NIST温度计量仪器校准不确定度评定报告介绍(1)

介绍了NIST（美国国家标准和技术研究院）关于测量不确定度评定和表示指南，以及温度计量仪器校准不确定度评定的报告，分两期介绍，本期介绍电阻温度计校准的不确定度评定；第6期介绍热电偶和玻璃液体温度计的评定。     

测量误差与测量不确定度

本文对测量误差和测量不确定度的定义进行了探讨，分析了两者概念，数值特征，评定方法和适用对象的异同，建议将它们做为相互独立的两种评定方法区别应用。     

砝码替代称量法测量结果的不确定度评定

按照砝码检定规程中的替代称量法，对砝码进行测量，并根据不确定度评定方法，对砝码测量结果进行不确定度评定。     

多齿分度台标准装置的测量不确定度评定

分析了多齿分度台作为角度标准测量多面棱体的误差来源，从测量方式出发，建立数学模型，对标准不确定度和扩展不确定度进行评定，且给出了评定的自由度。     

测量标准不确定度的精度评定及应用

测量不确定度的Ａ类下精度受测量次数多少的影响，并由二次标准差来评定，因此，对于高精度测量，测量不确定度的影响不能忽视，本文对此进行了论述。     

圆度仪的数字化测量

介绍了对圆度仪的数字化改造方法。讨论了测量数据的数字化处理的方法及利用单纯形法对测量对象圆度进行评定，给出了实际的测量结果。     

光纤综合特性测试仪测量不确定度评定

根据计量工作中测量不确定度评定的实践经验，对光纤综合特性测试仪在计量时的测量不确定度进行了分析、评定。     

基于光纤复合测量技术的涡轮叶片气膜孔检测

为了解决航空发动机涡轮叶片气膜孔几何特征参数有效检测手段缺乏、测量结果一致性差的问题,设计并搭建了基于 光纤复合测量技术的涡轮叶片气膜孔检测系统,提出了利用该系统对涡轮叶片气膜孔进行测量的方法,通过试验进行了方法验 证。搭建的系统为多传感器测量系统,具备叶片接触与非接触测量、空间姿态定位及3D投影能力,实现了涡轮叶片全范围气模孔 的测量。在试验中,选取高压涡轮叶片作为被测物体,应用该测量系统对叶片上的气膜孔进行了测量,计算得到了气膜孔直径、轴 线角度及位置度的准确信息。结果表明：通过测量不确定度的分析评定可知,该系统对气膜孔直径、位置度的测量不确定度均小 于0.01 mm,完全满足设计公差对测量仪器的精度要求,可以用于涡轮叶片气膜孔工程化测量。     

齿形误差评定长度的计算及在CZ450上的调整

介绍在CZ450整体误差测量仪上进行齿形误差测量时，对评定长度的计算及在该仪器上对评定长度的调整问题。     

贯彻《测量不确定度表示指南》须研究解决的几个问题

为了科学地、合理地应用测量不确定度表示方法，必须研究解决一些急待解决的问题，发测量不确家原理的实际应用问题，测量误差的概率分布和性质，动态测量不确定度的分析与评定。误差修正技术的研究和应用等。     

K8飞机机身静压盘的选位安装

阐述了机身静压盘选位安装的条件,安装在机身上扰动压力为零的点位处就能探测到真实的大气静压。应用旋成体理论计算了这一点在机身上的位置,实际的安装位置是根据机身的风洞实验数据确定的,经试飞检验使用效果良好。     

New approach for target locations in the presence of wall ambiguities

A technique for target location estimation in through-the-wall radar imaging applications is presented. The algorithm corrects for the shifts in target positions due to ambiguities in the wall thickness and dielectric constant. We consider uniform walls and perform imaging using wideband beamforming, with the antennas placed against the wall. Behind-the-wall images are obtained using different structures of transmit and receive arrays. For each array structure, a trajectory of the shifts in the target locations is generated assuming different wall parameters. The target position is estimated as the intersection of the corresponding trajectories. The paper shows that for unknown wall thickness or dielectric constant, the point of intersection is the true target position. In the case when both parameters are unknown, the estimated target location is in close proximity to the target true position. It is demonstrated that the performance of the proposed technique is rather insensitive to the target location behind the wall and to various array structures.     

Effect of rotor-mounted protrusion on sealing performance and flow structure in rotor-stator cavity

This paper presents an experimental investigation on the effect of protrusion radial position and height on the sealing performance and flow structure in the rotor-stator cavity. The rotor-mounted protrusions are assembled at three radial positions and are set to three heights. The cavity is equipped with three rim seals: a radial seal, an axial seal and a seal with double fins on the stator. The annulus Reynolds number is set at $4.39\times {10}^5$ and the rotational Reynolds number ranges from $7.51\times {10}^5$ to $1.20\times {10}^6$. Heat and mass transfer analogy is applied. Pressure and ${\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_2$ concentration are measured. The experimental results show that in cavities with different rim seals, radial distributions of the sealing efficiency, pressure and swirl ratio are basically the same. The sealing performance is improved by protrusions compared with the cavity without protrusion and improves with the increase of protrusion radial position and height. The effect of protrusion increases with the increase of the rotational Reynolds number. The windage loss and the flow resistance introduced by protrusions are investigated. It is found that induced windage loss and flow resistance decrease with the increase of protrusion radial position but increase with the protrusion height.     

Modeling quaternion errors in SDINS: computer frame approach

We propose new equivalent tilt error models which are applicable to the analysis of the terrestrial strapdown inertial navigation systems (SDINS), based on the quaternions. The currently available equivalent tilt error models, like the conventional Φ model of the gimbaled inertial navigation systems (GINS), are derived only by the true frame approach. The true frame approach has a computational disadvantage that it produces an error model where the attitude error equation is coupled with its position and velocity error equations. The motivation of this work is to solve this problem. As a result, two kinds of error models are derived. Among them, one is derived by the computer frame approach for practical onboard implementations. Thus, like the conventional GINS Ψ model, its attitude error equation is decoupled from the position and velocity error equations. The other is derived in order to show the relationship between the true frame approach and the computer frame approach which are applied to the quaternion-based SDINS. Thus, like the GINS δΘ model, it can be used to transform the error variables into each other which are calculated by the two different approaches     

Relative targeting architectures for captive-carry HIL missilesimulator experiments

Captive-carry electronic warfare (EW) tests evaluate the response of hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) missile seekers to an actual environment (test-range) including the presence of electronic attack. This paper describes a relative targeting architecture that displays the test-range results in geodetic coordinates using only the sensors available on board the captive-carry platform (GPS, INS, seekers). To derive the target position in geodetic coordinates, a lever-arm correction process is described that determines the position of each seeker and the corresponding pitch and yaw of the simulator. Combining the positional parameters of the seeker with its targeting variables, the seeker track point is displayed in geodetic coordinates, A track tagging algorithm is presented to identify the true target from the EW disruption using the drift angle from the inertial navigation system (INS), To eliminate the scintillation noise present in the track image, a Kalman filter in sensor coordinates is applied to the targeting variables allowing optimization of the track tagging. Experimental results from a recent EW field test using antiship cruise missile simulators are shown to demonstrate the feasibility of the approach for determining EW effectiveness in near real-time. Targeting accuracy is also quantified by comparing the derived target position with the true Global Positioning System (GPS) test-range position of the ship in the absence of electronic attack     

Exact Target Angular Coordinates from Biased Radar Measurements

Exact and simplified expressions are derived for the calibration of raw target coordinate measurements obtained from a tracking radar, The measured target position in angle is indicated by the displacement of the antenna boresight. The true target position, however, deviates from this measured value because of such system biases as tilt (leveling error), nonorthogonality of axes, collimation error, dynamic lag, etc. These and other biases are accounted for in this paper. The pedestal configuration assumed is an elevation over azimuth mount. A noise-free environment is also assumed.     

Periodic acoustic source tracking using propagation delayed measurements

There exist a large class of acoustic sources which have an underlying periodic phenomenon. Unlike the well-studied Bearings-Only Tracking(BOT) of an aperiodic acoustic source,this paper considers the problem of tracking a periodic acoustic source. For periodic acoustic tracking, the signal emission time is known. However, the true measurement reception time is unknown because it is corrupted by noise due to propagation delay. We augment the sensor’s signal reception time onto bearing measuremen...     

Improving the Positional Accuracy of the Airborne Vehicle during Its Motion along the Predetermined Path

The method of improving the positional accuracy of the airborne vehicle that moves along a great circle path is considered due to the analytical three-dimensional projection of its current coordinate position, determined from the measurements of the satellite navigation system under the conditions of high-amplitude noise to the true guide path.     

基于联邦滤波结构的INS／GPS组合导航系统数据融合研究

为了研究平台式惯导INS（interial navigation system）和全球定位系统GPS（globe position system）组合导航联邦滤波器的实现,使用速度局部滤波器和位置局部滤波器,分别对INS／GPS组合导航系统的向东速度、向北速度,以及对经度和纬度进行卡尔曼滤波,然后将位置数据和速度数据输入主滤波进行数据融合。以无人机的向东匀速水平飞行为背景,运用联邦卡尔曼滤波器算法,使用matelab进行仿真分析。可以证明联邦滤波器算法简单,易于实现,并且可以提高导航系统精度．实际应用中此方法可行。     

基于序列图像的航天器自主导航降维滤波方法

非合作目标的运动感知与状态估计,是太空领域技术发展的重要组成部分。非合作目标相对状态的精确估计是相对导航的难点问题。传统的非合作目标扩展卡尔曼滤波算法需要结合非合作目标的质心位置,增加了状态变量的维数,提高了系统不确定性,从而会影响状态扩展卡尔曼滤波的收敛速度。提出了一种基于序列图像的非合作目标相对导航方法,该方法在不对质心进行估计的情况下首先对非合作目标姿态进行估计,在完成非合作目标姿态估计后再对其质心进行估计。本文推导了光学相机测量值与目标真实姿态的关系,构建了基于序列图像的测量模型,分别建立了不含有非合作目标质心位置的状态方程和基于非合作目标位置、速度矢量的状态方程,设计了适用于非合作目标状态估计的扩展卡尔曼滤波算法。仿真实验表明该方法可在10 Hz采样频率下经过50次采样（即5 s）内快速收敛,从而有利于空间飞行器的在轨服务与维护。