求解结构动力逆问题时参数敏感性分析方法

敏感性分析在求解结构动力逆问题、自动控制、故障诊断、网络设计、工程测量等方面都有重要用途,它也是结构优化设计方法的基础。为使结构具有事先给定的振频和（或）振型而对它进行振动设计或动力修改时,首先就应当寻求其敏感元件或敏感位置,以避免遗漏一些满足要求的结构布局。     

具有半主动压电阻尼的叶盘结构动力学特性研究

针对航空发动机整体叶盘结构的失谐响应放大问题,在叶盘结构中引入半主动压电阻尼技术,并利用基于非线性模态分析的非线性系统频域响应快速算法-非线性部件模态综合(NCMS)法对具有基于负电容的同步开关阻尼(SSDNC)的叶盘结构动力学特性进行理论探究。分析结果表明NCMS法相比于Newmark法具有很高的计算效率,并能保证较高计算精度;SSDNC能够同时对叶盘结构的多阶振动模态都产生较好的抑制效果,并对多谐波激励下叶盘结构的所有振动峰值都产生较好的抑制效果(对于本文所用模型,振动峰值下降可达到73%);统计分析表明,SSDNC的振动抑制效果对叶盘结构机械失谐以及电路参数失谐均不敏感。     

高速巡航导弹翼面结构热-振联合试验研究

由于高速巡航导弹飞行速度快、滞空时间长,在气动加热引起弹翼、整流罩和弹体等部件外表面温度升高的同时,还会伴随长时间的剧烈振动。气动加热产生的热环境会使材料和结构的弹性模量、刚度等力学性能发生明显变化,复杂的机动飞行过程又会使结构中出现较大的温度梯度,引起热应力场的改变,进而对导弹结构的固有振动特性带来严重的影响。以高速巡航导弹翼面结构为研究对象,进行了热环境下的翼面结构热-振联合试验,获得了不同温度条件下翼面结构固有频率等振动特性的变化规律,为巡航导弹弹翼结构在高速、热振动环境下的安全设计提供了可靠依据。     

碳／碳复合材料薄壁结构在热声载荷作用下的动态响应

高速飞行器中大量使用复合材料薄壁结构,高温和强噪声联合作用的工作环境使复合材料薄壁结构表现出强非线性振动响应特性和复杂的运动形式。以四边固支碳／碳（C／C）复合材料薄壁结构为研究对象,采用有限元法计算了其在不同温度和声压级（SPL）组合下的振动响应。得到了典型的振动响应运动形式,包括屈曲前的随机振动、屈曲后的跳变运动和围绕一个平衡位置的随机振动。结合振动响应的概率密度、功率谱密度,随着温度和声压级的变化,对振动响应的非线性特性进行了分析。结果表明,热载荷和声载荷对响应非线性特性的影响方式不同,强噪声载荷引起的问歇跳变降低了结构的刚度。     

某型航空发动机机载振动监测点选择

为给出某型航空发动机机载振动监测测振点较为合理的选择方案,基于转子支承和传力特点以及该型发动机实测振动信号的分析对比,定性和定量分析了各测点振动信号对于结构故障的反映和敏感程度。得出三个测振点能够比较真实客观地反映该型发动机的振动情况,但对于不同部件的振动敏感程度各测点又有所侧重的结论。即前测点主要反映低压压气机的振动;中测点综合反映高低压转子的振动,对以高压压气机为主导的组合故障反应更为敏感;后测点主要反映低压涡轮的振动,一定程度反映高压转子的振动,对以涡轮部件为主导的组合故障反应更为敏感。结合13台次故障发动机试车台振动测试超限报警结果的统计,给出了机载测振点较为合理的选择方案。若采用单点测振应重点考虑后测点,若采用两点测振应一个为前测点,一个为后测点。     

德国开发出新型飞机结构损伤监测系统

德国的 Fraunhofer 学院的一个专门从事结构耐久性和系统可靠性研究工作的小组,已开发出一种用于飞机结构健康监测的振荡压电作动器系统。飞机结构对来自一个作动器网络振动的响应可由另外一套压电陶瓷探测器探测到,以帮助确定飞机的结构受损的部位。目前,该研究小组已经用一个支柱型结构部件对这套探测装置进行了实验室试验。结果表明,该监测系统的压电陶瓷传感系统对于存在缺陷的和完好的结构部件     

多重激励下机匣振动能量传递规律与耦合特性

为了研究机匣振动能量的传递规律和转子多重不平衡激励能量在机匣上的耦合特性，采用有限元法建立了包括压气机机匣、燃烧室机匣和涡轮机匣组件在内的航空发动机整机机匣模型，应用结构声强法计算分析了机匣在不同激励频率下振动能量的传递规律和耦合特性。结果表明：（1）机匣共振时，振动能量的穿透力最强，主要以纵波和剪切波的形式穿过机匣安装边向其他部件传递。（2）机匣的模态振型与其振动能量传递特性有关，振动幅值较大的机匣组件同时也是主要参与振动能量传递的机匣组件。（3）振动能量在机匣上的传递具有解耦特性，多重激励同时作用下的机匣振动能量传递特性可以分解为多个单一激励作用下机匣振动能量的线性矢量和。     

考虑阻尼性能的复合结构多尺度拓扑优化设计

最优阻尼复合结构应该是阻尼材料自身的材料性能和阻尼材料在板壳结构上的分布形态均是最优的。针对板壳阻尼复合结构的多尺度设计问题,建立了基于非比例阻尼模型的复合结构多尺度拓扑优化方法,实现了阻尼材料在宏微观两尺度上的协同设计,同时获得最优的阻尼材料宏观分布形态和微观构型。以结构模态阻尼比为目标,分别研究了复合结构的单目标和多目标多尺度设计问题。结果表明,在单目标设计中,当最大化结构的某一阶模态阻尼比时,优化后结构的该阶模态阻尼比最大,同时结构在该阶处的频率响应最小;在多目标设计中,以结构前3阶模态阻尼比之和为目标,虽然在每一阶处的性能劣于单目标设计结果,但是结构前3阶模态阻尼比的总体性能更优。同时,从微结构的构型可得,最优的微结构构型中低刚度高阻尼材料的分布相互连接,其损失模量（微结构复弹性矩阵的虚部）和阻尼因子（微结构复弹性矩阵的虚部与实部之比）都相对较高,且呈现负泊松比现象。优化后复合结构的动力学性能显著提高。     

双周期压电网络用于叶盘结构振动抑制的研究

以整体叶盘振动抑制为目的,利用压电材料在叶盘结构不同扇区形成异周期系统,并将与压电材料连接的外部电路并联或串联形成不同形式的网络,建立该机电耦合系统的动力学方程,分析其对叶盘结构动力学特性的影响效果。研究发现,双周期压电网络对叶盘结构的频率影响很小,在本文所研究的叶盘结构模型的参数变化范围内仅对频率转向区有轻微的影响,变化最大只有2%;但是双周期压电网络会对叶盘结构的模态振型产生很大的影响,会使原各阶单一节径振型变为多节径振型,节径种类数跟双周期数有关;压电网络还会把机械位移转化为电荷位移;同时压电网络中电阻元件的引入提高了系统的模态阻尼比。这些都会对叶盘结构的振动响应起到很好的抑制效果。最后,采用修正的模态置信因子MMAC对双周期压电网络系统进行了振动抑制特性的评估,结果表明,通过对结构系统双周期数的设计能有效提高振动抑制效果。     

基于灰色理论的飞机结构疲劳寿命预测

对飞机结构疲劳寿命进行预测研究,具有重要的军事意义与凸显的经济价值,本文以某型军用飞机关键结构部件——水平尾翼为具体研究对象,采用通过飞机结构疲劳寿命试验专用平台得到的水平尾翼疲劳寿命的真实试验数据,运用灰色相关理论建立非等间距GM（1,1）模型,应用此模型预测飞机结构部件的疲劳寿命,并通过试验对所建模型的准确性与有效性进行验证。试验表明,非等间距的GM（1,1）模型能准确地预测飞机结构部件的疲劳寿命,降低TOM（1,1）模型的预测误差,拓宽‘TGM（1,1）模型在飞机结构疲劳寿命预测领域的应用范围,具有很好的工程实用价值。     

Adaptive Variable Structure Controller for Spacecraft Vibration Reduction

A hybrid control scheme to vibration reduction of flexible spacecraft is presented by using a variable structure technique for attitude control and piezoelectric materials for active vibration suppression. The attitude controller consists of a linear feedback term and a discontinuous feedback ones. An adaptive version of the proposed attitude controller is also achieved through releasing the limitation of knowing the bounds of the lumped perturbations in advance. An additional independent control system acting on the flexible parts can be designed for further vibration suppression. Simulation results have shown the theoretical and practical merit of this approach.     

考虑连接非线性的大型桁架天线分散协调控制

针对含非线性连接的大型桁架式天线,考虑铰链非线性所产生的影响,基于连接子结构模态综合建模方法,建立其低阶非线性动力学模型。在此基础上,将动力学模型转换为分散参数化模型,并考虑状态变量不完全可测因素,设计适用于一致性理论的最优观测器。然后基于图论的思想提出桁架式天线的一致性形面保持控制方法,不仅实现了桁架式天线的高精度形面保持控制,同时对作动执行机构的失效具有容错性。仿真结果表明了所提控制方法的有效性。     

STUDY ON ACTIVE CONTROL FOR A FLEXIBLE BEAM UNDER THE CONDITION OF ZERO GRAVITY

The structure/controlling coupling system is akind of dynamic feedback system in which the me-chanical load and the actuator/controller interact.Because of the influence of inertia,while the com-mon elastic structure is in rigid motion ( or largemotion) ,there inevitably exists a kind of elastic vi-bration ( or small motion) superimposed on thelarge motion.This is the phenomenon of rigid- e-lastic coupling of the motion of an elastic body.Consequently,to study the problem of the motionstabilit…     

平面柔性欠驱动机械臂的非线性动力学分析

研究了平面柔性欠驱动机械臂中被动关节对系统动态特性的影响 ,在动力学分析的基础上 ,提出了一种基于内共振原理的柔性欠驱动机械臂振动控制方法。在对系统的稳态周期运动进行分析研究的基础上 ,发现处于自由摆动状态的被动关节的平衡位置随系统结构的振动而发生漂移 ,并且被动关节平衡位置的漂移速度和方向与周期输入的振幅有关。提出利用结构柔性产生的振动实现被动关节位置控制的方法 ,通过平面二连杆柔性欠驱动机械臂进行了仿真计算     

Impact vibration reduction for flexible manipulators via controllable local degrees of freedom

When performing operation tasks, the interaction between a flexible manipulator and a grasped object usually results in an impact. In this paper, a new way is suggested to alleviate impact vibration of a flexible manipulator via its structural characteristic when capturing a moving object. Controllable local degrees of freedom are introduced to the topological structure of the flexible manipulator, and used as an effective tool to combat impact vibration through dynamic coupling. A corresponding method is put forward to reduce impact vibration responses of the flexible manip- ulator via the controllable local degrees of freedom. By planning motion of the controllable local degrees of freedom, appropriate control force can be constructed to increase the modal damping and stiffness and eliminate the exciting force simultaneously, thereby reducing impact vibration responses of the flexible manipulator. Simulations are conducted and results are shown to prove the presented method.     

A composite control scheme for attitude maneuvering and elastic mode stabilization of flexible spacecraft with measurable output feedback

This paper treats the question of attitude maneuver control and elastic mode stabilization of a flexible spacecraft based on adaptive sliding mode theory and active vibration control technique using piezoelectric materials. More precisely, a modified positive position feedback (PPF) scheme is developed to design the PPF compensator gains in a more systematical way to stabilize the vibration modes in the inner loop, in which a cost function is introduced to be minimized by the feedback gains subject to the stability criterion at the same time. Based on adaptive sliding mode control theory, a discontinuous attitude control law is derived to achieve the desired position of the spacecraft, taking explicitly into account the mismatched perturbation and actuator constraints. In the attitude control law, an adaptive mechanism is also embedded such that the unknown upper bound of perturbation is automatically adapted. Once the controlled attitude control system reaches the switching hyperplane, the state variables can be driven into a small bounded region. An additional attractive feature of the attitude control method is that the structure of the controller is independent of the elastic mode dynamics of the spacecraft, since in practice the measurement of flexible modes is not easy or feasible. The proposed control strategy has been implemented on a flexible spacecraft. Both analytical and numerical results are presented to show the theoretical and practical merit of this approach.     

k/N（G）结构系统初始备件配置方法

针对现有备件冗余度建模中无限呼叫总体假设不合理、供应可用度计算困难的问题,提出一种k/N（G）结构系统初始备件配置方法。首先,采用有限源排队论获取备件短缺数概率分布。然后,给出计算k/N（G）结构系统供应可用度的方案,并证明了方案的正确性。该方案在计算随机挑选的一套系统未因备件短缺而停机的概率基础上,利用k（或更多）套系统良好的二项分布概率估计系统供应可用度。最后,应用边际分析算法确定各项备件的数量。实例分析表明：该方法能优化k/N（G）结构系统各组成部件的库存数量,且与单项法相比具有明显的优势,能以较少的备件费用达到相同的供应可用度目标。     

Variable structure control and active vibration suppression of flexible spacecraft during attitude maneuver

This paper presents a new approach to vibration reduction of flexible spacecraft during attitude maneuver by using the theory of variable structure control (VSC) to design switching logic for thruster firing and lead zirconate titanate (PZT) as sensor and actuator for active vibration suppression. The spacecraft to be investigated is a hub with a cantilever flexible beam appendage, which can undergo a single axis rotation. The proposed control system includes the attitude controller acting on the rigid hub, designed by variable structure control technique, and the surface-bonded PZT patches for active vibration suppression of flexible appendages, designed by the positive position feedback (PPF) control technique. To avoid chattering, pulse-width pulse-frequency (PWPF) modulation is adopted for the thruster control, which makes the thrusters to be operated in a close to linear manner and also can suppress the relatively large amplitude vibrations excited by, for example, rapid maneuver. However, some residual micro-vibrations still exist due to the switching actions. Upon that, the technique of active vibration control using PZT is turned on to provide further vibration suppression of the residual micro-vibrations and fine tuning of the system performance. By combining the advantages of both these control strategies, an improved performance for vibration control in both the macro-and micro-senses can result. Both analytical and numerical results are presented to show the theoretical and practical merit of this approach.     

柔性冗余度机器人振动的分析与控制

应用最优控制理论,对柔性冗余度机器人振动控制问题的原理与策略进行了研究。把主动控制思想应用于机器人振动控制中,提出了控制柔性冗余度机器人振动的一种方法。这种方法通过规划机器人的自运动加快系统振动能量的消耗以实现主动振动控制。此外,通过对满足抑振要求的自运动的选取进行分析,指出柔性冗余度机器人具有二次优化的能力,这对于提高机器人的工作性能是十分重要的。最后通过数值仿真验证了该方法的有效性。     

Fault-tolerant control and vibration suppression of flexible spacecraft: An interconnected system approach

This paper considers a fault-tolerant control and vibration suppression problem of flexible spacecraft. The attitude dynamics is modeled by an interconnected system, in which the rigid part and the flexible part are coupled with each other. Such a model allows us to use the interconnected system approach to analyze the flexible spacecraft. Both distributed and decentralized observer-based fault-tolerant control schemes are developed, under which the closed-loop stability of flexible spacecraft can be ensured by using the cycle-small-gain theorem. Compared with the traditional method, this paper considers the faults occurred not only in the rigid parts, but also in the flexible parts. In addition, the application of the interconnected system approach simplifies the system model of flexible spacecraft, thereby the difficulty of theoretical analysis and engineering practice of fault-tolerant control of flexible spacecraft are greatly reduced. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed methods and the comparison of different fault-tolerant control approach.