基于形状改变比能和材料属性离散的焊接残余应力估算

为了提高焊接残余应力测量精度,在2219-T87铝合金TIG焊接接头残余应力测定试验基础上,通过离散接头材料属性并利用形状改变比能对焊接残余应力进行塑性修正,分别研究孔边塑性变形和接头强度不匹配对焊接残余应力估算的影响。结果表明：同时考虑孔边塑性变形和接头强度不匹配因素的焊接残余应力估算方法,比线弹性残余应力计算方法能最大减小39.8%的误差;当测量点距焊缝距离小于8mm时,在考虑孔边塑性变形的情况下,同时考虑接头不匹配的影响相比不考虑其影响可最大减小40.6%的误差;当测量点距焊缝距离大于8mm时,可忽略接头强度不匹配对焊接残余应力估算的影响。     

Residual stress determination in friction stir butt welded joints using a digital image correlation-aided slitting technique

This paper presents an incremental cutting method for evaluating the longitudinal residual stresses in a butt welded thin plate via combining the traditional residual stress measurement methods and the advanced optical technique.The proposed approach,which can be called digital image correlation (DIC)-aided slitting technique,introduces a successive extension slot to a speci men and employs the DIC technique to measure the released displacement profiles of the cutting sections after each cutting increment.Then the displacement profiles are used to directly calculate the residual stress distributions up to the slot tip and hence,a stress distribution can be obtained after a cutting increment.Finally,all of the stress distributions are averaged to ultimately determine the original residual stress field.This method does not include any complex experimental operations or tedious derivation,and the resolution of stress variation is greatly improved by the continuous measurement of the released displacements.The presented method has been preliminarily verified by a specimen with residual stress introduced by a four-point bending test.The results show that residual stresses determined by the DIC-aided slitting technique agree well with those from finite element (FE) prediction.The residual stress in a friction stir welded aluminum specimen obtained by the presented technique is also consistent with the evaluations given by X-ray diffraction.Fur thermore,the residual stresses obtained by the DIC-aided slitting technique demonstrate higher accuracy and stability than the evaluations derived by the DIC-aided contour method.     

7085铝合金残余应力及加工变形的数值仿真与试验

毛坯残余应力的测量以及零件的加工变形分析是航空整体结构件数控加工工艺研究的难题。应用MSC.Marc软件对某型飞机主起支撑接头的7085铝合金锻件毛坯的淬火-压缩工艺进行了数值仿真,获得了毛坯残余应力分布趋势;应用X射线衍射法与钻孔法测量了毛坯表层残余应力分布,提出了基于系数修正法的毛坯残余应力分析方法,通过最小二乘法（LSM）拟合仿真值与试验值以获得应力修正系数,并对毛坯残余应力分布的仿真结果进行修正,获得了实际毛坯的残余应力分布;由此进行了主起支撑接头缩比零件加工变形仿真与验证试验。研究结果表明：7085铝合金块状毛坯残余应力数值仿真结果与测试结果的趋势吻合,为应力修正提供了物理基础;相对于未修正的应力分布,基于修正后的应力分布仿真获得的变形结果精度提高了50%;7085-T7452铝合金的毛坯残余应力是导致主起支撑接头加工变形的主要因素。     

激光冲击残余应力场的有限元分析

建立模拟激光冲击残余应力场的非线性弹塑性有限元模型,预测AISI 304奥氏体不锈钢厚、薄靶材经激光冲击后表面以及内部的残余应力场分布.模拟过程中,考虑材料高应变率(106s-1)下的力学性能和激光诱导冲击波的精确加载,分析激光功率密度、激光光斑尺寸、激光脉宽、激光冲击次数、激光单面与双面冲击等激光冲击参数以及初始残余应力等因素对不锈钢靶材残余应力分布的影响.数值模拟结果与X射线衍射法测量值吻合较好.在有初始残余拉应力(250MPa)存在的情况下,激光冲击仍能使304奥氏体不锈钢靶材形成残余压应力层,说明激光冲击工艺可提高奥氏体不锈钢焊接构件的抗应力腐蚀开裂能力.     

金属基复合材料的热残余应力研究进展

综述了金属基复合材料热残余应力的研究进展,分析了复合材料中热残余应力的产生条件及松弛行为;介绍了热残余应力的理论分析及测量方法;讨论了热残余应力对复合材料组织结构及性能的影响,并指出有待深入研究的问题。     

Material parameter modeling and solution technique using birth–death element for notched metallic panel repaired with bonded composite patch

This paper seeks to outline a novel three-layer model and a new birth–death element solution technique to evaluate static strength of notched metallic panel repaired with bonded composite patch and to optimize material parameters. The higher order 3D, 8-node isotropic solid element and 8-node anisotropic layered solid element with three degrees of freedom per node are respectively implemented to model substrate panel, adhesive layer and composite patch to establish three-layer model of repaired panel. The new solving technique based on birth–death element is developed to allow solution of the stress pattern of repaired panel for identifying failure mode. The new model and its solution are used to model failure mode and residual strength of repaired panel, and the obtained results have a good agreement with the experimental findings. Finally, the influences of material parameter of adhesive layer and composite patch on the residual strength of repaired panel are investigated for optimizing material properties to meet operational and environmental constraints.     

航空发动机全生命周期碳排放计量方法研究

航空是碳排放八大重点行业之一,航空产业的碳排放主要受航空发动机碳排放的影响,因此亟需开展航空发动机碳排放计量方法研究。以生命周期评价作为航空发动机碳足迹的量化方法,将航空发动机全生命周期碳排放分为燃料周期碳排放与材料周期碳排放,并分别进行统计;将航空发动机系统边界进行划分,提出各个阶段应进行的数据收集,并对数据做出要求,得到一套相对完整的航空发动机碳排放计量方法。本文得到的方法可以从生命周期的角度全面评估航空发动机碳排放,可为航空发动机全生命周期碳排放计量提供指引,从燃料角度与材料角度为减排提供理论基础。     

疲劳裂纹尖端残余应力场的深度-传感压痕测试与有限元分析

 飞机和发动机等重要装备承力结构在服役过程中通常承受变幅疲劳载荷作用。直接测量和分析由于过载塑性变形而导致的裂纹尖端附近残余应力场,对于较好地理解变幅加载下疲劳裂纹扩展行为,从而改善和发展疲劳寿命预测模型具有重要价值。本文基于微细尺度的深度-传感压痕(DSI)残余应力测量技术,研究了材料疲劳裂纹尖端附近残余应力场的实用测试技术,获得了铝合金中心裂纹拉伸试样在恒幅及单峰疲劳过载作用下裂纹尖端附近的残余应力场分布。同时,还采用弹塑性有限元方法模拟分析了相同疲劳载荷下裂纹尖端附近相应的残余应力场分布。相互验证表明:两种方法获得了基本吻合的结果。     

典型机身框地板梁缘条裂纹修理损伤容限分析

采用简单有效的方法对复杂的飞机结构进行损伤容限评定具有重要的意义,提出一种简单有效的应力强度因子获取方法,并结合损伤容限分析的一般流程,分析某机身框地板梁缘条含裂纹修补结构的疲劳寿命及使用寿命期内结构的剩余强度。根据机身框地板梁结构受载特点建立简化的分析模型,计算单位载荷时不同长度下裂纹尖端应力强度因子,再由结构边界载荷与应力强度因子的关系确定无量纲应力强度因子;根据损伤容限分析方法编制程序,计算结构在飞行载荷谱下从初始裂纹扩展到临界长度的寿命及各裂纹长度下结构的剩余强度,给出结构检查间隔。结果表明:结构修补后的疲劳寿命及剩余强度均满足损伤容限设计要求。本文给出的损伤容限分析过程及方法可应用于工程中类似结构的损伤容限评定。     

Residual Strength of Stiffened LY12CZ Aluminum Alloy Panels with Widespread Fatigue Damage

Experimental and analytical investigations on the residual strength of the stiffened LY12CZ aluminum alloy panels with widespread fatigue damage （WFD） are conducted. Nine stiffened LY12CZ aluminum alloy panels with three different types of damage are tested for residual strength. Each specimen is pre-cracked at rivet holes by saw cuts and subjected to a monotonically increasing tensile load until failure is occurred and the failure load is recorded. The stress intensity factors at the tips of the lead crack and the adjacent WFD cracks of the stiffened aluminum alloy panels are calculated by compounding approach and finite element method （FEM） respectively. The residual strength of the stiffened panels with WFD is evaluated by the engineering method with plastic zone linkup criterion and the FEM with apparent fracture toughness criterion respectively. The predicted residual strength agrees well with the experiment results. It indicates that in engineering practice these methods can be used for residual strength evaluation with the acceptable accuracy. It can be seen from this research that WFD can significantly reduce the residual strength and the critical crack length of the stiffened panels with WFD. The effect of WFD crack length on residual strength is also studied.     

Acceptance sampling plan of accelerated life testing for lognormal distribution under time-censoring

Lognormal distribution is commonly used in engineering.It is also a life distribution of important research values.For long-life products follow this distribution,it is necessary to apply accelerated testing techniques to product demonstration.This paper describes the development of accelerated life testing sampling plans(ALSPs)for lognormal distribution under time-censoring conditions.ALSPs take both producer and consumer risks into account,and they can be designed to work whether acceleration factor(AF)is known or unknown.When AF is known,life testing is assumed to be conducted under accelerated conditions with time-censoring.The producer and consumer risks are satisfied,and the size of test sample and the size of acceptance number are optimized.Then sensitivity analyses are conducted.When AF is unknown,two or more predetermined levels of accelerated stress are used.The sample sizes and sample proportion allocated to each stress level are optimized.The acceptance constant that satisfies producer and consumer risk is obtained by minimizing the generalized asymptotic variance of the test statistics.Finally,the properties of the two ALSPs(one for known-AF conditions and one for unknownAF conditions)are investigated to show that the proposed method is correct and usable through numerical examples.     

含表面裂纹的复合材料层压板剩余强度的工程算法

表面裂纹可导致复合材料层压板的强度降低,针对一些对裂纹敏感的复合材料关键部件有必要计算裂纹对层压板剩余强度的影响。传统预测层压板剩余强度的方法均与层压板具体铺层方向有关,通过研究具有表面裂纹的碳纤维/环氧树脂层压板的剩余强度特性,提出了一种与铺层方向无关的预测层压板剩余强度的工程算法。首先,利用裂纹几何参数以及层压板相关力学性能参数对剩余强度进行快速估计,再基于内聚力单元建立含表面裂纹的复合材料层压板的有限元模型,通过对含表面裂纹的层压板的渐进损伤过程进行描述,研究了裂纹深度和长度对剩余强度的影响,验证了工程算法的合理性。     

有机玻璃残余应力与双折射条纹的关系

 本文通过实验,讨论了有机玻璃残余应力与双折射条纹（冻结应力条纹和热应力条纹）的定量关系,得出可以根据热应力条纹由应力光学定律直接获取有机玻璃残余应力的结论。作者基于这一论点,考察了不同冷却条件下平板有机玻璃残余应力沿断面的分布规律;研究了热处理工艺参数对消除有机玻璃残余应力的影响;测定了三种不同型号飞机舱玻璃的残余应力。     

冷挤压孔边残余应力场中裂纹的应力强度因子

 本文给出了复杂应力场中圆孔边穿透裂纹问题的权函数解析解和各种基本载荷作用下孔边裂纹的应力强度因子计算公式。并据此计算了冷挤压孔边残余应力场中裂纹的应力强度因子,进而讨论了裂纹在外载荷和残余应力共同作用下疲劳扩展的特点。     

Determining effects of impact loading on residual strength of fiber-metal laminates with grid-characteristic numerical method

The Grid-Characteristic numerical Method (GCM) that is quite common in solving aero and hydrodynamic problems can also be applied for mechanics of solids. It allows to implement complex border and contact conditions, including the non-reflecting border and the destructible contact. Both this conditions are very important for the precise and effective modeling of Low-Velocity Impacts (LVI) on fiber and Fiber-Metal Laminates (FML) and the resulting Barely Visible Impact Damage (BVID) that influences the residual strength of a composite aircraft part. BVID is the type of damage that is not visible by the naked eye and can be hardly detected by a standard ultrasound equipment that is used for regular maintenance. It can appear during any weak impacts like bird strike or hail. Determining its influence on the residual strength of the part is very important to define the priorities of development of ultrasound diagnostics. In this paper, the GCM was applied for a full cycle of loading of an FML aircraft cover part. The FML consisted of a Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) and a single titanium layer on the upper surface. The cycle of loading in a single calculation consisted of an LVI caused by a small striker and a comparatively slow compressive in-plane loading. Three-dimensional patterns of velocity and stress distributions over the time of calculation are given. Destruction patterns, obtained via the Hashin failure criterion are given and analyzed.     

材料表面残余应力测试技术研究

在生产、处理或加工材料的过程中,由于材料的局部区域的不均匀塑性变形,产生了残余应力。残余应力对疲劳强度、抗蚀性、尺寸稳定性、相变、硬度等均有影响;提高表面塑变抗力,降低表层的有效拉应力,可以抑制疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展,提高疲劳强度。本文主要以结构钢、不锈钢类材料为研究对象,应用x射线衍射原理测定表面残余应力,讨论x射线法测残余应力的要点,分析能够影响测定结果的技术因素、材料因素及被测件的几何因素,并找出应力分析仪最佳的测试参数。     

Effect of blank quenching on shear spinning forming precision of 2219 aluminum alloy complex thin-walled components

The quenching-spinning (Q-S) process, i.e., shear spinning after blank quenching, has been increasingly utilized to form 2219 aluminum alloy complex thin-walled components. However, the changes in material property, shape and stress of the blanks after quenching will affect the spinning forming precision. In this study, the rules and mechanisms of these effects are investigated based on a combined finite element (FE) model including blank quenching and component spinning process. The results indicate that the increase of material strength and the existence of distortion of the quenched blank lead to a notable increase in the non-uniformity of the circumferential compressive stress in the spinning area and the increase of the flange swing height during spinning. These changes result in an increase in the wall thickness and component-mandrel gap of the components. The quenching residual stress has little effect on wall thickness and roundness but can noticeably reduce the component-mandrel gap. This is because that the existence of quenching residual stress of the blank can lead to the decrease of the maximum circumferential compressive stress of the workpiece in spinning and an obvious drop in the maximum compressive stress after reaching the stress peak. Quenching distortion is the main factor affecting the roundness. Moreover, the optimized installation way of the blank for spinning is obtained.     

激光增材制造钛合金构件的化学抛光工艺研究

采用HNO3-HF抛光液对激光选区熔化钛合金制件进行化学抛光,以试样表面粗糙度、减薄及失重变化为指标探究了抛光过程中不同温度和时间对钛合金增材制件抛光效果的影响。通过电化学测量、拉伸试验、残余应力测试等方法对比分析了化学抛光前后钛合金试样的电化学和力学性能。结果表明在温度30℃、反应时间10min下抛光钛合金可以取得较理想的抛光效果,试样表面粗糙度减小、耐腐蚀性能提高。化学抛光后钛合金的强度出现小幅下降,内部原有的残余应力由拉应力转变为压应力。     

钉孔挤压强化弹塑性计算中形变理论适用性探讨

本文为了检验形变理论在计算钉孔挤压残余应力场的可用性,对同一模型分别釆用全量法和增量法进行有限元计算,计算结果表明:在小的挤压量下,即δ≤2％(挤压量δ定义为(D_棒-D_板)/D_板×100％),两种方法均可釆用,当挤压量较大,即δ>2％时,全量法的结果与边界条件吻合得不好,而增量法符合得很好。从实验结果看,用全量法计算的残余应力计算试件的疲劳裂纹起始寿命与实验结果相差较大,而增量法计算的该寿命则与实验结果接近。工程中的挤压过程大都釆用较大的挤压量,所以,形变理论不适合计算钉孔挤压的残余应力场。     

一种简便的隔热涂层残余应力分析方法及结果讨论

从涡轮叶片隔热涂层等离子喷涂的工艺过程中残余应力形成机理为出发点,通过对喷涂过程进行合理的分析和简化,并结合有限元方法,给出了一个可行的隔热涂层残余应力分析简便方法。最后通过算例,进行了分析讨论。