空腔流激振荡的简化模型分析及振荡频率预估

本文由矩形空腔后缘声振动反馈激励腔口自由剪切层不稳定波的观点出发,把空腔流动振荡问题构造成一个关于空腔内外扰动波的非齐次边值问题,应用Ｆｏｕｒｉｅｒ－Ｌａｐｌａｃｅ变换技术求解,可以预估振荡频率,对Ｌ／Ａ＝Ａ亚声速空腔流动的预估结果与实验符合很好,揭示了此类空腔流动振荡的机理。     

带凹腔钝头体第IV类激波干扰特性研究

采用激波风洞实验与数值模拟相结合的方法,对高超声速带凹腔钝头体的第IV类激波干扰非定常振荡特性进行了考察和分析。结果表明,随着入射激波与弓形激波相对位置的不同,第IV类激波干扰既可能出现稳定的波系干扰结构,也可能出现较为剧烈的非定常振荡现象。在实验条件下,观察到了高频前后振荡和低频上下振荡两种不同的振荡模式。数值模拟结果与实验吻合较好,超声速射流与凹腔的耦合作用在振荡过程中起到了关键作用。     

液体射流撞击液膜振荡行为的实验研究

液体射流撞击过程是液体火箭发动机常见的高效雾化方式。为了进一步探究液体射流撞击雾化过程,采用高速摄像仪和图像处理技术对两股液体射流撞击液膜的振荡行为进行了实验研究,考察了射流韦伯数(21≤We≤1356)和撞击角(2θ=60°,90°,120°)对液膜振荡的影响。结果表明,随着射流韦伯数增大(We250),撞击液膜会从竖直稳定模式转变为振荡模式,促进液膜破裂和雾化。增大撞击角能加剧液膜振荡和增加雾化角。2θ=60°和90°的液膜振荡区间为250We400,2θ=120°的液膜振荡区间为We250,无量纲振幅的时均极大值约为5。结果揭示了随着液体射流速度的增大,射流不稳定性的发展会引起撞击点的动量不平衡,进而形成液膜振荡。此外,液膜向下传播时与空气界面间的Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定性也促进液膜振荡。     

侧面突扩燃烧室冷态流场可视化研究

燃烧室流场中旋涡的不是稳定是造成整体式压式发动机侧面扩燃烧室燃烧振荡的重要原因。在透明矩形侧面突扩燃烧室模型上进行了水流模拟显示实验。显示出了燃烧室流场中的振荡涡系和稳定涡系。实验发现：燃烧室头部旋涡非常稳定；进口射流剪切层存在“马蹄涡”的周期性脱落；射流在燃烧室通道内卷绕形成涡强较大的二次流螺旋柱状涡对，涡对相撞又使螺旋涡失稳、振荡和破碎。旋涡不稳定性是侧面突扩燃烧室燃烧振荡的流体力学原因，分流     

凹面腔内的激波会聚冷态实验

为研究两级脉冲爆震发动机中激波聚焦起爆技术,研制了激波会聚起爆原理样机,建立了整套实验系统.利用三维激波会聚起爆原理样机,开展了导流角度、气流出口面积、尾喷管扩张角、凹面腔与射流入口间距离等对凹面腔内气动振荡频率和压力影响的冷态实验研究.结果表明:导流角增大,气动振荡频率增大;气流出口面积减小,气动振荡频率增大,凹面腔底部动态压力脉动幅值增大;喷管扩张角度增大,气动振荡频率数目增多;随着凹面腔与环形射流入口间的距离L增长,气动振荡频率降低,凹面腔底部动态压力脉动幅值降低.      

PIV技术测量振荡射流流场

利用以大功率双脉冲激光器为光源的ＰＩＶ技术,测定了由扁平射流和尖劈组成的二维振荡射流流场。这种压力扰动波与不稳定射流的相互作用是整个整个产生流体振荡的原因。     

增强立尾效益的主动流动控制

本文叙述和讨论了某些增强立尾效益的主动流动控制（AFC）技术的研究。在NASA ERA项目支持下Rensselaer学院完成了4%和5%缩比立尾模型的合成射流AFC风洞试验,加州理工学院完成了14%缩比立尾模型的振荡射流AFC风洞试验,后者表明当动量系数为1.7%时可获50%的侧向力增量。基于将上述两种AFC技术集成于飞机系统的可行性研究,Boeing在Ames NFAC（40 ft×80 ft风洞）完成了B-757全尺寸立尾风洞模型试验,在风速为100 knots,方向舵偏角为30°和侧滑角为0°与-7.5°下,得出采用31个振荡射流激振器可获得20%侧向力增量。NASA ERA项目组与Boeing共同努力在2015年春实现了装有31个振荡射流激振器的B-757 ecoDemonstrator飞行试验。飞行员反馈和13%~16%侧向力增量的飞行试验初步分析结果表明了振荡射流AFC技术的成功。     

航空双系统直驱伺服阀阀芯振荡机理及抑制方法

作为飞控系统的关键部件之一，电液伺服阀的特性与可靠性直接关乎飞行性能与安全。直驱阀因构造简单、抗污染能力强、输出功率大等突出优势成为近年来的研究热点。针对一种新型双系统直驱伺服阀的阀芯振荡问题，认为阀口空化引起阀腔凸肩面压力脉动是阀芯振荡的主导因素。基于气液两相数值模拟研究了近阀口空化与压力分布特征，揭示了空化与阀芯振荡的机理；建立了双阀芯的动力学模型，典型工况下阀芯所受流体力和位移振荡仿真结果与实验数据基本吻合，验证了所提方法的可靠性。结果表明，阀杆长径比与阀口节流级数对阀芯振荡有较大影响。回油腔阀杆长径比减小18%，可使振荡幅值削减约67%，为抑制双系统直驱伺服阀振荡提供了理论参考。     

导弹发射管内燃气流场的实验分析

针对密封盖未及时开启造成发射装置的损坏问题进行了实验分析。实验测量了对发射管壁静压和密封盖受到的燃气射流冲击压力，利用子波分析方法求取了实验数据的基于子波系数的频带能量谱，并对含有射流噪声的测量数据进行了子波滤波，得到了各点压力低频成分的变化情况，同时得到了密封盖所受冲击冲量与激波振荡幅值的关系。研究表明密封盖不及时开启会在弹管间隙中形成高幅值的起始冲击波和燃气回流激波振荡。这种破坏性的流动结构会导致发射装置的损坏。     

影响振荡射流分离控制效果的关键因素

为找出影响振荡射流对流场分离控制效果的关键因素,采用典型振荡射流激励器对偏转襟翼流场施加控制,通过数值模拟分析施加控制后的流场特点,总结了射流停滞的原因和影响;并对比不同扩张段、脉冲式和扫掠式振荡射流的控制效果,总结了射流扫掠范围对控制效果的影响。结果表明：射流向流场中传递动量的均匀程度和扫掠范围是影响控制效果的关键因素。射流向流场中传递动量越均匀,扫掠范围越大,则控制效果越好。激励器喉道过小会抑制射流偏转,使射流在出口两侧停滞,导致射流向流场中传递动量不均匀,因此偏转襟翼两侧的控制效果好于中部;增大扩张段会增大射流扫掠范围从而改善控制效果;脉冲式激励器内的尖劈会阻挡射流扫掠至其后方,导致射流扫掠范围小,偏转襟翼中部控制效果差。     

Numerical investigation on flow mechanism in a supersonic fluidic oscillator

A type of supersonic fluidic oscillator is proposed and its ability to generate pulsating supersonic jet is proved in this paper. Unsteady two-dimensional numerical simulations reveal that the fluid transforms from subsonic to supersonic condition in the mixing chamber of oscillator after the supplied flow pressure increases from 1.1 × 10⁵ Pa to 5.0 × 10⁵ Pa. When the supersonic flow is formed inside the oscillator, the wall-attached flow represents expansion wave and compression wave alternately. The oscillating frequency will saturate to a certain value with the increase of supplied pressure. Examination of the internal fluid dynamics indicates that the flow direction inside the FeedBack Channel (FBC) is related to the change of the local pressure at the inlet and the outlet of the feedback channel. The vortices produced in the mixing chamber present different distribution characteristics with the change of the fluid’s direction in the FBC. The sweeping jet is divided into two jets with varying flow rate over time by the splitter. In the end of two channels, two jets are accelerated above sound speed by convergent-divergent nozzle. Therefore, pulsating supersonic jets are produced at two outlets for this type of fluidic oscillator.     

CFD-simulation of the flow through a fluidic element

The outflow channel of the fluidic jet reaction control element (FLE) and hence the direction of the thrust vector may be controlled by the injection of a secondary jet through one of the slits downstream of the inlet nozzle in the side walls. The main medium used is gaseous nitrogen, which is supplied from a reservoir chamber. Depending on the pressure there, three different operating modes can be distinguished.In order to reduce development time, the DLR Euler and Navier–Stokes code FLOWer has been extended for the numerical simulation of the flow through a fluidic element. In the present paper the code is verified and validated for this application. The influence of grid density, turbulence model, boundary conditions and the geometry of the external walls is investigated. The code is validated by comparing numerically obtained results with experimental data, including wall pressure and thrust measurements as well as differential interferometry photos. Numerical solutions are obtained for chamber pressures ranging from 60 to 100 bar, considering each case with and without injection of a secondary mass flow.     

Experimental investigation on a cavity-step-actuated supersonic oscillating jet

Wind tunnel testing is conducted at different back pressures in a vacuum-type wind tun-nel for a novel supersonic fluidic oscillator which consists of a two-dimensional Laval nozzle, a rect-angular cavity and a backward step, to obtain its characteristics and the conditions for jet oscillating. The experimental results show that periodic asymmetrical flipping of the supersonic jet appears over certain nozzle pressure ratio (NPR) range according to schlieren visualization and pressure fluctuations. The jet flipping appears only when the jet is over expanded. The normal-ized average amplitude of the lateral pressure difference acting on the roofs of the cavity and the step varies around 0.2 while the periodic flipping appears. The supersonic jet periodic flipping fre-quencies obtained from the experiments agree well with those from the modified Rossiter mode for cavity-step acoustic resonance, but further investigations are needed to discover the underlying mechanism for the jet flipping.     

高频高速流体振荡器工作特性

设计了一种新型高频高速流体振荡器,并采用热线风速仪、高频动态压力传感器等测量手段,对其频率-压力响应特性、速度-压力响应特性及内部压力传播特性进行了实验研究。结果表明:设计的流体振荡器工作频率约为900 Hz,进出口压比为2时,其出口射流速度范围为75~239 m/s。建立了振荡周期/频率与内部尺寸的关系式,验证了振荡器内部的压力传播与反射机制,并用压力的作用机制解释了射流偏转的两个阶段,为今后设计不同流动条件下所需的流体振荡器提供了设计思路。      

Jet sweeping angle control by fluidic oscillators with master-slave designs

The fluidic oscillator is an instrument that can continuously generate a spatially sweeping jet entirely based on its internal geometry without any moving parts. However, the traditional fluidic oscillator has an inherent limitation, that is, the spreading angle cannot be controlled independently, rather by the jet volume flow rate and internal geometry. Accordingly, two types of fluidic oscillators based on the master-slave design are developed in current study to decouple this correlation. In both designs, the master layer inherits the similar oscillation mechanisms of a sweeping jet, and the slave layer resembles a steady jet channel. The difference between the two designs is that Design A has a short diverging exit in the slave layer, but Design B adds a long interaction chamber in the exit channel to intensify flow instability. The external flow fields and governing oscillation properties of these two designs are experimentally explored with time-resolved Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), while the internal flow dynamics and driving oscillation mechanisms are numerically investigated. By fixing the total volume flow rate, the jet spreading angle of Design A can be increased smoothly from 0° to above 100° by increasing the proportion of master layer's flow rate from 0 to 100%. For Design B, the control authority of the master layer is significantly enhanced by adding the interaction chamber in the slave layer. In addition, the added chamber causes notable jet oscillation even when the master layer has none input.     

计算谐振机翼气动力的激波膨胀波级数展开法

本文根据激波-膨胀波理论,忽略了反射波对翼面压强分布的影响,把斜激波之后和通过一族主特征线的压强展成级数,给出了沉浮和俯仰谐振翼型表面压强分布的近似解析解。然后应用片条理论导得三维机翼振动导数的闭式解。文中给出三角形机翼俯仰导数的几个实例,数值结果与现有其它方法的结果有很好的一致性。     

高速飞行器空腔脉动压力主动控制与非线性数值模拟

空腔脉动压力(空腔噪声)预测是高速飞行器内埋弹舱的关键技术之一。非线性噪声求解方法是近年来新提出的一种噪声求解方法,为研究该方法对空腔噪声的预测性能,将雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程与之相结合。首先,通过RANS求解空腔周围流场,得到初始湍流统计平均解,其中包含平均流场基本特征及强制设定的湍流脉动的统计描述。然后,采用非线性噪声求解方法重构噪声源并高精度模拟压力脉动的传播,计算了马赫数Ma=1.5和Ma=5条件下的空腔噪声。结果表明,噪声特性计算值与试验结果基本吻合,说明非线性噪声求解方法对于高速空腔流动噪声具有较好的预测能力。在此基础上,研究了马赫数Ma=1.5和Ma=5条件下在空腔前缘加入气帘喷流主动控制措施对噪声的抑制作用,并得出在超声速和高超声速条件下,气帘喷流对于空腔脉动压力都有较好的抑制作用。     

叶轮机械颤振稳定性工程预测方法在跨声风扇中的进一步探讨

通过求解雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(N-S)方程并采用影响系数法,对三个基本正交模态的三维振荡跨声风扇叶片绕流问题进行了研究,基于刚体运动假设和模态叠加法,得到了可用于叶轮机械设计阶段颤振稳定性评估的稳定性参数图.结果表明,跨声风扇内部,激波对非定常气动力的分布具有主导作用;在一定情况下振型对颤振稳定性有重要影响,应将其作为颤振稳定性设计的重要参数之一;跨声风扇和亚声低压涡轮的稳定性参数图对比分析表明,两者稳定性参数分布形式具有相似性.      

进口气流角对三维振荡涡轮叶片非定常流动影响的数值模拟研究

进一步发展了非定常雷诺平均N—S方程求解程序,并基于影响系数法,在三种不同振型下就进口气流角对三维涡轮振荡叶片绕流的影响进行了数值模拟研究。数值模拟结果表明,所发展的程序对振荡叶栅流动模拟具有较好的精度;进口气流角对振荡叶栅内部非定常流动以及叶片表面的非定常气动力有着较为重要的影响,且在不同模态下,进口气流角对振荡叶片非定常流动的影响规律表现不同。     

叶轮机械颤振稳定性工程预测方法在跨音风扇中的进一步探讨

通过求解雷诺平均NS方程并采用影响系数法,对三个基本正交模态的三维振荡跨音风扇叶片绕流问题进行了研究,并基于刚体运动假设和模态叠加法,得到了可用于叶轮机械设计阶段颤振稳定性评估的稳定性参数图。结果表明,跨音风扇内部,激波对非定常气动力的分布具有主导作用;通过对稳定性参数图的分析表明,在一定情况下振型对颤振稳定性有重要影响,应将其作为颤振稳定性设计的重要参数之一;跨音风扇和亚音低压涡轮的稳定性参数图对比分析表明,二者稳定性参数分布形式具有相似性。