Evaluation of pressure oscillations by a laboratory motor

Aeroacoustic pressure oscillation is one of the important challenges in segmented solid rocket motors with high slenderness ratio. The reason for these oscillations can be searched in vortex shedding due to grain burning surfaces, holes and slots. In this paper, a novel sub-scaled motor was used for evaluation of aeroacoustic pressure oscillations. First, the related parameters to scale down using Buckingham’s Pi-theorem were determined and then the sub-scaled motor was designed and manufactured. After this, Strouhal number in various grain forms and vortex shedding prediction criteria have been discussed. Then, one-dimensional linear and non-linear solution approaches have been presented. To understand the motor internal flow and vortex shedding formation, steady state computational fluid dynamic performed for seven regression steps and finally, two static tests have been performed. Results show that various definitions for Strouhal number are useful only for primarily glance on vortex shedding and pressure oscillations and so CFD solution and the test program are inevitable for a correct understanding of the ballistic operational condition of the motor. Experimental results demonstrated the existence of such oscillations with frequencies nearly equal to axial modes. It seems that non-linear parameters have small effects on aeroacoustic pressure oscillation and therefore the linear solution is acceptable to obtain approximate data. Of course, it should be emphasized that linear solution represents oscillations on overall motor action time, whereas the output of non-linear solution depends on thermochemistry properties of solid propellant and combustion products. Therefore, with a non-linear solution, oscillations maybe occur in some intervals of action time. FFT (Fast Fourier Transformation) results demonstrated that although both first and second acoustic modes have been excited, the position of longitudinal oscillation has an important role on which one is dominant.     

Influence of thermal inhibitor position and temperature on vortex-shedding-driven pressure oscillations

Vortex-acoustic coupling is one of the most important potential sources of combustion instability in solid rocket motors (SRMs). Based on the Von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics (VKI) experimental motor, the influence of the thermal inhibitor position and temperature on vortex-shedding-driven pressure oscillations is numerically studied via the large eddy simulation (LES) method. The simulation results demonstrate that vortex shedding is a periodic process and its accurate frequency can be numerically obtained. Acoustic modes could be easily excited by vortex shedding. The vortex shedding frequency and second acoustic frequency dominate the pressure oscillation characteristics in the chamber. Thermal inhibitor position and gas temperature have little effect on vortex shedding frequency, but have great impact on pressure oscillation amplitude. Pressure amplitude is much higher when the thermal inhibitor locates at the acoustic velocity anti-nodes. The farther the thermal inhibitor is to the nozzle head, the more vortex energy would be dissipated by the turbulence. Therefore, the vortex shedding amplitude at the second acoustic velocity antinode near 3/4L (L is chamber length) is larger than those of others. Besides, the natural acoustic frequencies increase with the gas temperature. As the vortex shedding frequency departs from the natural acoustic frequency, the vortex-acoustic feedback loop is decoupled. Consequently, both the vortex shedding and acoustic amplitudes decrease rapidly.     

固体火箭发动机涡声耦合特性数值研究

为了揭示固体火箭发动机内涡/声耦合机理,以VKI实验发动机为基础,使用大涡模拟方法,对不同温度下障碍物旋涡脱落诱发的振荡流场开展数值研究,获得了燃烧室内速度分布以及压力振荡的频率和幅值,并和实验数据进行了对比。结果表明,旋涡脱落频率与某阶声振频率相等不是涡/声耦合的必要条件;速度幅值对旋涡脱落频率的影响是主要的;平均马赫数对旋涡脱落频率的影响不大,对压力振幅的影响显著。     

固体火箭发动机压强调节稳态过程数值模拟

对涡流阀调节固体火箭发动机压强的稳态过程进行了理论研究。采用稳态分析方法，对涡流阀结构参数设计进行了探讨，得出了一些有用的结论。当绝热条件越好时，调节效果更佳。     

旋转飞行器固体火箭发动机内涡核流动的数值分析

为分析旋转飞行器固体火箭发动机内涡核流动,采用数值计算的方法对发动机流场进行模拟。计算结果显示发动机的旋转增强了轴向涡核流动,随着涡核的不断延伸,在喷管入口处,由于潜入式喷管结构以及喷喉直径较小,振荡运动随之加强。涡核在流经喷管时的不断增强,在喷管区域形成了非对称的压力形式,并且产生了实际中的扰动侧向力,最终导致了飞行器的章动不稳定性。     

旋转固体发动机燃烧室燃气湍流流动数值模拟

采用贴体坐标系和ＳＩＭＰＬＥ法,对固体发动机在旋转热试车条件下的燃烧室内流场进行了数值模拟。不同燃烧时刻的计算结果表明： 旋转对固体发动机燃烧室燃气流动结构的影响随着燃烧肉厚的退移而显著增强; 在发动机药柱的前翼燃烧消失后, 前封头开口区域的切向涡开始变得强烈; 切向涡的分布呈现Ｒａｎｋｉｎｅ 涡的特点, 在发动机前开口区域涡的固核半径极小, 旋转速度极大, 这将严重影响该区域的热防护, 应引起有关设计人员的高度重视。     

突扩燃烧室低频燃烧不稳定形成机理分析

突扩燃烧室在一定的工作条件下会出现燃烧不稳定现象。采用实验和数值模拟的方法对突扩燃烧室形成低频燃烧不稳定的机理进行了研究。通过实验研究发现突扩燃烧室压强振动过程中纵向振型占主导地位,但其振动频率并不与声学频率一致。建立了适合分析燃烧不稳定的多步化学反应动力学与大涡模拟耦合的数值分析方法,对实验发动机开展了非稳态数值模拟,获得了低频燃烧不稳定形成演化的详细过程和流场结构。实验和数值计算表明突扩截面形成的旋涡脱落,以及旋涡在燃烧室内的运动过程中引起燃烧面积、局部当量比和热释放率的脉动是激发低频压强振动的主要原因。压强振动引起上游速度脉动,进而形成旋涡脱落。大尺度旋涡在燃烧室内的运动又会引起热释放率的大幅度脉动,反过来又会促进压强振动。振动频率是由压强波和旋涡运动特征时间共同决定的。     

变控制流供应角度涡流阀固体变推力火箭发动机调节方案

针对涡流阀变推力发动机变控制流供应角度方案，开展了发动机工作特性的数值模拟及实验研究。数值研究结果表明:采用变控制流供应角度可以很好地实现涡流阀变推力发动机的推力调节；涡流阀最大推力调节比超出加质发动机调节比26%；调节比随着控制流供应角度的减小而增大。实验结果表明:变控制流供应角度方案可行，验证了“气 气”调节的优越性。变控制流供应角度涡流阀固体变推力发动机为实现固体发动机推力调节提供了一种技术途径。      

固体火箭发动机转角涡脱落分类

应用三维大涡模拟(LES)方法对C1x模拟试验器进行了数值模拟,以研究转角涡脱落引起的声涡耦合现象.结果表明:与二维和轴对称LES相比,三维LES方法可以准确捕获转角涡脱落运动的三维特性及锁频现象.根据转角涡脱落是否在腔内形成声反馈循环过程可将其分为两类问题,第1类形成声反馈循环涡;第2类形成自耗散涡.燃烧室的台阶扩张比、台阶前后长径比是影响两类转角涡脱落现象的重要结构参数.     

固体火箭发动机的三维仿真研究动态

固体火箭发动机的燃烧过程存在强烈的耦合和非线性现象,目前国内外对其仿真大多采用简单的一维仿真,而美国的高级火箭仿真中心(CSAR)正在开发三维的、完全耦合的固体火箭发动机仿真软件.详细介绍了它的第二代仿真软件GEN2的程序结构、算法及其测试结果,它采用任意拉格朗日/欧拉(ALE)形式的流体和固相控制方程分别求解流场和结构的变形和移动;采用显式的或隐式的时间步迭代法来实现流体/结构间的耦合;应用粘性/体积有限元(CVFE)方案模拟界面间裂纹的动态扩展.测试结果表明:GEN2具有很好的并行可量测性.     

复杂装药固体火箭发动机工作过程中阻尼特性分析

为了获得复杂装药发动机工作过程中阻尼特性的变化规律，首先利用有限元分析方法对不同工作时刻时的燃烧室声腔结构进行了数值仿真计算，得到复杂装药发动机工作过程中的声模态及其变化规律；基于此，计算并分析了复杂装药发动机装药燃烧过程中常见阻尼因素的变化规律，结果表明，喷管阻尼系数与壁面阻尼系数占总阻尼系数百分比逐渐减小，相反微粒阻尼系数占总阻尼系数的百分比逐渐增大，在发动机工作后期,发动机阻尼系数最小，从而导致发动机后期的工作稳定性较差，小扰动易被扩大为大扰动; 在发动机的所有阻尼中，喷管阻尼在发动机工作初期起主导作用，而微粒阻尼在工作后期起主导作用。     

双脉冲固体火箭发动机二次点火内视研究

利用Ｘ射线高速帝时荧屏分析（ＲＴＲ）技术对双脉冲固体火箭发动机的二次点过程进行了内研究,通过对ＲＴＲ图像的分析,弄清了隔板的打开模式以及塞子在一级燃烧室听运动规律,运用图像处理技术还获得了塞子飞出隔板后的平均速度及塞子与喷管碰撞后的反速度,这些结果为这种新型发动机的设计提供了实验依据。     

固体发动机有机烧蚀防热涂层的研究

直径、开口较大的固体发动机燃烧室热防护大多采用橡胶基绝热层、但对长细比较大,特别是开口甚小的金屈壳体工艺上却难以实施。 为了寻找具有良好的防热效果,同时工艺又简便易行的发动机内防热材料。我们开展了以环氧树脂为粘合剂、Al_2O_3·3H_2O为阻燃剂,添加石英粉、Cr_2O_3等耐高温、低导热性能无机填料组成的防热涂层的试验研究。 通过试片试验与发动机地面考核试验,证明该防热涂层也是固发燃烧室一种较为适宜的烧蚀防热材料,它具有不受被保护产品几何形状的限制。可采取喷涂、滚涂、刮涂、刷涂等优点,烧蚀率远小于橡胶基绝热层,尤其适用工作时间在30s左右的战术型号发动机燃烧室热防护。     

双脉冲固体火箭发动机二次点火内视研究

利用Ｘ射线高速实时荧屏分析（ＲＴＲ）技术对双脉冲固体火箭发动机的二次点火过程进行了内视研究。通过对ＲＴＲ图像的分析,弄清了隔板的打开模式以及塞子在一级燃烧室中的运动规律,运用图像处理技术还获得了塞子飞出隔板后的平均速度及塞子与喷管碰撞后的反弹速度,这些结果为这种新型发动机的设计提供了实验依据。     

Shuttle performance improvements through multiple database integration

The ability to model and analyze system performance is a key enabler when you are extending the operational life of complex systems. This is especially true when the system is operating in a hostile environment, such as space. This paper discusses a change made to the Space Shuttle main engines (SSMES) that affected the solid rocket booster (SRB) performance, and illustrates how databases maintained by the different subsystem contractors can be integrated, correlated, and evaluated to improve a subsystem component performance model. The enhanced model can be used not only for better prediction of component performance on the existing system, but can be used on upgrades to the system, or the next generation space shuttle solid rocket. motor.     

固体火箭发动机喷流噪声测量及声场分析

为了研究分析固体火箭发动机喷流噪声特性及其声场分布规律,设计实验发动机,采用LMS数据采集系统及噪声处理软件通过传感器对固体火箭发动机喷流噪声进行实验采集和测量分析。实验结果表明：同一测量位置处,随着推进剂燃温的降低,噪声峰值降低;随着燃烧室压力及喷管出口马赫数的增高,噪声峰值升高;该实验工况下,发动机喷流噪声声压级分布在120-140dB,峰值频率4500-5000Hz。实验结果对固体火箭发动机喷流噪声场的预测提供了实验依据。     

固液发动机固体燃料瞬态退移速率

为了研究固液混合火箭发动机中固体燃料退移速率在发动机工作过程中的变化特性,基于固液混合火箭发动机的工作特点,利用燃烧流动与固体区域传热耦合计算以及动网格技术,建立了固液混合火箭发动机固体燃料瞬态退移速率预示的数值模型,并对某带预燃室、补燃室以及扰流环结构的模型发动机进行了研究。计算结果表明,固体燃料热解表面的温度以及退移速率随着发动机的工作逐渐降低;在同一时刻沿发动机轴线燃料热解表面上各点的退移速率以及温度不同;扰流环可以提高它后面局部区域固体燃料的退移速率以及表面温度。     

Wake vortex characteristics of transport aircraft

The flow and flight physics of wake vortex systems has been intensively investigated concentrating on a large variety of aspects. This paper gives a brief overview on past and present wake vortex research activities such as early studies, integrated programs, model and flight tests, numerical investigations, fundamental physical aspects and alleviation strategies. Then, detailed results of the properties of the wake near field and extended near field are presented addressing typical length and time scales and especially turbulence quantities. Progressing from the near field to the far field wake instability mechanisms are explained along with their relevance for wake vortex decay. Characteristic quantities are given for the short and long wave instabilities associated with vortex merging and wakes consisting of two and four trailing vortices. A non-dimensional frequency parameter is introduced to classify the main instability types. Means for wake vortex alleviation are described aimed at influencing the wake vortex turbulence field or triggering and amplifying the inherent instabilities. The methods discussed include passive means such as the effects of spoilers, differential flap setting and four-vortex systems and active means using oscillating flaps or auxiliary devices.     

限制域形状对分层火焰和燃烧不稳定性的影响

本文在中心分级燃烧室中研究限制域形状对火焰结构及燃烧不稳定性的影响。实验过程中,使用带有CH*滤镜的相机拍摄火焰图像,使用动态压力传感器测量压力脉动。结果表明,突扩限制域和斜坡限制域中的时均火焰结构相似。但突扩限制域中的火焰动态结构呈现出周期性变化,并伴随着压力振荡。而斜坡限制域中的火焰动态结构基本不变,且压力脉动接近于零,主要原因是斜坡限制域中的旋涡脱落过程受限,旋涡与火焰的相互作用被大幅削弱。通过改变主燃级通道流速调节延迟时间,发现突扩限制域中会出现压力振幅的周期性变化,而斜坡限制域中始终保持稳定燃烧。本文的研究表明使用斜坡限制域有潜力成为在宽工况范围内有效抑制燃烧不稳定的被动控制方法。