关于低RCS目标外形优化中目标函数的确定

在分析了低RCS目标外形优化中现有的两种目标函数的局限性的基础上,根据雷达检测概率与目标RCS分布之间的关系,提出了一种新的目标函数,即目标在威胁区域内其RCS大于规定的临界RCS的概率。算例表明本文所提出的目标函数比现有的目标函数更为有效,适用范围更广。为低RCS目标外形优化设计以及气动与隐身一体化设计提供了一个合理而有效的目标函数。     

航迹规划中雷达探测空间的生成

从飞机突防习行任务规划出发，综合考虑地球曲率、陆地（或海洋）的反射和杂波干扰、大气折射和吸收损耗等因素的影响，采用临界散射截面法生成了对空警戒雷达在不同地貌、发现概率下，对不同雷达散射截面的目标的探测空间。计算并分析了飞行高度、目标雷达散射截面、发现概率和地貌等因素对雷达探测空间的影响，以便选择低探测概率的飞行走廓，这对制定和实施安全突防飞行策略有实际意义。     

隐身飞机在大仰角时的生存力评估

介绍了生存力基本概念;给出了飞机发现概率的计算;在缺少某些雷达参数时,所提出的发现概率计算方法仍然适用。讨论了几种减缩RCS的实际可行的方法,并就隐身设计给出了指导性的意见。     

Numerical simulation of RCS for carrier electronic warfare airplanes

This paper studies the radar cross section(RCS) of carrier electronic warfare airplanes.Under the typical naval operations section, the mathematical model of the radar wave’s pitch angle incidence range analysis is established. Based on the CATIA software, considering dynamic deflections of duck wing leading edge flaps, flaperons, horizontal tail, and rudder, as well as aircraft with air-to-air missile, anti-radiation missile, electronic jamming pod, and other weapons, the 3D models of carrier electronic warfare airplanes Model A and Model B with weapons were established. Based on the physical optics method and the equivalent electromagnetic flow method, by the use of the RCSAnsys software, the characteristics of carrier electronic warfare airplanes’ RCS under steady and dynamic flights were simulated under the UHF, X, and S radar bands. This paper researches the detection probability of aircraft by radars under the condition of electronic warfare, and completes the mathematical statistical analysis of the simulation results. The results show that: The Model A of carrier electronic warfare airplane is better than Model B on stealth performance and on discover probability by radar detection effectively.     

Influence of stealth aircraft dynamic RCS peak on radar detection probability

For modern stealth aircraft, it is important to analyze the influence of Radar Cross Section (RCS) peak exposure on penetration for guiding stealth design and penetration trajectory planning, which needs to reflect the RCS statistical uncertainty and the RCS difference with the change of incident angle. Based on the RCS characteristics of typical stealth aircraft, this paper established a simplified RCS dynamic fluctuation statistical model with the parameters log mean and log standard deviation. According to the detection probability algorithm in radar signal processing field, this paper built the algorithm of radar detection probability based on the RCS dynamic fluctuation statistical model. The analysis of examples concluded that the key to successful penetration is to shorten the RCS peak exposure time, which can be reduced by decreasing the RCS peak width or increasing velocity. Based on the conclusion, this paper proposed the method of turning maneuvering to reduce RCS peak exposure time dramatically.     

从探测概率的角度评价飞机的隐身性能

采用雷达散射截面(RCS)均值来衡量飞机的隐身性能并不能给出足够充分的信息,从信号检测概率的角度来衡量飞机的可探测性可以提供更完整的信息。本文从探测概率的角度详细分析了4种典型隐身飞机RCS起伏数据与虚警概率、探测概率、探测距离、信噪比(SNR)等参数间的关系,并给出了完整的推导过程,采用此方法可以对任意飞机目标在给定雷达参数下的可探测性进行准确计算。一般在雷达性能评估中需要用到RCS起伏模型,本文对飞机目标回波信号进行检测分析时采用数值计算方法,信号的概率密度函数(PDF)直接来源于原始回波起伏信号,避免了模型拟合带来的回波特性失真,且不会产生大的计算误差。通过对比分析计算结果发现:单脉冲检测下回波信号均值中值比越大,回波取值范围越小,则信号的检测概率越小,其中均值中值比一般相差3倍以上时可以得到明显不同的检测概率;在快起伏假设下,非相参积累检测的积累脉冲数Nin即便较小,也能得到较大的信噪比增益,此增益可能大于Nin。     

基于动态RCS的隐身飞机探测概率研究

动态RCS是影响战斗机突防概率的重要因素。围绕动态RCS这一关键要素,建立了空空动态RCS求解模型,得到了典型机动下战斗机的动态RCS变化规律,并分析了基于动态RCS的典型机动下的雷达探测概率。基于仿真的静态RCS数据库,耦合飞机抖动模型,研究了拉升机动、空间机动以及空空对抗下某型隐身飞机的动态RCS。通过仿真发现:战斗机的机腹、垂尾及尾喷管部位RCS较大,从而导致了较高的探测概率;对于拉升机动,保持较大的航路捷径更有利于隐蔽突防。     

Dynamic imaging and RCS measurements of aircraft

Results on radar cross section (RCS) measurements and inverse synthetic aperture radar images of a Mooney 231 aircraft using a ground-to-air measurement system (GTAMS) and a KC-135 airplane using an airborne radar are presented. The Mooney 231 flew in a controlled path in both clockwise and counterclockwise orbits, and successively with the gear down, flaps in the take-off position and with the speed brakes up. The data indicates that RCS pattern measurements from both ground-based and airborne radar of flying aircraft are useful and that the inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) images obtained are valuable for signature diagnostics     

A Real-Time Statistical Radar Target Model

Radar glint arises from the spatial phase perturbations of the radar signal echoed from a complex target. The glint phenomenon is closely related to the target radar cross section (RCS). This relationship plays a significant part in modern missile seeker signal processing. We present a statistical glint/RCS target model for realtime simulation of target signatures. Particular emphasis is placed upon the modeling and simulation of the appropriate glint/RCS statistical dependency. The fundamental approximation of locating uniformly distributed scatterers around the instantaneous radar centroid employed in the Delano-Gubonin [1, 2, 3] model is removed. A key result which follows from this representation is that the mean glint estimator is unbiased. This enables the estimation of model parameters from the first-order glint and RCS statistics which can easily be computed from measured data. A method of estimating model parameters is presented, and the results are applied to data from a typical combat aircraft target. It is shown that the Delano-Gubonin results are a special case of the results presented here. The 14.6 percent probability of glint falling beyond the target extent as derived by Delano [1] is not true in general. It is further shown that glint and RCS are uncorrelated but are statistically dependent. A Monte-Carlo simulation is performed to verify the assumptions made and to demonstrate the feasibility of the working models.     

飞机在有源干扰保护下的探测概率研究

研究了飞机与雷达探测系统遭遇时，雷达对飞机的探测概率随距离的变化问题，采用X^2类目标波动模型，针对飞机在有源干扰保护的情况对探测概率随距离的变化进行了研究，对不同RCS对探测概率的影响问题进行了分析，研究结果可为飞机的雷达探测敏感性评估，飞机生存力的定量化分析与权衡，以及雷达探测系统的效能评估提供量化依据。     

针对雷达LPI波形验证的目标RCS估算

根据某型雷达低截获概率波形设计的需要,分析了雷达探测目标的高频散射机理,并运用物理光学法、等效电磁流法计算了约定目标在不同姿态下和不同电磁波频率照射下的RCS值,从而为验证雷达波形在能探测到目标情况下的LPI性能提供了支撑。实验结果表明,基于电磁场理论的目标RCS估算方法是研究雷达LPI波形的一种有效工具,方法也适合于其他领域RCS估算的需要。     

有限姿控能力的低RCS微小卫星姿态实时规划

 为提高在轨微小卫星使用效能及生存能力,提出一种受姿控能源消耗及驱动能力约束的低雷达散射截面（RCS）微小卫星姿态实时规划算法。算法应用曲面像素法、时域有限差分法及假设检验,在三维空间内对微小卫星的RCS及雷达探测水平进行建模,并结合雷达分布模型构建了相应的威胁评估函数及规划代价评估函数。同时,为提高算法的实时性能,采用了粒子群优化(PSO)算法以降低计算复杂度。仿真结果表明,在有限计算量的基础上,算法能够以较小规划代价有效降低卫星威胁方向的RCS及雷达探测概率,满足对微小卫星飞行姿态实时规划的需要。     

平面埋入式进气道的电磁散射特性

 对一种平面埋入式进气道在Ku波段选择入射频率15 GHz情况下进行了电磁散射特性的实验和仿真研究,取得了平面埋入式进气道雷达散射截面（RCS）随方位角、迎角和终端的变化规律。研究结果表明: (1)平面埋入式进气道布局的导弹模型在水平极化终端为风扇时±60°RCS均值为-27.42 dBsm,垂直极化为-28.50 dBsm是一种隐身方案;(2)迎角变化对埋入式进气道RCS的影响不大,在-5°~10°的迎角范围内RCS均值的变化不大于4 dB;(3)运用时域有限差分法(FDTD)计算所得的RCS随方位角变化曲线与实验曲线趋势基本一致,±60°均值误差在1 dB左右。     

一种计算隐身飞行器外形RCS的高精度快速算法

针对目前隐身飞行器外形雷达散射截面(RCS)难以准确计算的问题,提出了一种基于目标外形几何特征和矩量法的飞行器RCS算法.通过对矩量法阻抗矩阵元的理论分析,研究了物面感应电流随散射体表面曲率的变化规律,指出感应电流之间的耦合已成为影响隐身飞行器物面电流分布的重要因素,并且指出根据飞行器物面曲率分布可以预知强的感应电流耦合区域,利用这些强的电流耦合能够组成稀疏化的阻抗矩阵,从而实现飞行器RCS的快速求解.以金属双弧柱和典型隐身飞机外形为例,分析验证了物面曲率几何信息对计算结果精度的影响以及在提高计算效率方面的作用.数值结果表明该方法保持了与传统矩量法基本一致的计算精度,但计算时间仅为矩量法的7.2%.     

Distributions of Radar Angels

A foremost characteristic of large dot radar angels is the wide variation of basic parameter values which they exhibit. This variation is traceable to the nature of the underlying phenomena, i.e., birds and flocks of birds. In this paper, statistical distribution models for the mean radar cross section (RCS) and density of radar angels are obtained, based on a combination of radar and direct ornithological data. The radar cross-section distribution model has been derived from a dimensionless RCS versus wavelength model for individual birds, obtained from measured RCS data which have been scaled to a dimensionless form. This model is applied to ornithological data on populations of birds. The density distribution model is based on statistical reduction of migratory bird data obtained by Lowery's moon watching experiment, and observed seasonal and diurnal variations of radar angel activity. Both resulting distribution models are closely appproximated by the log-normal distribution. The model parameters for these distributions are given.     

缝隙目标电磁散射特性试验

 通过对目标结构进行合理设计,可以在一定角域内显著减小雷达散射截面(RCS)。对飞行器表面常见锯齿缝隙的散射特性进行了研究。在微波暗室内对锯齿缝隙分别沿俯仰角变化、方位角变化的减缩效果进行测试。俯仰角变化时,锯齿缝隙有较好的减缩作用,以114°锯齿缝隙在试验中减缩效果最好。方位角变化时,对114°锯齿缝隙进行了多频段测试,并与相应直缝隙进行了对比研究,结果表明,通过选取合适的方位角角域,锯齿缝隙的减缩作用会随入射波频率的升高和仰角的增大而显著增强。结论可为高性能隐身飞行器外形隐身设计提供参考。     

超大尺寸共形吸波体雷达散射截面分析及验证

受结构复杂、超大尺寸、制作工艺等多种条件的限制,超大尺寸共形吸波体装机应用后的雷达散射截面研究开展较少,亟需从仿真及试验两个方面加强研究。本文从超大尺寸共形吸波体的双马来酰亚胺材质隐身翼面前缘制作工艺和基于仿真评估的结构设计出发,对共形吸波体的分层结构参数进行优化,对机翼前缘共形吸波体的装机雷达散射截面进行试验验证。结果表明：本文设计的超大尺寸共形吸波体垂直极化下在2~18GHz 取得-1.1~-22.4 dB 的雷达散射截面减缩效果,雷达散射截面的仿真评估误差可以控制在6.5 dB 以内,其中材料的电磁参数各向异性测试对仿真误差有决定性影响。     

Effects of two-way decorrelation on radar detection inscintillation

A 3 dB gain in average signal-to-noise ratio of a monostatic radar operating in scintillation has recently been established both theoretically and observationally. The statistics of two-way scintillation are derived here for the case where the uplink and downlink both experience Rayleigh fading and where there is arbitrary correlation between the scintillation on the two paths. These statistics are then used to compute radar detection curves. A surprising result is obtained. The probability of detection is only weakly dependent (for P _D in the range 0.1 to 0.9) on the degree of uplink-downlink correlation in the scintillation when the average (nonfading) signal-to-noise ratio is constant and when proper account is taken of the change in mean power between the monostatic and bistatic cases. Much larger differences are seen in the detection curves with scintillation compared with nonfading curves (for P_D equal to 0.7 this scintillation loss is about 7 dB). Thus the difference in detection performance of monostatic and bistatic radars is determined primarily by the difference in the radar cross section (RCS) of the target for the two cases     

机翼前缘后掠角对飞机RCS影响的数值模拟

为了在飞机总体设计时改善其隐身性能,对机翼前缘后掠角参数化可调的飞机三维数字样机的RCS特性进行了研究。使用CATIA软件,建立机翼前缘后掠角参数化可调的飞机三维数字样机;基于物理光学法和等效电磁流法,采用RCSAnsys软件,使用X波段雷达对飞机进行探测,雷达入射波的俯仰角在-15＆#176;、0＆#176;和15＆#176;条件下,数值模拟机翼前缘后掠角在-30＆#176;~＋60＆#176;之间变化时飞机的RCS特性,并对数值模拟结果进行数理统计分析。在机翼前缘后掠角变化的条件下,飞机RCS特性数值模拟结果表明：飞机头向RCS峰值之一的方位角与机翼前缘后掠角的角度相等;飞机头向RCS算术平均值特性为直机翼大、前掠翼和后掠翼小、大后掠翼更小;飞机侧向和尾向的RCS算术平均值变化相对不大。     

基于Agent理论的飞机敏感性评估方法

在以信息战为核心的现代战争中,各机种、多平台之间的信息交互成为影响战争结果的关键因素。因此进行飞机敏感性设计时,应当置于信息对抗的环境中并考虑信息交互过程。本文阐述了网络中心战的理论,建立了基于Agent理论的战场模型以及飞机对抗模型,通过对Agent对抗过程中的3个阶段（探测阶段、信息交互阶段、作战阶段）进行建模仿真,研究了预警机探测能力、飞机雷达散射截面（RCS）、信息传输时延和红外电子对抗能力等因素对飞机敏感性的影响,得到了雷达特征参数、飞机RCS与探测概率之间的关系,传输时延与先敌发射概率之间的关系,以及红外干扰弹的最优发射区间,为飞机的敏感性设计提供了一定的依据。