Analytic estimation and numerical modeling of actively cooled thermal protection systems with nickel alloys

Actively cooled thermal protection system has great influence on the engine of a hypersonic vehicle, and it is significant to obtain the thermal and stress distribution in the system. So an analytic estimation and numerical modeling are performed in this paper to investigate the behavior of an actively cooled thermal protection system. The analytic estimation is based on the electric analogy method and finite element analysis（FEA） is applied to the numerical simulation. Temperature and stress distributions are obtained for the actively cooled channel walls with three kinds of nickel alloys with or with no thermal barrier coating（TBC）. The temperature of the channel wall with coating has no obvious difference from the one with no coating, but the stress with coating on the channel wall is much smaller than that with no coating. Inconel X-750 has the best characteristics among the three Ni-based materials due to its higher thermal conductivity, lower elasticity module and greater allowable stress. Analytic estimation and numerical modeling results are compared with each other and a reasonable agreement is obtained.     

Probability hypothesis density filter with adaptive parameter estimation for tracking multiple maneuvering targets

The probability hypothesis density (PHD) filter has been recognized as a promising tech-nique for tracking an unknown number of targets. The performance of the PHD filter, however, is sensitive to the available knowledge on model parameters such as the measurement noise variance and those associated with the changes in the maneuvering target trajectories. If these parameters are unknown in advance, the tracking performance may degrade greatly. To address this aspect, this paper proposes to incorporate the adaptive parameter estimation (APE) method in the PHD filter so that the model parameters, which may be static and/or time-varying, can be estimated jointly with target states. The resulting APE-PHD algorithm is implemented using the particle filter (PF), which leads to the PF-APE-PHD filter. Simulations show that the newly proposed algorithm can correctly identify the unknown measurement noise variances, and it is capable of tracking mul-tiple maneuvering targets with abrupt changing parameters in a more robust manner, compared to the multi-model approaches.     

Pico-satellite Autonomous Navigation with Magnetometer and Sun Sensor Data

This article presents a near-Earth satellite orbit estimation method for pico-satellite applications with light-weight and low-power requirements. The method provides orbit information autonomously from magnetometer and sun sensor, with an extended Kalman filter (EKF). Real-time position/velocity parameters are estimated with attitude independently from two quantities: the measured magnitude of the Earth’s magnetic field, and the measured dot product of the magnetic field vector and the sun vector. To guarantee the filter’s effectiveness, it is recommended that the sun sensor should at least have the same level of accuracy as magnetometer. Furthermore, to reduce filter’s computation expense, simplification methods in EKF’s Jacobian calculations are introduced and testified, and a polynomial model for fast magnetic field calculation is developed. With these methods, 50% of the computation expense in dynamic model propagation and 80% of the computation burden in measurement model calculation can be reduced. Tested with simulation data and compared with original magnetometer-only methods, filter achieves faster convergence and higher accuracy by 75% and 30% respectively, and the suggested simplification methods are proved to be harmless to filter’s estimation performance.     

Static Frame Model Validation with Small Samples Solution Using Improved Kernel Density Estimation and Confidence Level Method

An improved method using kernel density estimation (KDE) and confidence level is presented for model validation with small samples. Decision making is a challenging problem because of input uncertainty and only small samples can be used due to the high costs of experimental measurements. However, model validation provides more confidence for decision makers when improving prediction accuracy at the same time. The confidence level method is introduced and the optimum sample variance is determined using a new method in kernel density estimation to increase the credibility of model validation. As a numerical example, the static frame model validation challenge problem presented by Sandia National Laboratories has been chosen. The optimum bandwidth is selected in kernel density estimation in order to build the probability model based on the calibration data. The model assessment is achieved using validation and accreditation experimental data respectively based on the probability model. Finally, the target structure prediction is performed using validated model, which are consistent with the results obtained by other researchers. The results demonstrate that the method using the improved confidence level and kernel density estimation is an effective approach to solve the model validation problem with small samples.     

Aerodynamic Modeling and Parameter Estimation from QAR Data of an Airplane Approaching a High-altitude Airport

Aerodynamic modeling and parameter estimation from quick accesses recorder (QAR) data is an important technical way to analyze the effects of highland weather conditions upon aerodynamic characteristics of airplane. It is also an essential content of flight accident analysis. The related techniques are developed in the present paper, including the geometric method for angle of attack and sideslip angle estimation, the extended Kalman filter associated with modified Bryson-Frazier smoother (EKF-MBF) method for aerodynamic coefficient identification, the radial basis function (RBF) neural network method for aerodynamic modeling, and the Delta method for stability/control derivative estimation. As an application example, the QAR data of a civil airplane approaching a high-altitude airport are processed and the aerodynamic coefficient and derivative estimates are obtained. The estimation results are reasonable, which shows that the developed techniques are feasible. The causes for the distribution of aerodynamic derivative estimates are analyzed. Accordingly, several measures to improve estimation accuracy are put forward.     

An inverse strategy to determine constitutive parameters of tubular materials for hydroforming processes

This paper is to determine the flow stress curve of 5049-O aluminium alloy by a tube hydraulic bulging test with fixed end-conditions. During this test, several tubular specimens are bulged under different internal pressures before their bursting, and the corresponding bulging height and wall thickness at the pole are measured. An inverse strategy is developed to determine the constitutive parameters of tubular materials based on experimental data, which combines the finite element method with g...     

修正Rodrigues参数在飞行器定姿中的应用(英文)

There are two attitude estimation algorithms based on the different representations of attitude errors when modified Rodrigues parameters are applied to attitude estimation. The first is multiplicative error attitude estimator （MEAE）, whose attitude error is expressed by the modified Rodrigues parameters representing the rotation from the estimated to the true attitude. The second is subtractive error attitude estimator （SEAE）, whose attitude error is expressed by the arithmetic difference between the true and the estimated attitudes. It is proved that the two algorithms are equivalent in the case of small attitude errors. It is possible to describe rotation without encountering singularity by switching between the modified Rodrigues parameters and their shadow parameters. The attitude parameter switching does not bring disturbance to MEAE, but it does to SEAE. This article introduces a modification to eliminate the disturbance on SEAE, and simulation results demonstrate the efficacy of the presented algorithm.     

Calculation of high-temperature insulation parameters and heat transfer behaviors of multilayer insulation by inverse problems method

In the present paper, a numerical model combining radiation and conduction for porous materials is developed based on the finite volume method. The model can be used to investigate high-temperature thermal insulations which are widely used in metallic thermal protection systems on reusable launch vehicles and high-temperature fuel cells. The effective thermal conductivities（ECTs） which are measured experimentally can hardly be used separately to analyze the heat transfer behaviors of conduction and radiation for high-temperature insulation. By fitting the effective thermal conductivities with experimental data, the equivalent radiation transmittance, absorptivity and reflectivity, as well as a linear function to describe the relationship between temperature and conductivity can be estimated by an inverse problems method. The deviation between the calculated and measured effective thermal conductivities is less than 4%. Using the material parameters so obtained for conduction and radiation, the heat transfer process in multilayer thermal insulation（MTI） is calculated and the deviation between the calculated and the measured transient temperatures at a certain depth in the multilayer thermal insulation is less than 6.5%.     

Spaceborne GPS receiver antenna phase center offset and variation estimation for the Shiyan 3 satellite

In determining the orbits of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites using spaceborne GPS, the errors caused by receiver antenna phase center offset (PCO) and phase center variations (PCVs) are gradually becoming a major limiting factor for continued improvements to accuracy. Shiyan 3, a small satellite mission for space technology experimentation and climate exploration, was developed by China and launched on November 5, 2008. The dual-frequency GPS receiver payload delivers 1 Hz data and provides the basis for precise orbit determination within the range of a few centime-ters. The antenna PCO and PCV error characteristics and the principles influencing orbit determi-nation are analyzed. The feasibility of PCO and PCV estimation and compensation in different directions is demonstrated through simulation and in-flight tests. The values of receiver antenna PCO and PCVs for Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and Shiyan 3 satellites are estimated from one month of data. A large and stable antenna PCO error, reaching up to 10.34 cm in the z-direction, is found with the Shiyan 3 satellite. The PCVs on the Shiyan 3 satellite are estimated and reach up to 3.0 cm, which is slightly larger than that of GRACE satellites. Orbit validation clearly improved with independent k-band ranging (KBR) and satellite laser ranging (SLR) measurements. For GRACE satellites, the average root mean square (RMS) of KBR resid-uals improved from 1.01 cm to 0.88 cm. For the Shiyan 3 satellite, the average RMS of SLR resid-uals improved from 4.95 cm to 4.06 cm.     

DELAMINATION FORMATION AND DELAMINATION PROPAGATION OF COMPOSITE LAMINATES UNDER COMPRESSIVE FATIGUE LOADING

Fatigue tests of the smooth composite laminates and the notched composite laminates under compressive cyclic loading have been carried out. The damage mechanism is discussed and analyzed. Damage evolution is monitored using stiffness decay. From these tests, it is found that the initial delamination occurs at the free boundary of smooth specimens, or the notch boundary of notched specimens, subjected to the compression-compression cyclic load. A point of view in relation to two-phases of compression fatigue delamination of composites is proposed, namely, compression-compression delamination consists of the delamination formation phase and the delamination propagation, and there is a “damage transition point” to separate this two-phases. Furthermore, an empirical modulus degradation formula and its parameters fitting method are presented. According to the test data handling results, it is shown that this formula is univocal and can fit the test data conveniently. In addition, two kinds of new anti-buckling devices are designed for these tests. At last, the E-N curves, the D-N curves and the S-N curve of the smooth carbon fiber reinforced composite laminates of T300/648C are determined to predict the fatigue life of the notched composite laminate. And the E-N curve of the notched specimens at the given load ratio R=10 and minimum load P_min=-0.45　kN is also measured to verify the estimated result of fatigue life.     

结构陶瓷高温蠕变参数最优估计

本文在原有弯曲蠕变变形分析方法的基础上,发展了一种普遍可行的不对称弯曲梁蠕变应力分析数值方法。并应用最优化方法建立了一种新的稳态蠕变参数估计方法。      

综合考虑载荷谱和结构特性分散的概率断裂力学方法

在飞机结构的设计定型阶段,要综合考虑载荷谱和结构特性的分散评估机群的可靠寿命。为此,进行了某型飞机结构细节的TA15M钛合金模拟试件在3个单机谱下的耐久性试验,断口判读得到主裂纹扩展(a,t)数据,反推得到了当量初始缺陷尺寸(EIFS)。对比分析表明,载荷谱分散对EIFS分布参数无影响,估计得到了通用EIFS分布参数。建立了考虑载荷谱分散的裂纹扩展对数正态随机变量模型及参数估计方法,由此确定裂纹超越概率并进行损伤度评估,建立了综合考虑载荷谱和结构特性分散的概率断裂力学方法(PFMA)。     

阳极化钛合金的接触腐蚀

异种金属接触因电位差而产生腐蚀问题。接触腐蚀导致结构的强度损失和腐蚀增重。复合材料飞机垂尾、襟翼、副翼与铝合金或钢机身或机翼连接常用钛合金螺栓。因而,要研究减少和避免钛合金紧固件接触腐蚀的电化学机制。 1.实验结果 实验采用的电解液为自然状态的5％NaCl溶液,电解池中参比电极是饱     

微量铈对Al-Li-Cu合金性能的影响

 本文探索了添加微量铈对Al-Li-Cu合金(2090)性能的影响,铈有延缓合金时效过程的作用;并能显著提高合金的持久寿命和抗蚀性。     

30CrMnSiNi2A钢拉扭加载应变疲劳寿命的研究

1.实验方法 试样为空心薄壁圆筒(图1),材料为30CrMnSiNi2A。实验在北京科技大学力学测试中心的MTS809型电液伺服疲劳试验机上进行。将拉扭引伸仪装卡在试样上,采用对称的闭环应变控制,拉压轴向线应变比R_g=—1,扭转剪应变比R_γ=—1,拉扭同相加载,采用     

加强航空材料的使用性研究

 本文试图对航空材料的使用性提出确切的定义,即材料的使用性是指一个特定结构件所使用的材料在该构件的制造过程和使用期间必须具备的性能。 为了使我国自行设计的飞机尽快地赶上世界先进水平,作者根据国内外以往的研究与使用经验,对常用的航空材料、低密度材料和高温合金等在如何改进其使用性方面,提出一些看法和意见。     

确定总应变寿命方程中指数的一种方法

在由材料的单调拉伸强度极限和断面收缩率确定总应变寿命方程中疲劳强度系数和疲劳延性系数的基础上，考查了利用材料在两个不同应力幅下的疲劳试验数据和单调拉伸延伸率来确定总应变寿命方程中疲劳强度指数和疲劳延性指数的一种方法，给出了只需较少的疲劳试验数据和单调拉伸力学性能参数即可确定材料的总应变寿命方程中全部4个参数的分析流程，并利用航空发动机中常用的钛合金和镍基合金材料的疲劳试验数据对该方法进行了验证，结果表明该方法所确定的总应变寿命方程对所考查的材料大多数情形的疲劳寿命预测结果较为理想，基本在3倍分散带以内.      

A practical filter error method for aerodynamic parameter estimation of aircraft in turbulence

It is common for aircraft to encounter atmospheric turbulence in flight tests. Turbulence is usually modeled as stochastic process noise in the flight dynamics equations. In this paper, parameter estimation of nonlinear dynamic system with both process and measurement noise was studied, and a practical filter error method was proposed. The linearized Kalman filter of first-order approximation was used for state estimation, in which the filter gain, along with the system parameters and the initial states, constituted the parameter vector to be estimated. The unknown parameters and measurement noise covariance were estimated alternately by a relaxation iteration method, and the sensitivities of observations to unknown parameters were calculated by finite difference approximation. Some practical aspects of the method application were discussed. The proposed filter error method was validated by the flight simulation data of a research aircraft. Then, the method was applied to the flight tests of a subscale aircraft, and the aerodynamic stability and control derivatives were estimated. All the estimation results were compared with the results of the output error method to demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach. It is shown that the filter error method is superior to the output error method for flight tests in atmospheric turbulence.     

疲劳裂纹扩展随机过程的统计分析

证明了两种疲劳裂纹扩展随机模型 (即以时间为参量的随机过程模型和以裂纹长度为参量的随机过程模型 )在描述裂纹扩展随机过程方面的统一性。建立了由试验数据估计平稳对数正态随机过程相关参数的方法,可以直接由试验数据估计疲劳裂纹扩展随机过程的相关参数。针对 4种机型含紧固孔试件谱载荷下的疲劳裂纹扩展试验数据,给出了用文中方法估计的相关参数和用随机模拟法估算的置信区间。     

金属疲劳裂纹初期扩展的特征及其影响因素

本文回顾了各种金属及合金在门坎区附近的疲劳裂纹扩展的机制和特征。 根据一系列试样和结构的微观断口金相分析的结果表明,在近门坎区产生的占主导的断口形态是小平面或河流花样。对于不同金属与合金小平面的方位与晶体点阵结构的相互关系,用滑移型和层错能进行描述。 本文对于板状及缺口试样的疲劳极限和门坎值的相互关系以及短裂纹的疲劳裂纹扩展机制也一起进行了评述,短裂纹的裂纹扩展行为可以一般地表达为: ΔK_th=f（α）Δσ_th（πα）¹/2式中,f（α）为裂纹长度与试样几何形状的函数。 文中回顾了应力比、显微组织、环境对在门坎区附近疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响,曾提出产生裂纹闭合效应的“氧化物诱发”及“粗糙度诱发”的概念,可以用来解释结构材料中上述因素对在近门坎区疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响。