细晶铸造真空炉及其应用

北京航空材料研究院研制了我国第一台细晶铸造真空炉,该炉可用铸型搅动法浇注整体细晶涡轮和双性能整体涡轮。细晶铸造能够改善铸件中低温下的力学性能。     

铸型搅动法细晶铸造对K418B合金整体涡轮组织和力学性能的影响

铸型搅动法细晶铸造使Ｋ４１８Ｂ合金整体涡轮获得了细小、均匀的等轴晶粒,改善了合金中初生ＭＣ和γ′相的分布形态,并使它们的平均尺寸减小。细晶铸造Ｋ４１８Ｂ合金整体涡轮材料在４５０～６５０℃的低周疲劳寿命至少是普通铸造的４倍。     

高温合金双性能整体叶盘铸造技术

介绍铸造高温合金双性能整体叶盘的铸造工艺,包括双性能合金材料的选择、整体叶盘组织的形成方法、控制措施和浇注工艺参数以及热处理制度对双性能整体叶盘力学性能的影响.结果表明,当浇注过热度△T=160～290℃,铸型搅动转数n=K 270～K 300(rpm)时,整体叶盘叶片为定向柱晶组织、轮盘为等轴晶组织,初步获得双性能叶盘的热处理制度为1180℃/2h 1230℃/3h,AC 1100℃/4h,AC 870℃/20h,AC.     

铸型搅动细晶铸造与力学性能

对比研究了高温合金铸型搅动细晶铸造和普通铸造叶轮的力学性能。研究结果表明,细晶铸造显著提高了K418B合金叶轮的室温和高温拉伸以及中温持久性能,并大幅度改善了合金的低周疲劳性能。细晶铸造K418B整体叶轮650℃的低周疲劳寿命为普通铸造的3倍。     

镍基高温合金铸件的晶粒组织控制──铸造工艺参数的影响

以ＩＮ７３８ＬＣ合金为例,研究了镍基高温合金在各种铸造工艺条件下的晶粒组织。结果表明,降低合金液均匀化处理温度可以明显细化冷凝后基体的晶粒。在浇注温度、铸型预热温度以及合金液均匀化处理温度等铸造工艺参数中,后者对晶粒尺寸的影响大于前两者。     

某涡轮后机匣裂纹失效机理分析

为排除某航空发动机斜支板涡轮后机匣在试车后出现裂纹的故障,进行了裂纹宏观检查、断口宏观和微观形貌分析、材质检查、细晶层成因及其对疲劳特性影响分析,并对裂纹性质进行了判定,分析了产生裂纹故障的原因。结果表明:斜支板涡轮后机匣裂纹为疲劳性质,原始铸造冷隔缺陷、热等静压工艺产生的细小再结晶层、基体晶粒粗大是促使涡轮后机匣过早疲劳开裂的主要原因。为避免该类故障再次发生,建议提高浇注温度以增强浇注液流动性,从而排除冷隔缺陷;防止热等静压时产生表面细小再结晶;添加细化剂使基体晶粒细化。     

铸造涡轮叶片晶粒的控制

一、前言涡轮叶片在高温动负荷和温度急剧变化的恶劣条件下工作。它要求叶片材料具有良好的综合性能。但是铸造涡轮叶片原始晶粒组织比较粗大,均匀度差,且常常伴以柱晶,因此塑性和耐疲劳性能都较低。当前,在铸造过程中采用表面晶粒细化工艺,也就是在型壳表面层     

浇注温度和细化剂对K4169高温合金微观组织的影响

研究了降低浇注温度或加入细化剂后 ,K4 16 9合金晶粒细化的微观组织、夹杂及缩松等的变化。发现同样加或不加细化剂条件下 ,浇注温度越低 ,一次枝晶主轴长度和二次枝晶臂距越小。而同一浇注温度下 ,化学法细晶试样一次枝晶主轴长度较普通试样的短 ,而二者的二次枝晶臂距无明显差别。晶粒细化后 ,晶粒形态由普通铸造组织中的树枝晶向细晶组织中的粒状晶转变 ,且合金中主要元素的偏析减轻 ,这均有利于提高细晶铸件机械性能。MC型碳化物和Laves相的尺寸、数量和形貌在晶粒细化前后变化不大。铸件中加入微量细化剂不形成夹杂 ,不改变合金相组成。此外 ,加细化剂不仅可使晶粒细化 ,同时铸件中的缩松大大减少     

调压铸造充填工艺参数的研究

采用正交设计和方差分析法，考察了浇注温度、铸型温度、加压速度和充型压力对调压铸造充型能力的影响；比较了重力铸造、差压铸造和调压铸造的充型能力．研究结果表明，在本实验条件下，影响调压铸造充型能力的因素主次按下述顺序排列：充型温度、加压速度、铸型温度和充型压力。调压铸造比重力铸造和差压铸造充型能力好，适合于生产航空机载电子设备中薄壁、复杂铝合金结构件．     

发动机整体薄壁铝合金精铸件真空差压铸造

介绍了真空差压铸造工艺原理及控制难点,并以某型航空发动机排气端壳体这一代表性的精密铸件为例,对整体薄壁铝合金精铸件真空差压铸造中的浇注系统、铸型研制和浇注温度选择等关键技术进行了研究,并对存在的问题提出了解决途径和控制手段。结果表明,采用双通结构浇注系统,利用呋喃树脂砂型砂进行混制铸型,在(730±10)℃浇注温度下进行浇注,航空发动机复杂整体薄壁铝合金精铸件产品的疏松、气孔、夹杂等缺陷消除,组织致密,延伸率可达3.6%。     

整体叶盘结构强度减振一体化设计方法

基于软件ANSYS,建立了整体叶盘参数化模型.结合轮盘强度设计应力标准,借助ANSYS优化模块,获得了满足强度要求的最轻整体叶盘模型.分析了整体叶盘的振动特性,研究了轮盘和叶型参数调整对整体叶盘固有频率的影响.在此基础上,研究了通过改变缘板厚度、罩量及叶型厚度等参数使整体叶盘避开低阶激振的结构设计方法.研究结果表明:对于鼓筒约束的整体叶盘,轮盘参数调整可提高整体叶盘低阶耦合振动频率与4E激振频率在最大转速的裕度为2.2%,而叶型参数调整对此裕度的影响可达8%.最终获得的整体叶盘模型在1阶振动避开5E以下激振,并与4E激振频率在最大转速的裕度达10.8%的基础上达到质量最轻,因避频质量增加4.77%,说明整体叶盘结构强度减振一体化设计方法是可行的.      

TC11钛合金整体叶盘锻件组织均匀性评价方法

根据锻件内热力参数分布情况建立了基于Taguchi方法的损失函数,探索盘类锻件组织均匀性数值评价方法。应用所建立的损失函数以及TC11钛合金整体叶盘的锻造过程有限元数值模拟结果,对TC11钛合金整体叶盘组织均匀性进行了数值评价,并进行了试验验证。结果表明,对于TC11钛合金整体叶盘锻件,应用本文建立的质量损失函数贡献因子得到的损失函数(情况2)的评价结果与实际生产得到的锻件内组织均匀性一致性好,且当质量损失函数值在0.33～0.44范围内时,锻件的组织均匀性能满足技术条件要求。     

Research on vibration suppression of a mistuned blisk by a piezoelectric network

The work aims to provide a further investigation of the dynamic characteristics of an integral bladed disk(also called ‘blisk') with a Parallel Piezoelectric Network(PPN). The PPN is constructed by parallelly interconnecting the piezoelectric patches distributed in the blisk. Two kinds of PPN are considered, namely mono-periodic PPN and bi-periodic PPN. The former has a piezoelectric patch in each sector, and the later has one patch every few sectors. The vibration suppression performance of both kinds of PPN has been studied through modal analysis, forced response analysis, and statistical analysis. The research results turn out that the PPN will only affect mechanical frequencies near the electrical frequency clusters slightly, and the bi-periodic PPN will make the nodal diameter spectrum of the modes more complex, but the amplitude corresponding to the new nodal diameter component is much smaller than that of the nodal diameter component corresponding to the mono-periodic system. The mechanical coupling between the blades and the disk plays an important role in the damping effect of the PPN, and it should be paid attention to in applications. The mono-periodic PPN can effectively suppress the amplitude magnification of the forced response induced by the mistuning of the blisk; meanwhile, it can mitigate the vibration localization of the mistuned electromechanical system. If piezoelectric patches are set only in part of the sectors, the bi-periodic PPN still has a vibration suppression ability, but the effect is related to the number and spatial distribution of the piezoelectric patches.     

非线性硬涂层整体叶盘振动参数的多目标优化设计

为了优化应变依赖性硬涂层对整体叶盘的阻尼减振,对具有应变依赖性特征的硬涂层整体叶盘(非线性涂层整体叶盘)的涂层参数进行多目标优化设计.利用基于复合Mindlin板理论的能量有限元法和基于Newton-Raphson法的迭代计算技术分析了非线性涂层整体叶盘的振动特性;利用NSGA-Ⅲ算法求解了非线性涂层整体叶盘的涂层参数...     

Improving profile accuracy and surface quality of blisk by electrochemical machining with a micro inter-electrode gap

Electrochemical machining (ECM) has emerged as an important option for manufacturing the blisk. The inter-electrode gap (IEG) distribution is an essential parameter for the blisk precise shaping process in ECM, as it affects the process stability, profile accuracy and surface quality. Larger IEG leads to a poor localization effect and has an adverse influence on the machining accuracy and surface quality of blisk. To achieve micro-IEG (<50 μm) blisk finishing machining, this work puts forward a novel variable-parameters blisk ECM strategy based on the synchronous coupling mode of micro-vibration amplitude and small pulse duration. The modelling and simulation of the blisk micro-IEG machining have been carried out. Exploratory experiments of variable-parameters blisk ECM were carried out. The results illustrated that the IEG width reduced with the progress of variable parameter process. The IEG width of the blade’s concave part and convex part could be successfully controlled to within 30 μm and 21 μm, respectively. The profile deviation for the blade’s concave surface and convex surface are 49 μm and 35 μm, while the surface roughness reaches R_a = 0.149 μm and R_a = 0.196 μm, respectively. The profile accuracy of the blisk leading/trailing edges was limited to within 91 μm. Compared with the currently-established process, the profile accuracy of the blade’s concave and convex profiles was improved by 50.5 % and 53.3 %, respectively. The surface quality was improved by 53.2 % and 50.9 %, respectively. Additionally, the machined surface was covered with small corrosion pits and weak attacks of the grain boundary due to selective dissolution. Some electrolytic products were dispersed on the machined surface, and their components were mainly composed of the carbide and oxide products of Ti and Nb elements. The results indicate that the variable-parameters strategy is effective for achieving a tiny IEG in blisk ECM, which can be used in engineering practice.     

涂敷硬涂层的失谐整体叶盘减缩建模及振动分析

为了提高整体叶盘的服役寿命,提出一种对叶片涂敷硬涂层的减振方法。同时,针对失谐叶盘-硬涂层复合结构的运算规模庞大的难题,提出了一种双重减缩建模方法。利用一种改进的混合界面子结构(HISCMS)法对复合结构进行第一重的自由度减缩。利用一种模态密集判别准则与经典模态减缩(SNM)法的思想对综合后的模型进行第二重的模态减缩。选取了对叶片双面涂敷NiCoCrAlY+YSZ(yttria-stabilized zirconia,氧化锆) 硬涂层的失谐叶盘进行仿真分析及试验测试,以探究失谐叶盘的振动情况以及硬涂层厚度对失谐叶盘的影响。结果表明:双重减缩建模方法能够在保证计算精度的前提下提高25.86%~42.05%的计算效率;而且硬涂层表现出较强的阻尼作用,能够在共振区显著抑制失谐叶盘的共振响应。      

Trajectory control strategy of cathodes in blisk electrochemical machining

A turbine blisk, which combines blades and a disk together, is one of the most important components of an aero engine. In the process of blisk electrochemical machining (ECM), the sheet cathode, which is usually used as a tool electrode, has a complicated structure. In addition to that, the channel between the adjacent blades is narrow and twisted, so interference is apt to happen when the sheet cathode feeds into the channel. Therefore, it is important to choose suitable trajectory control strategy. In this paper, a new trajectory control strategy of the sheet cathode is presented and corresponding simulation analysis is conducted on the basis of an actual blisk model. The simulation results demonstrate that the sheet cathode can feed into the channel by a spatial line trajectory without interference. Moreover, the verification experiments are carried out according to the simulation. The experimental results show that the cathode can move into the channel without interference. It is verified that the new trajectory control strategy is correct and can be used in the blisk ECM process successfully.     

先进涡轮盘结构强度对比分析

为减小航空发动机涡轮盘应力,减轻质量,提高发动机推重比,介绍了3种先进涡轮盘,即纤维增强涡轮盘、双辐板涡轮盘和整体涡轮叶盘的结构特点和工艺难点,提出其未来的研制设想;应用有限元分析软件对传统涡轮盘与3种先进涡轮盘进行了强度对比分析和质量计算.结果表明:3种先进涡轮盘在强度和质量方面较传统涡轮盘具有优势,突破相应的关键技术后,可应用于未来高推重比发动机中.     

具有半主动压电阻尼的叶盘结构动力学特性研究

针对航空发动机整体叶盘结构的失谐响应放大问题,在叶盘结构中引入半主动压电阻尼技术,并利用基于非线性模态分析的非线性系统频域响应快速算法-非线性部件模态综合(NCMS)法对具有基于负电容的同步开关阻尼(SSDNC)的叶盘结构动力学特性进行理论探究。分析结果表明NCMS法相比于Newmark法具有很高的计算效率,并能保证较高计算精度;SSDNC能够同时对叶盘结构的多阶振动模态都产生较好的抑制效果,并对多谐波激励下叶盘结构的所有振动峰值都产生较好的抑制效果(对于本文所用模型,振动峰值下降可达到73%);统计分析表明,SSDNC的振动抑制效果对叶盘结构机械失谐以及电路参数失谐均不敏感。     

基于ANSYS的整体叶盘结构优化设计

为保证整体叶盘结构在安全工作条件下质量最轻,基于ANSYS优化平台,建立了整体叶盘三维参数化模型及结构优化设计数学模型,完成了整体叶盘结构的优化设计.首先结合相关静强度设计准则及方法,在给定轮缘分布载荷条件下对轮盘子午面进行优化.然后建立整体叶盘三维模型,并对子午面优化中未考虑的轮缘关键尺寸如轮缘厚度、喉道倒角、叶根倒角进行三维局部优化.在三维优化中总结出了盘喉道和叶根最大等效应力与各优化参数之间的关系.分两步实施的整个轮盘优化过程仅需3~4h.