热塑性复合材料的Ⅰ型层间断裂韧性

对一种新型热塑性复合材料的Ⅰ型层间断裂韧性进行了研究。将非线性能量释放率作为层间断裂的控制参量,并提出用非线性因子法和改进的能量面积积分法计算。两种方法的结果非常接近,均能较好地反映韧性基体复合材料的层间断裂韧性。SEM照片分析表明,纤维和树脂界面强度过低是造成热塑性复合材料层间断裂韧性远低于基体断裂韧性的原因。另外,层间断裂韧性随加载速率增加而减小,在单对数坐标系下两者呈线性关系。     

C/G层内混杂复合材料力学性能的实验研究

研究了C／G(碳／玻)层内混杂单向复合材料的力学性能，对其拉伸、弯曲、层间剪切、振动阻尼等性能进行了实验研究，并与同样铺层的纯C、G复合材料进行了对比分析。研究表明：C／G层内混杂复合材料可充分利用C、G纤维的各自优点，改善单一材料的模量、强度、断裂韧性、振动阻尼特性等力学性能，模量预测值与实验值较为接近，强度因影响因素较多，二者存在一定的差异，力学性能随C、G体积分数的变化符合混合律，说明了实验方法的合理性。通过C、G相对体积分数的合理设计可满足结构的实际要求。     

深空干涉测量天线G/T值指标设计

G/T是天线的一项重要技术指标,在综合考虑测地VLBI(Very Long Baseline Interferometry,甚长基线干涉测量)和航天器VLBI观测两者需求的基础上,提出了深空干涉测量天线的G/T指标设计方法.首先根据射电源的空间分布以及流量密度特性,确定了测地VLBI和航天器VLBI观测模式下射电源流量密度的要求.在此基础上建立了2种观测模式下时延误差与深空干涉测量天线G/T之间的关系模型.最后参考目前国际国内测地VLBI观测中的通用参数设置以及月球探测任务中航天器VLBI观测的参数设置,对不同观测任务、不同观测模式下的G/T要求进行仿真分析.综合测地VLBI和航天器VLBI观测仿真分析的结果,S频段G/T建议不小于32 dB/K,X频段G/T建议不小于43 dB/K.仿真分析结果可以作为后续深空干涉测量天线G/T设计的参考.     

Optimum Design of Single Channel per Carrier Satellite Systems

Optimization of available satellite power and transponder bandwidth is utilized to minimize the Earth station G/T in satellite channel per carrier (SCPC) systems. The corresponding optimum transponder output backoff is obtained. Applications in system design are given. In a previous paper [1] the channel capacity of a satellite transponder handling single channel per carrier (SCPC) transmission was derived. The link carrier-to-noise (C/N) ratio was maximized over the output backoff and the maximum bandwidth available was determined. Given the bandwidth per channel for each carrier, the channel capacity was obtained. The objective of the present investigation is to derive the minimum G/T of the Earth station in SCPC systems by optimum utilization of available satellite power and transponder bandwidth. Applications in system design are discussed.     

The Moon as Source for G/T Measurements

For large-aperture antennas, it is customary to utilize radio stars in order to determine the receiving gain to temperature ratio. In the case of small-aperture antennas, which not only have reduced gain but usually higher system noise temperature as well, the y factors obtained from the radio star measurements are so small that the measurement error is intolerable. The moon, on the other hand, provides a power flux density higher by at least one order of magnitude compared to the strongest radio star, and the resulting y factors are usable. G/T ratios determined from moon measurements agree well with expected values.     

The gravity-darkening of the main-sequence components of spectral types A,F and G in detached close binary systems

From analysis of the photometric ellipticity effect in seven well-understood detached close binary systems, empirical values of the exponent α of gravity-darkening have been practically deduced for eleven main-sequence components of spectral types A, F and G which should cover the range of structural change (from radiative to convective) in stellar atmospheres. The result indicate that values of the exponent diminish gradually with decreasing effective temperatures from α ～ 1.0 for radiative atmospheres with T > 8500 K to α = 0.2 ～ 0.3 for convective atmospheres with T < 6500 K, in spite of some uncertainty in the reflection correction process.     

Single Channel Per Carrier Satellite Repeater Channel Capacity

This paper analyzes the performance of a number of modulation and speech processing techniques that have been considered for single voice channel per carrier transmissions via satellite. This transmission mode is applicable to demand assignment systems, which make possible the most efficient loading of the satellite transponder in applications where the traffic at individual Earth terminals is not sufficient to justify a substantial number of dedicated channels. The analysis basically determines the operating point for the satellite transponder which minimizes the required Earth terminal G/T. The fraction of the total link noise allocated to uplink noise is treated as a parameter, so that the cost of improving G/T may be traded against the cost of providing increased Earth terminal transmitter power. Both analog and digital modulation techniques are considered, together with various practical combinations of syllabic companding, voice-actuated carriers, and error-correcting codes. The results are presented in general analytic form, applicable to any modulation technique for which carrier-to-noise density ratio, channel width, and guardband width may be specified. Curves showing required G/T as a function of the total number of voice channels per transponder are also presented for the above-mentioned signal processing techniques, assuming "CCIR/CITT type" speech quality and transponder EIRP and bandwidth typical of current domestic satellite configurations.     

Satellite Charges for a Mixed Pre-Demand-Assigned System

The problems of satellite charges with reduced G/T stations for different pre-assigned and demand-assigned modes of operation are considered. A mixed pre-assigned demand-assigned operation is assumed as a model, in which large standard stations use the demand-assigned system for their overflow traffic. Determination of the optimum percentage of overflow for each link and of the global satellite revenue and occupancy, in terms of a general traffic matrix, is carried out and then used in the specific case of the Atlantic satellites to establish demand-assignment and pre-assignment charges as a function of G/T, based on a cost per unit bandwidth criterion. The effects of various demand-assignment systems on the economic balance is also considered.     

深空测控通信的特点和主要技术问题

分析研究了深空测控通信的特点,对频段提高、灵敏度提高、G/T值提高、EIRP提高、编码增益提高、定轨精度提高、极窄带锁相、低门限接收和调制/解调方式等主要技术问题进行了探讨.     

用太阳源法测量遥测系统的品质因数G/T

阐述利用太阳源法测量遥测系统品质因数G/T的原理,提出可用于工程实际的实现方法,重点对太阳流量密度、K1因子、K2因子等参数进行分析,给出工程应用计算方法。最后,以某遥测系统为例,给出了采用太阳源法和信标塔法的测量值,并对测试结果进行比对分析。实测结果分析表明,太阳源法测得的G/T重复测试精度小于0.4 dB,与信标塔法测试结果相差小于0.6 dB。因此,太阳源法合理可行,可广泛应用于遥测系统指标测试。     

柔性结构振动控制的多尺度特征结构配置

对复杂柔性结构系统提出了一种多尺度特征结构配置方法,以实现结构振动的多尺度主动控制。通过反馈控制力改变结构的振动模态,使系统中不同敏感性部件的受扰振动以不同的速度趋于稳定,使敏感（关键）部件的振动能量快速迁移从而保证系统高精度的性能要求,同时使非敏感（非关键）部件的振动降低到允许范围。      

The gravity-darkening of the main-sequence components of spectral types A, F and G in detached close binary systems

From analysis of the photometric ellipticity effect in seven well-understood detached close binary systems, empirical values of the exponent of gravity-darkening have been practically deduced for eleven main-sequence components of spectral types A, F and G which should cover the range of structural change (from radiative to convective) in stellar atmospheres. The result indicate that values of the exponent diminish gradually with decreasing effective temperatures from 1.0 for radiative atmospheres with T > 8500 K to = 0.2 0.3 for convective atmospheres with T < 6500 K, in spite of some uncertainty in the reflection correction process.     

Single Channel Per Carrier Satellite Repeater Capacity, Part 2

This paper analyzes the performance of a number of speech processing techniques that have been considered for single voice channel per carrier transmissions via satellite. This transmission mode is applicable to demand assigiment systems, which make possible the most efficient loading of the satellite transponder applications where the traffic at individual earth terminals is not sufficient to justify a substantial number of dedicated channels. The analysis basically determines the operating point for the satellite transponder which minimizes the required earth terminal G/T. Both analog and digital modulation techniques are considered, and the effects of syllabic companding and voice actuation of carriers are demonstrated. The results are presented in general analytic form, applicable to any modulation technique for which carrier-to-noise density ratio, channel width, and guardband width may be specified. Full carrier modulation is assumed. Curves are also furnished showing the required G/T and uplink per carrier EIRP as a function of the number of voice channels per transponder and the transponder gain. "CCIR/CCITT type" speech quality is assumed, together with a transponder El RP and bandwidth typical of current domestic satellite configurations.     

30/20 GHz Band Small Earth Station for ISSDN Experiment

The system design and operational results of a 30/20 GHz band small Earth station for integrated services satellite digital network (ISSDN) experiments are presented. The Earth station has a high efficiency offset Cassegrain antenna with elliptical beam, a high power klystron amplifier with 1 kW output power and an uncooled parametric low noise amplifier with 200 K noise temperature. Experiments were performed using the medium capacity communications satellite for experimental purposes (CS). Performance on the Earth station was high. Effective radiation power (ERP) was greater than 88.1 dBW, and the receiving figure of merit (G/T) was larger than 30.6 dB/K. Good transmission characteristics were obtained through the satellite link for demand assigned time-division multiple access (DA-TDMA) with 20 Mbit/s bit rate.     

Backup radio site identification in air traffic control systems

The identification of backup radio sites, to increase the availability of the future air/ground (A/G) air traffic control (ATC) systems, is investigated, When there is an A/G communications failure, due to a radio site or an ATC controller access failure, another site (or sites) provides the service. The backup site should be capable of providing full coverage of the desired airspace known as the service volume. Meeting the full coverage conditions by one site or a group of sites is analyzed. It is concluded that identification of one site providing full coverage can be determined easily. The identification of a group of sites, each with partial coverage and providing full coverage is analyzed in detail. An algorithm involving both analytical and numerical approaches is described. It determines if two radio sites with given geographical coordinates, and each with partial coverage of a given cylindrical service volume, can provide full coverage. This algorithm can be implemented as a computer program to process a database of radio sites     

Dust Environment Modelling of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Dust is an important constituent of cometary emission; its analysis is one of the major objectives of ESA’s Rosetta mission to comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (C–G). Several instruments aboard Rosetta are dedicated to studying various aspects of dust in the cometary coma, all of which require a certain level of exposure to dust to achieve their goals. At the same time, impacts of dust particles can constitute a hazard to the spacecraft. To conciliate the demands of dust collection instruments and spacecraft safety, it is desirable to assess the dust environment in the coma even before the arrival of Rosetta. We describe the present status of modelling the dust coma of 67P/C–G and predict the speed and flux of dust in the coma, the dust fluence on a spacecraft along sample trajectories, and the radiation environment in the coma. The model will need to be refined when more details of the coma are revealed by observations. An overview of astronomical observations of 67P/C–G is given, because model parameters are derived from this data if possible. For quantities not yet measured for 67P/C–G, we use values obtained for other comets, e.g. concerning the optical and compositional properties of the dust grains. One of the most important and most controversial parameters is the dust mass distribution. We summarise the mass distribution functions derived from the in-situ measurements at comet 1P/Halley in 1986. For 67P/C–G, constraining the mass distribution is currently only possible by the analysis of astronomical images. We find that both the dust mass distribution and the time dependence of the dust production rate of 67P/C–G are those of a fairly typical comet.     

Investigation of turbulence influence on the particle resistance in a two-phase flow

The results of studying the resistance of a regular spherical particle lattice by means of the ANSYS/FLOTRAN software are presented; the lattice is streamlined by a turbulent incompressible flow at different values of the Re number and turbulence parameters. It is shown that the interference of neighboring particles and their resistance coefficients is unsymmetrical. A phenomenon of a significant influence of local turbulence parameters (scale and intensity) on the single particle resistance is described.     

Probability Density of the Click Duration in an Ideal FM Discriminator

The expression of the probability density function PClick(T) of the duration r of the clicks is determined as a function of 1) the expected number of clicks per second, Felick 2) the expected number of times per second that the noise component x(t) in phase with the carrier has instantaneous amplitude larger than that of the carrier itself 3) the probability density function peross(T) of the duration of the time intervals in which x(t) < -A 4) the probability that the values of the noise component in quadrature with the carrier will be of opposite sign at the extremes of time intervals of duration v. Using for Pcross(T) an approximate formula that holds fairly well in the range of the values of the signal-to-noise power ratio ? usually encountered, PIick(T) has been calculated for several values of a and for two shapes of the noise spectrum, Gaussian and rectangular. Finally, an expression is given for the mean value of T.     

False alarm analysis of the envelope detection GO-CFAR processor

The greatest of constant false alarm rate processor (GO CFAR) is a useful architecture for adaptively setting a radar detection threshold in the presence of clutter edges. The GO CFAR input is often the envelope detected in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) channels of the baseband signal (x_e=√(I²+Q²)). This envelope detection can also be approximated using x=a max{|I|,|Q|}+b min{|I|,|Q|} which requires less complex hardware (a and b are simple multiplying coefficients). The envelope GO CFAR processor and several envelope approximation GO CFAR processors are compared in terms of the probability of false alarm (PFA) performance. Closed-form expressions which describe the PFA performance are given and their accuracy evaluated. It is shown that for all cases, the PFA is proportional to the number of reference cells n for small threshold multiplier T and inversely proportional to n for large T. A region of intersection occurs where the PFA is the same for two different values of n. For example, at T'=1.68 in the |I|+|Q| GO CFAR (a=1, b=1) the PFA for n=1 is equal to the optimal n=∞ fixed-threshold PFA (PFA=0.112)     

Characterization of Solar Coronal Holes and Plumes Using Spectroscopic Diagnostic Techniques Applied to SOHO/CDS Observations

Results from a series of SOHO/Coronal Diagnostic Spectrometer (CDS) observations of coronal holes and plumes are presented, including analysis of a low-latitude plume observed in August 1996. Spectroscopic diagnostic techniques using the CHIANTI atomic database are applied to derive the plasma parameters: electron density, temperature, and element abundances. The results are compared with quiet sun values. Coronal electron densities in the holes are found to be about 2 × 10⁸ cm^-3, a factor of two to three lower than in the quiet sun. The plasma thermal distribution exhibits differences between coronal holes, the quiet sun and plumes. For example, the peak of the emission in coronal holes is at a lower temperature (T ⋍ 8 × 10⁵ K) than in the quiet sun (T ⋍ 1 × 10⁶ K), while plumes are cooler (T ⋍ 7.6 × 10⁵ K) and show a different distribution, closer to an isothermal state. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.