同向旋转盘间换热特性的实验研究

本文将实际发动机高、低压涡轮盘简化成几何形状相对简单的中心轴向进气、径向出气、两盘以不同速度同向旋转的旋转盘系统。用实验方法研究了冷气流量、转速以及两盘间隙对旋转盘间换热的影响规律,并对结果进行了相应的分析。     

反向旋转盘腔内部流动特性

对反向旋转盘腔系统内部流动特性进行了数值模拟,计算结果与已有文献中的实验结果对比表明,采用的数学模型和计算方法是准确的.数值模拟结果表明:反向旋转盘腔内流动结构较为复杂,转速比对流动结构有重要影响.根据流动结构特点研究了旋转雷诺数和转速比对盘腔内压力分布以及转盘壁面摩擦力矩的影响,旋转雷诺数越大,盘腔内的压力越低,转盘壁面的摩擦力矩越大.反向同速旋转有助于增大盘腔内的压力,但与其他转速比相比其摩擦力矩最大.      

反向旋转盘间非稳态换热特性的实验研究

将反向旋转的高低压涡轮盘简化成了几何形状相对简单的反转盘系统。用实验的方法研究了非稳态情况下改变冷气流量和改变两盘转速对两盘温度和盘面平均努塞尔数的影响。结果表明:(1)进气雷诺数是最重要的影响因素,它对换热的影响是瞬时的,雷诺数升高两个盘面的努塞尔数同时增加;(2)在本实验范围内,转速对盘面换热的影响有限,而且它只影响转速变化的盘的表面换热而对对面的盘没有明显的影响。      

旋转盘换热研究准则系统的确定

通过引入特征温差qrR/λ_D,对控制转静系旋转盘腔内流动与换热的微分方程组进行了无量纲化,得到了研究转静系旋转盘腔内换热研究的准则系统。确定了涡轮盘冷却研究的主要研究内容和影响因素:除盘面对流换热的努赛尔特数外,还应包括反映涡轮盘总体温度水平的无量纲过余体平均温度和反映转盘径向热应力大小的无量纲径向温差,借助于涡轮叶片冷却效果的概念,给出了涡轮盘冷却效果的表达式。      

油液冷却航空湿式摩擦离合器热特性分析

为了研究航空高功率密度湿式摩擦离合器在油液冷却作用下的温度特性，基于计算流体动力学（computational fluid dynamics，CFD）方法建立了华夫槽湿式摩擦离合器的热特性分析模型；研究了湿式摩擦离合器中摩擦副上热流密度的计算方法和施加方式；运用热流耦合方法，考虑了油液的散热作用，分析了离合器内各对摩擦副上的油液分布及温度分布。研究结果表明:钢片上和摩擦片上的油液分布不均造成钢片和摩擦片上温度分布不均；不同钢片和摩擦片上的温度分布受片上油液分布及该片热传导性能的影响，呈现出不同的温度分布规律。      

Safety Analysis of Flow Parameters in a Rotor-stator Cavity

In order to ensure the safety of engine life limited parts (ELLP) according to airworthiness regulations, a numerical approach integrating one-way fluid structure interaction (FSI) and probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) is developed, by which the variation of flow parameters in a rotor-stator cavity on the safety of gas turbine disks is investigated. The results indicate that the flow parameters affect the probability of fracture of a gas turbine disk since they can change the distribution of stress and temperature of the disk. The failure probability of the disk rises with increasing rotation Reynolds number and Chebyshev number, but descends with increasing inlet Reynolds number. In addition, a sampling based sensitivity analysis with finite difference method is conducted to determine the sensitivities of the safety with respect to the flow parameters. The sensitivity estimates show that the rotation Reynolds number is the dominant variable in safety analysis of a rotor-stator cavity among the flow parameters.     

Resonantly Excited Non-linear Density Waves in Disk Systems

Most of the disk systems are characterized by spiral structures. A good portion of these spiral structures can be identified as waves resonantly excited by a perturber in or pertaining to the same system. For planetary rings, this is an exterior satellite; for galactic disks, a rotating bar; for proto-stellar disks (yet to be confirmed), this would be a proto-planet. These waves, not just responsible for the present morphology of the disks, also play a dominating role on evolution of the disks. Resonance excitation is a extremely effective mechanism. A relatively weak perturbation can result in a highly non-linear responses in the disk. Therefore, non-linear theory is a necessity here. We will examine the non-linear theory of resonance excitation and discuss the applications of the theory to Saturn's rings and disk galaxies in this paper.     

考虑尺寸效应的轮盘应力疲劳概率寿命分析方法

针对基于应变寿命模型的体方法对中、长寿命轮盘及模拟件寿命预测精度不准的缺陷,提出了考虑尺寸效应基于应力寿命模型的体方法,将最大应力比作为寿命可靠性计算的一个参数.对轮盘模拟试件进行了考虑尺寸效应的疲劳寿命可靠性分析,计算概率寿命与试验中值寿命相差14％,吻合良好.而传统的应变寿命点方法中值寿命预计结果误差达15倍之多.表明考虑尺寸效应的应力寿命体方法可以用来预估中、长寿命轮盘及模拟件的概率寿命.      

多级组合盘的整体结构最优化设计

整体组合盘结构优化设计是单级盘结构优化设计的进一步发展, 它具有广泛的实用价值。本文采用自动形状描述、单级盘有限元强度计算、多级盘优化协调组合和整体组合盘结构优化设计策略, 编制了SODMROD软件, 并给出了计算实例。同时介绍了盘剖面形状描述的基本思路和部分公式以及利用优化方法进行盘、鼓间变形协调计算的部分公式推导。      

Time-resolved spectroscopy of accretion disks in Algols

Time-resolved spectroscopy during the eclipse of short-period Algol systems, has shown their accretion disks to be small, turbulent structures with non-Keplerian velocity fields and asymmetries between the leading and trailing sides of the disk. These transient disks are produced by the impact of the gas stream on the mass-gaining star, and occur in systems where the star is just large enough to ensure the stream collision is complete. These emission line disks and the excess continuum emission do not always occur together. The permanent accretion disks in at least a few of the long-period Algol systems have features in common with the transient disks including non-Keplerian velocity fields.     

Time-resolved spectroscopy of accretion disks in Algols

Time-resolved spectroscopy during the eclipse of short-period Algol systems, has shown their accretion disks to be small, turbulent structures with non-Keplerian velocity fields and asymmetries between the leading and trailing sides of the disk. These transient disks are produced by the impact of the gas stream on the mass-gaining star, and occur in systems where the star is just large enough to ensure the stream collision is complete. These emission line disks and the excess continuum emission do not always occur together. The permanent accretion disks in at least a few of the long-period Algol systems have features in common with the transient disks including non-Keplerian velocity fields.     

航空发动机高负荷涡轮盘双辐板结构优化设计

转速高负荷重的涡轮盘是发动机重量大户,采用单辐板结构设计难以有效减轻重量。提出并建立了涡轮盘双辐板结构优化设计数学模型及方法,筛选了涡轮盘子午面形状设计参数,建立了应力约束条件,利用AN-SYS优化平台,编制了轮盘结构优化程序。针对典型高负荷涡轮盘结构优化问题,分别进行了单辐板盘和双辐板盘结构优化设计,结果表明,在满足轮盘变形、强度要求的条件下,双辐板盘比单辐板盘重量可减少25.3%,应力分布更均匀,说明对于高负荷涡轮盘,双辐板盘具有明显的优势。     

下游畸变对压气机性能影响的预测

高技术航空发动机因结构紧凑、气动耦合密切而面临着下游畸变问题,影响压气机的性能,因而有必要研究下游畸变对压气机特性和喘振裕度的影响。本文提供了一种预测轴流压气机出口流场畸变对其特性和喘振裕度影响的方法,并具体分析了下游周向总压畸变对某单级轴流压气机特性和喘振裕度的影响。      

某涡轮盘低循环疲劳概率寿命数值模拟

针对发动机轮盘疲劳萌生寿命具有较大分散性,且难于准确确定安全寿命边界的特点,基于应变疲劳概率分析模型,以转速、材料属性、盘轴连接销钉孔处过盈量作为随机变量,应用响应面与蒙特卡洛模拟结合,获得某涡轮盘寿命概率分布,并得到可靠度为99.87%的概率寿命,与轮盘试验技术寿命吻合良好。      

小失谐对整体叶盘结构动态特性的影响

基于失谐叶盘频差提出了小失谐的概念,总结了其在实际工程叶盘中的表现形式。以扇区3自由度集中参数叶盘模型为对象,系统研究小失谐对不同模态族的模态局部化和响应幅值放大的影响。研究表明:小失谐在模态族最高节径处同样会造成严重的振动局部化现象。当失谐强度为0.001时,模态局部化因子达到17;当失谐强度为0.007时,响应幅值放大可达1.8。小失谐对叶盘结构动态特性的影响显著,在设计和使用中应予以重视。      

基于SWT模型的概率寿命分析体方法

为了研究大应力体积对航空发动机轮盘低周循环疲劳破坏的影响,提高轮盘概率寿命预估精度,针对应变体方法对中、长寿命轮盘预测精度不准的缺陷,提出基于SWT模型的概率寿命分析体方法。该方法以最大主应变平面为临界面的SWT模型为基础,结合考虑尺寸效应的体方法,且不需要进行平均应力修正。通过对某风扇盘进行概率寿命分析,得到的轮盘中值寿命与试验结果吻合良好,预测精度高于应变点方法、应力修正系数法得到的结果。表明基于SWT模型的概率寿命分析体方法可以用来预估航空发动机轮盘概率寿命。     

立式轮盘变幅循环旋转试验器

为了较精确地预示轮盘低循环疲劳寿命,我们将轮盘超转、破裂试验器改造成应用微机自动控制的变幅循环旋转试验器,成功地完成了一个轮盘的变幅低循环疲劳旋转试验,给出了轮盘幅板偏心孔的裂纹起始寿命和扩展寿命。      

计算轮盘破裂转速的大变形解析法

本文为轮盘破裂转速研究课题组的研究报告之一。文中提出的大变形解析法是计算轮盘破裂转速的一种新方法, 首先推导了基本方程, 其次叙述了计算步骤, 并对几个试验盘作了数值计算。最后将计算结果与试验结果作了对比, 误差均在 4 %以内。作者认为, 此法简便易行, 准确度符合工程需要, 适应范围较大, 可以在发动机轮盘研制工作中应用。      

From Disks to Planets: The Making of Planets and Their Early Atmospheres. An Introduction

This paper is an introduction to volume 56 of the Space Science Series of ISSI, “From disks to planets—the making of planets and their proto-atmospheres”, a key subject in our quest for the origins and evolutionary paths of planets, and for the causes of their diversity. Indeed, as exoplanet discoveries progressively accumulated and their characterization made spectacular progress, it became evident that the diversity of observed exoplanets can in no way be reduced to the two classes of planets that we are used to identify in the solar system, namely terrestrial planets and gas or ice giants: the exoplanet reality is just much broader. This fact is no doubt the result of the exceptional diversity of the evolutionary paths linking planetary systems as a whole as well as individual exoplanets and their proto-atmospheres to their parent circumstellar disks: this diversity and its causes are exactly what this paper explores. For each of the main phases of the formation and evolution of planetary systems and of individual planets, we summarize what we believe we understand and what are the important open questions needing further in-depth examination, and offer some suggestions on ways towards solutions.We start with the formation mechanisms of circumstellar disks, with their gas and disk components in which chemical composition plays a very important role in planet formation. We summarize how dust accretion within the disk generates planet cores, while gas accretion on these cores can lead to the diversity of their fluid envelopes. The temporal evolution of the parent disk itself, and its final dissipation, put strong constraints on how and how far planetary formation can proceed. The radiation output of the central star also plays an important role in this whole story. This early phase of planet evolution, from disk formation to dissipation, is characterized by a co-evolution of the disk and its daughter planets. During this co-evolution, planets and their protoatmospheres not only grow, but they also migrate radially as a result of their interaction with the disk, thus moving progressively from their distance of formation to their final location. The formation of planetary fluid envelopes (proto-atmospheres and oceans), is an essential product of this planet formation scenario which strongly constrains their possible evolution towards habitability. We discuss the effects of the initial conditions in the disk, of the location, size and mass of the planetary core, of the disk lifetime and of the radiation output and activity of the central star, on the formation of these envelopes and on their relative extensions with respect to the planet core. Overall, a fraction of the planets retain the primary proto-atmosphere they initially accreted from the gas disk. For those which lose it in this early evolution, outgassing of volatiles from the planetary core and mantle, together with some contributions of volatiles from colliding bodies, give them a chance to form a “secondary” atmosphere, like that of our own Earth.When the disk finally dissipates, usually before 10 Million years of age, it leaves us with the combination of a planetary system and a debris disk, each with a specific radial distribution with respect to their parent star(s). Whereas the dynamics of protoplanetary disks is dominated by gas-solid dynamical coupling, debris disks are dominated by gravitational dynamics acting on diverse families of planetesimals. Solid-body collisions between them and giant impacts on young planetary surfaces generate a new population of gas and dust in those disks. Synergies between solar system and exoplanet studies are particularly fruitful and need to be stimulated even more, because they give access to different and complementary components of debris disks: whereas the different families of planetesimals can be extensively studied in the solar system, they remain unobserved in exoplanet systems. But, in those systems, long-wavelength telescopic observations of dust provide a wealth of indirect information about the unobserved population of planetesimals. Promising progress is being currently made to observe the gas component as well, using millimetre and sub-millimetre giant radio interferometers.Within planetary systems themselves, individual planets are the assembly of a solid body and a fluid envelope, including their planetary atmosphere when there is one. Their characteristics range from terrestrial planets through sub-Neptunes and Neptunes and to gas giants, each type covering most of the orbital distances probed by present-day techniques. With the continuous progress in detection and characterization techniques and the advent of major providers of new data like the Kepler mission, the architecture of these planetary systems can be studied more and more accurately in a statistically meaningful sense and compared to the one of our own solar system, which does not appear to be an exceptional case. Finally, our understanding of exoplanets atmospheres has made spectacular advances recently using the occultation spectroscopy techniques implemented on the currently operating space and ground-based observing facilities.The powerful new observing facilities planned for the near and more distant future will make it possible to address many of the most challenging current questions of the science of exoplanets and their systems. There is little doubt that, using this new generation of facilities, we will be able to reconstruct more and more accurately the complex evolutionary paths which link stellar genesis to the possible emergence of habitable worlds.     

复杂时变激励下失谐叶盘瞬态强迫响应分析

提出一种高效的失谐叶盘瞬态强迫响应分析方法,不同于传统的数值积分方法,该方法推导出瞬态强迫响应的解析表达式,能更为高效地预测失谐叶盘的瞬态强迫响应。首先,对叶盘的高保真有限元模型进行减缩建模,在精确地描述叶盘结构的动力学特性的前提下,极大的减少了模型的自由度数目。其次,模拟加速旋转的涡轮叶盘经过复杂流场时叶片表面上的气动载荷,并建立叶盘固有频率和振型随转速变化的数学函数;通过共振分析确定叶盘共振的转速区间并分析引起共振的激励阶次成分。最后,计算了不同旋转加速度和阻尼下叶盘的瞬态强迫响应,并对叶盘的失谐幅值放大因子进行研究。应用本办法对某86个叶片的涡轮叶盘进行了数值分析,结果表明,相同阻尼水平下,叶盘的瞬态强迫响应幅值随旋转加速度增加而降低,失谐幅值放大因子在瞬态条件下大于稳态条件下,最高可达30%。