优化

滑翔制导炮弹因体积和成本所限存在控制能力有限的问题,有必要对其方案弹道加以合理的设计,为此提出一种不确定飞行环境下的弹道优化方法以降低方案弹道对各类随机干扰的敏感度。建立了模型偏差、滑翔启控点参数偏差、气动参数偏差及气象偏差等不确定性因素的数学模型,推导出计及随机干扰的滑翔弹动力学系统雅可比矩阵的解析表达式,利用线性协方差分析法,得到了系统误差传播方程,进而建立了不确定飞行环境下的弹道优化模型。利用Chebyshev伪谱法将弹道优化问题转换为非线性规划问题,在此基础上采用内点算法(Ipopt)获得了方案弹道的最优解。仿真结果表明,与不考虑不确定因素的设计方法相比,采用本文方法设计出的方案弹道,纵向和侧向位移散布方差明显减小,显示出对随机干扰更好的抑制效果。     

基于数据库的助推滑翔导弹助推段弹道诸元快速解算方法

针对助推滑翔导弹快速发射的任务需求，提出了一种基于诸元数据库的助推段弹道诸元快速解算方法。首先，利用滑翔段弹道解析估算，得到影响射程的助推段终端参数。然后，对助推段终端空域进行网格化剖分，针对每个高度速度特征点，利用牛顿迭代法对弹道诸元进行解算并形成诸元数据库。最后，基于诸元数据库利用临近点双线性插值方法计算弹道诸元并开展了仿真验证。结果表明，所提方法在保证良好精度的同时可以大大缩短弹道诸元计算时间，从而提高弹道设计的效率。     

基于物理规划的高超声速飞行器滑翔式再入轨迹优化

 轨迹优化是新型高超声速滑翔式再入飞行器方案设计的关键技术之一。物理规划方法能够以较低的计算代价获得设计者偏好的多目标优化问题的折中解。基于该方法研究滑翔式再入最优飞行轨迹。首先介绍物理规划方法求解多目标优化问题的数学模型,然后将考虑射程最大、热载最小、热流密度峰值最小和弹道最稳定4个目标的再入最优轨迹问题纳入物理规划的框架求解。以某带翼锥形再入飞行器为例,通过计算并分析单目标优化结果,确定具体的偏好结构,采用遗传算法求解了考虑热流、过载、动压和终端条件约束的多目标最优轨迹。优化计算结果验证了物理规划方法的有效性。分析了沿最优轨迹飞行的物理原因和基本迎角控制规律,可为滑翔式再入飞行器的最优轨迹方案设计提供依据。     

考虑力/热/结构多场耦合效应的飞行弹道预测

高超声速飞行器气动力/热/结构多场耦合的一个典型效应是热弹性变形,从而引起气动力变化及配平变化,并进一步改变飞行弹道与控制方案。将FL-CAPTER高超声速多场耦合分析软件拓展至飞行力学领域,建立了考虑气动力/热/结构多场耦合效应影响的弹道模拟新方法,并针对给定舵偏角下自主配平控制的助推-压缩楔组合体外形,开展不同耦合时间尺度下的飞行弹道特性研究,初步探讨分析了多场耦合效应对飞行弹道的影响。研究结果表明：对于助推-压缩楔组合体外形,考虑多场耦合效应后,变形将带来配平迎角增大,飞行器升力、阻力同时增大,升阻比降低,弹道飞行高度增加,飞行马赫数降低,航程变短等一系列影响;同时,气动/弹道耦合计算时间步长的选取对弹道仿真结果存在较大影响,当步长选取过大时,会带来非物理振荡,导致计算结果失真;所提出的基于变形量回溯插值技术的双时间步修正方法能够有效提高弹道仿真精度,削弱因时间步长选取过大造成的非物理振荡。相关研究对认识多场耦合效应与飞行弹道的耦合机理及弹道设计等可提供重要参考。     

机动发射导弹助推段弹道快速规划方法

针对机动发射条件下的弹道快速规划问题,提出了基于神经网络状态预报模型的典型助推-滑翔导弹助推段弹道在线规划方法。导弹发射后,运用事先训练的神经网络拟合弹道计算过程,预报关机点状态,结合优化算法快速生成满足终端再入约束的飞行程序。仿真结果表明,所提神经网络预报及飞行程序解算模型能够适应给定的机动发射条件,在2 s内输出全程飞行程序,且实际终端状态量满足关机制导要求。     

滑翔飞行器弹道规划与制导方法综述综述

滑翔飞行器以其突出的机动突防能力、高精度打击以及全球快速可达等优势成为当下航空航天领域研究热点。作为控制飞行器可靠执行既定飞行任务的核心部分,弹道规划与制导方法是关注的焦点。概述当前滑翔飞行器弹道规划与制导方法,尤其是基于标准剖面和基于预测校正思想的弹道规划与制导方法的研究现状。进一步,分析当下滑翔飞行器弹道规划与制导方法的研究热点与难点,并结合人工智能,对滑翔飞行器弹道规划与制导方法未来可能的发展趋势进行了展望。     

导弹最优滑翔弹道的设计及存在的问题

优化飞航导弹末段无动力飞行阶段的滑翔距离,对于提高导弹的战技指标具有很大的意义。通过优化分析可知,保证最大滑翔距离的最优滑翔策略近似等价于导弹以最大升阻比飞行。为了实现这种飞行策略,首先设计了寻优法实现策略,然后比较了另外两种可行的控制方式,经仿真发现都可以实现理论上的数值最优解。为了在导弹真实飞行时保证这一策略的实现,提出了利用神经网络逼近气动数据的自适应方法,作为进一步工作的方向。     

小推力深空探测轨道全局优化设计

 针对小推力深空探测四维轨道优化设计,给出了一种组合优化算法,采用该算法基于二体模型进行了深空探测四维轨道全局优化。该组合优化算法由动态规划算法、静态参数优化算法与共轭梯度算法组成。动态规划算法和静态参数优化算法用以选择最优的发射窗口、返回窗口及相应的近似飞行轨道;基于该近似轨道方案,采用共轭梯度算法（解决两点边值问题）求解精确的最优轨道。通过大量的数值仿真计算,得到了航天器的全局最优飞行轨道,及相应的最优发射窗口与返回窗口。数值仿真结果表明,该组合优化算法对深空探测轨道优化具有良好的通用性和工程运用价值。     

A joint mid-course and terminal course cooperative guidance law for multi-missile salvo attack

Salvo attacking a surface target by multiple missiles is an effective tactic to enhance the lethality and penetrate the defense system. However, existing cooperative guidance laws in the mid-course or terminal course are not suitable for long- and medium-range missiles or stand-off attacking. Because the initial conditions of cooperative terminal guidance that are generally generated from the mid-course flight may not lead to a successful cooperative terminal guidance without proper mid-course flight adjustment. Meanwhile, cooperative guidance in the mid-course cannot solely guarantee the accuracy of a simultaneous arrival of multiple missiles. Therefore, a joint mid-course and terminal course cooperative guidance law is developed. By building a distinct leader-follower framework, this paper proposes an efficient coordinated Dubins path planning method to synchronize the arrival time of all engaged missiles in the mid-course flight. The planned flight can generate proper initial conditions for cooperative terminal guidance, and also benefit an earliest simultaneous arrival. In the terminal course, an existing cooperative proportional navigation guidance law guides all the engaged missiles to arrive at a target accurately and simultaneously. The integrated guidance law for an intuitive application is summarized. Simulations demonstrate that the proposed method can generate fast and accurate salvo attack.     

Analytical study of the FV atmospheric flight dynamics under propulsive engine control

A mathematical model of the atmospheric flight of a flight vehicle being controlled by small propulsive engines is presented. The analytical solutions of differential equations are obtained for the approximate calculation of kinematic parameters in the steady-state motions. The flight dynamics and control are studied under conditions of nose lift and diving. The results are suitable for the choice of design FV parameters and synthesis of onboard algorithms of control and parametric identification.     

Experience in the use of computational aerodynamics to predict store release characteristics

In the early days, store separation tests were conducted in a hit or miss fashion—the stores would be dropped from the aircraft at gradually increasing speeds until the store came close to or sometimes actually hit the aircraft. In some cases, this led to loss of the aircraft, and made some test pilots reluctant to participate in store separation flight test programs.During the 1960's, the Captive Trajectory System (CTS) method for store separation wind tunnel testing was developed. The CTS provided a considerable improvement over the hit or miss method, and became widely used in aircraft/store integration programs prior to flight-testing. However, since fairly small-scale models had to be used in the wind tunnel tests, in many cases the wind tunnel predictions did not match the flight test results. No mechanism was then in place to resolve the wind tunnel/flight test discrepancies.During this same time frame Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) had finally matured to the point of providing a trajectory solution for a store in an aircraft flowfield. However, since the computational tools were necessarily (due to computer resource limitations) limited to linear techniques, and since most store separation problems occur at transonic speeds, these tools had limited application.Recent advances in computer resources have greatly improved the capability of CFD to predict store release characteristics. Instead of using linear or approximate schemes, time dependent Euler and Navier Stokes trajectories could be computed in a reasonable time frame.Three international CFD Challenges, held during the last decade of the 20th century, have shown that CFD can not only match wind tunnel test data, but also predict flight test trajectories for complex stores at transonic speeds. It appears that CFD has matured to the point that it can be usefully integrated into aircraft/store compatibility programs.     

Computation of Optimal Earth-Mars and Earth-Venus Trajectories

Accurate solutions of minimal time Earth-Mars and Earth-Venus heliocentric trajectories are calculated with a shooting-Newton method. The flight times are less and the steering histories are diferent than those presented in [1], thus contradicting the optimality claims in [1].     

Mathematical modeling of an optimal controlled helicopter flight at vertical regimes

The investigation results on developing a mathematical model of the controlled helicopter flight along the vertical trajectory are presented. For motion optimization the direct approximate method is used. The optimizing functional consists of two main parts: the first part is proportional to the motion time; the second part contains penalties for trajectory constraint violation. The examples of calculations and the results of numerical studies are given, the parameters of optimal program reference trajectories are obtained for the helicopter type chosen.     

受多种约束时航天器再入走廊的计算分析

给出了一种求解同时受升力、气动加热（率）和动压约束时，航天器再入走廊的近似计算方法。文中采用格林函数法，导出了再入过程中三种典型约束（气动加热率、升力和动压）条件之间关系的近似定量描述，在该三种约束取极限的条件下求得了再入走廊的上下边界。文中还介绍了上下边界近似解及相应控制规律的结构。     

A multi-objective multi-memetic algorithm for network-wide conflict-free 4D flight trajectories planning

Under the demand of strategic air traffic flow management and the concept of trajectory based operations (TBO),the network-wide 4D flight trajectories planning (N4DFTP) problem has been investigated with the purpose of safely and efficiently allocating 4D trajectories (4DTs) (3D position and time) for all the flights in the whole airway network.Considering that the introduction of large-scale 4DTs inevitably increases the problem complexity,an efficient model for strategic level conflict management is developed in this paper.Specifically,a bi-objective N4DFTP problem that aims to minimize both potential conflicts and the trajectory cost is formulated.In consideration of the large-scale,high-complexity,and multi-objective characteristics of the N4DFTP problem,a multi-objective multi-memetic algorithm (MOMMA) that incorporates an evolutionary global search framework together with three problem-specific local search operators is implemented.It is capable of rapidly and effectively allocating 4DTs via rerouting,target time controlling,and flight level changing.Additionally,to balance the ability of exploitation and exploration of the algorithm,a special hybridization scheme is adopted for the integration of local and global search.Empirical studies using real air traffic data in China with different network complexities show that the pro posed MOMMA is effective to solve the N4DFTP problem.The solutions achieved are competitive for elaborate decision support under a TBO environment.     

Safety assessment of approximate segregated parallel operation on closely spaced parallel runways

With the continuous growth of air traffic flow, some airports in China or other countries begin to construct Closely Spaced Parallel Runways (CSPR) to meet the capacity requirement of civil aviation. In this paper, the simulation and calculation method of flight trajectory is developed, as well as the collision risk calculation method and wake vortex encounter risk calculation method. New methods for departure and go-around procedures are proposed to achieve approximate segregated parallel operation in an attempt to obtain approximately the same results on closely spaced parallel runways as on widely spaced parallel runways. By comparing with the independent parallel departure and segregated parallel operation in ICAO Doc. 9643, it is found that the lateral separation between aircraft in this proposal is not less than the separations in the other two cases. Based on the simulation calculation of flight trajectories under different conditions, the probabilities of collision conflict and encountering wake vortex are lower than those in current operation plan. The proposed plan has no special requirements in pilot operation, control command procedures, airport facilities, or meteorological observation and prediction, so it is convenient to promote and implement at the airports with closely spaced parallel runways.     

求解航空发动机数学模型的混合智能方法

针对传统求解方法收敛性不强而遗传算法求解效率较低的问题,利用BP神经网络逼近发动机平衡方程的反函数,将求解结果作为Newton-Raphson法的初值,提出了求解模型的混合智能方法。仿真结果表明,该方法可以保证非线性数学模型在整个飞行包线范围内收敛,与遗传算法相比又提高了求解效率。