快速CFD计算工具在民机概念优化设计中的应用

高亚声速民机概念设计和优化阶段需进行大量的反复迭代,其中气动力计算的准确性与时效性是一对很难处理的矛盾体。Navier-Stokes(N-S)方程可进行较为精确的计算,但需要付出的时间和资源代价很大;工程估算方法可以快速得到估算结果,但精度较差,尤其表现在跨声速阶段的波阻估算。本文采用基于全速势方程的快速CFD计算工具与工程估算相结合的气动计算方法,避免了N-S方程耗时长和工程估算精度差的问题,实现了在民机概念设计和优化程序中的集成和应用。     

F/A- 18E/F机翼突然失速研究

美国空军发起的机翼突然失速(AWS)研究项目,动用了CFD计算、风洞试验、地面模拟和飞行试验多种手段,对战斗机在跨声速飞行时遇到的非指令横向运动进行了系统的研究,希望在以后的新飞机研制中,能在飞行试验之前就能预测出这类跨声速非定常特性.     

跨声速飞机高可信度多设计点多约束气动优化设计技术研究

本文目的是研究和开发工程实用的高可信度数值优化设计技术,并应用于先进跨声速飞机机翼的三维气动外形优化设计。本文综合应用了自由几何变形(FFD)几何外形参数化方法、弹簧比拟非结构网格变形方法、基于RANS方程的高可信度计算流体力学(CFD)分析方法、径向基函数(RBF)代理模型方法、粒子群寻优(PSO)方法等技术,分别对NASA CRM模型、航空工业设计的W2机翼模型展开了单设计点和多设计点的三维气动外形优化设计。通过对单设计点优化设计后的CRM翼身组合体、双设计点优化设计后的W2机翼模型气动外形进行详细的气动分析,发现优化后的CRM翼身组合体、W2机翼模型相对初始外形气动性能得到显著改进,证实了数值优化设计技术应用于先进跨声速飞机机翼三维气动外形设计的有效性。同时证实了开发的数值优化设计技术和工具的正确性和实用性。     

基于遗传算法的无人机多目标协作优化

为充分利用随控布局的优点,提出了集成飞行动力学与控制的无人机多学科设计优化(MDO)框架。针对任务需要选定了控制结构及对应的目标函数和约束,确定了能够处理更多目标函数和约束的鲁棒多学科设计优化方法。由于传统约束非线性规划的求解困难,提出了基于遗传算法的二级多目标协作优化方法。优化结果表明,基于遗传算法的多目标协作优化较传统协作优化更容易收敛。飞行动力学与控制的集成,给无人机在概念设计阶段提供了更大的外形设计自由度。     

基于伴随方程和自由变形技术的跨声速机翼气动设计方法研究

将连续伴随方程法与自由变形技术(Free Form Deform-FFD)相结合开展了跨声速机翼气动外形优化设计方法研究。采用Bernstein基函数建立了空间FFD参数化方法,并应用基于控制理论的连续伴随方程方法建立了目标函数对于待优化几何外形的梯度求解模式,将几何外形参数化方法、连续伴随方法以及CFD数值模拟技术相结合,研究、构建了适合跨声速机翼的气动外形优化设计系统。利用该系统对ONERA M6机翼及某型民用客机机翼进行了气动减阻设计,算例验证表明该方法应用于跨声速机翼气动减阻设计效果明显,并且能较好的保持几何表面连续性和光滑性。     

飞行器参数化几何建模方法研究

高超声速飞行器的概念设计阶段通常要综合考虑气动力、气动热、飞行弹道、推进系统、结构和控制等多个学科的设计因素,希望通过权衡各个学科得到一个综合性能最佳的设计,即多学科设计优化结果.参数化几何建模是优化设计的基础,本文开展飞行器参数化几何建模的方法研究,利用二次曲线方法与基于类型函数和形状函数的方法,分别进行了两种飞行器几何外形的建模,并进行了初步的气动力计算.通过分析两种建模方法的特点,比较了两种方法在不同情况下的优缺点,提出了在飞行器概念设计阶段几何建模方法的一般选取建议.通过等弧度、等弧长的划分原则,完善了基于类型函数和形状函数方法所生成的表面网格质量.     

飞机亚跨声速飞行操纵特性分析

针对中等展弦比、中等后掠角机翼布局的超声速飞机在亚跨声速飞行时遇到的操纵特性异常现象,通过估算飞机在海拔5 km高空的气动特性,获得了飞机的纵向平衡性能和静操纵性的变化规律.通过数值计算,得到了飞机在低空跨声速飞行时的操纵特性;分析了造成飞机在某些飞行速度下操纵跟随性较差、大速度飞行时俯仰操纵过于灵敏、不同速度下杆力变化大等现象的原因.针对亚跨声速区的飞行与操纵特点,给出了飞行操纵建议,以提高飞行安全.     

一种计及静气动弹性变形影响的跨声速机翼气动优化设计方法研究

耦合流场控制方程和结构静平衡方程求解得到大展弦比跨声速弹性机翼气动性能,分析研究了结构静弹性变形对气动载荷的影响.在此基础上以机翼典型剖面外形和机翼型架外形为设计变量进行了基于控制理论的跨声速弹性机翼气动优化设计方法研究,实现了在真实飞行条件下考虑静气动弹性变形影响的大展弦比跨声速弹性机翼一体化优化设计.优化设计算例结果表明所发展的方法是成功的,优化得到的弹性机翼在满足升力系数约束条件下提高了升阻比.     

多学科设计优化方法在飞机设计中的应用研究

多学科设计优化(MDO)方法是提高飞机设计效率,得到最优设计方案的有效手段。在飞机设计过程中,需要确保飞机静安定裕度满足使用要求,因此需要充分考虑总体、气动等学科专业的耦合效应。针对这一问题,基于MDO软件Modelcenter构建飞机外形多学科优化协同设计流程,通过对某型飞机外形优化设计的实例分析,得到该机的最优外形修改方案,证明了MDO方法在飞机设计中应用的高效性。     

弹性飞机跨声速机动载荷计算方法

基于跨声速非定常气动力求解的重叠场源法,开展了弹性飞机跨声速机动载荷计算方法研究,为现代飞机结构强度设计提供更加可靠和精确的临界载荷计算方法。首先通过采用重叠场源法求解关于62%根弦俯仰振荡的LANN机翼在马赫数为0.822的非定常气动力并与实验结果进行对比,验证了重叠场源法对跨声速激波效应预测和非定常气动力计算的能力;其次应用频域气动力有理近似技术拟合场源法计算得到的广义气动力系数矩阵,建立了机动载荷分析的状态空间模型;然后完成了某型民用飞机俯仰机动载荷分析,研究了俯仰机动飞行情况下飞机机体状态量及飞机部件载荷响应规律。计算结果表明：考虑机体弹性变形后,机翼和平尾气动载荷响应最大值分别减小了5.1%和10.6%,升降舵气动载荷响应最大值增大了16.2%,在飞机结构强度设计中必须考虑机体弹性效应对飞机部件载荷的影响。     

The MOD:A Modular Urban Transportation System

The MOD is described as an urban transportation system which is based on a very small, two-passenger automotive rental vehicle using existing city roadways at the exclusion of the private passenger car. The proposed units of the MOD system have an empty weight of 300 pounds and have provisions for easy vertical parking. The MOD system is proposed as a self-supporting operation, run by private enterprise as a public utility. The urban transportation offered by the MOD system generates the set of institutional problems involved in proposals which exclude the private passenger car from the city.     

MEMs for Aerospace Navigation

The MEMS aerospace market has its own specificities in terms of market size, standards, and performance characteristics (very long term stability, reliability, and safety levels). Improvements are needed for future applications. THALES Avionics has a twenty-year experience in quartz and silicon MEMS design and manufacturing and is recognized as a leader by the French MOD in this field. MEMS pressure sensors and accelerometers are manufactured in large volume and used for safety-critical applications. THALES technology policy focused on planar architecture, die vacuum packaging, and deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) allowing good characteristics for sensors in development. A Silicon Vibrating Beam Accelerometer single chip is now under development. Its operating principle is described with two resonators in push-pull configuration. A tuning fork planar rate gyro is also developed with exactly the same technology for industrial efficiency. Performance results will be addressed. The development and industrialization road-map of theses inertial products is described for the following five years. Gyro-compassing grade inertial sensors would be available during the next decade allowing low-cost, high-grade navigators using simultaneously GNSS receivers and inertial MEMS navigators.     

超临界机翼气动设计的准则、流程和设计实例

以计算空气动力学为基础,提出超临界机翼的气动设计准则和设计流程。翼型设计准则是:非设计状态音速区压力平坦;延迟后缘分离;设计状态迎角接近于零和局部最小厚度约束等。机翼设计准则是:在约束条件下诱阻最小;满足纵向稳定性要求;上翼面等压线型态和考虑结构弹性变形等。设计过程可分为两个阶段,即总体优化和机翼气动设计优化。后者的步骤是基本翼型设计、初始机翼外形设计、机翼巡航外形设计和机翼型架外形设计。对设计实例进行风洞试验后表明:尽管新机翼的平均厚度比某干线运输机厚14％,但安装该机翼的干线运输机巡航效率仍比前者高12％。     

Uncertainty analysis and design optimization of hybrid rocket motor powered vehicle for suborbital flight

In this paper, we propose an uncertainty analysis and design optimization method and its applications on a hybrid rocket motor(HRM) powered vehicle. The multidisciplinary design model of the rocket system is established and the design uncertainties are quantified. The sensitivity analysis of the uncertainties shows that the uncertainty generated from the error of fuel regression rate model has the most significant effect on the system performances. Then the differences between deterministic design optimization(DDO) and uncertainty-based design optimization(UDO) are discussed. Two newly formed uncertainty analysis methods, including the Kriging-based Monte Carlo simulation(KMCS) and Kriging-based Taylor series approximation(KTSA), are carried out using a global approximation Kriging modeling method. Based on the system design model and the results of design uncertainty analysis, the design optimization of an HRM powered vehicle for suborbital flight is implemented using three design optimization methods: DDO, KMCS and KTSA. The comparisons indicate that the two UDO methods can enhance the design reliability and robustness. The researches and methods proposed in this paper can provide a better way for the general design of HRM powered vehicles.In this paper,we propose an uncertainty analysis and design optimization method and its applications on a hybrid rocket motor(HRM)powered vehicle.The multidisciplinary design model of the rocket system is established and the design uncertainties are quantified.The sensitivity analysis of the uncertainties shows that the uncertainty generated from the error of fuel regression rate model has the most significant effect on the system performances.Then the differences between deterministic design optimization(DDO)and uncertainty-based design optimization(UDO)are discussed.Two newly formed uncertainty analysis methods,including the Kriging-based Monte Carlo simulation(KMCS)and Kriging-based Taylor series approximation(KTSA),are carried out using a global approximation Kriging modeling method.Based on the system design model and the results of design uncertainty analysis,the design optimization of an HRM powered vehicle for suborbital flight is implemented using three design optimization methods:DDO,KMCS and KTSA.The comparisons indicate that the two UDO methods can enhance the design reliability and robustness.The researches and methods proposed in this paper can provide a better way for the general design of HRM powered vehicles.     

Research on the intelligent design system for investment casting die of aero-engine turbine blade based on knowledge

To solve the problems in turbine blade investment casting die design process such as long design time,lacking of expert experience and low level of intelligence,knowledge-based engineering (KBE) was introduced in the turbine blade investment casting die design field. The key technologies of the intelligent design method were researched and a prototype system was developed. A hybrid reasoning model was prompted in which case-based reasoning (CBR) was applied to conceptual design and rule-based reasoning (RBR) was applied to parts design after research the design process and domain knowledge of casting die. In the conceptual design stage,a retrieval model which integrated nearest neighbor approach and knowledge-based retrieval approach was prompted to improve the retrieval efficiency. Meanwhile,RBR was used to modify the retrieval result. The practical application results indicate that this system can reuse the expert experience efficiently and heighten the die design efficiency and quality.      

民机设计中的多学科优化和数值模拟

 结合世界民机研制的历程，论述了未来民机产品的要求和应用先进技术的重要性。讨论了市场模式的变化，即要求航空工业界提供更高，更快和更远（技术驱动型）的产品转变为生产快、价格低而性能更好（市场驱动型）的产品。这种变化要求新的设计方法，工具和过程。传统的按序和迭代的飞机设计模式将逐渐走向新的更加综合性的，如虚拟产品或综合的产品和过程发展的设计方法。多学科优化设计是实现新的综合设计方法的关键技术。文中简要地讨论了此方法和介绍了工业界应用的要求。计算流体力学（CFD）起着推动走向综合设计过程的作用。文中详细地说明了CFD对民机成功设计的中心作用，讨论了它的分析和设计的功能。数值模拟是未来飞机设计和发展中的关键模型化和模拟技术，对于现代化的综合设计的成功应用是很重要的。     

Multidisciplinary Design and Optimization of Multistage Ground-launched Boost Phase Interceptor Using Hybrid Search Algorithm

This article proposes a multidisciplinary design and optimization (MDO) strategy for the conceptual design of a multistage ground-based interceptor (GBI) using hybrid optimization algorithm, which associates genetic algorithm (GA) as a global optimizer with sequential quadratic programming (SQP) as a local optimizer. The interceptor is comprised of a three-stage solid propulsion system for an exoatmospheric boost phase intercept (BPI). The interceptor's duty is to deliver a kinetic kill vehicle (KKV) to the optimal position in space to accomplish the mission of intercept. The modules for propulsion, aerodynamics, mass properties and flight dynamics are integrated to produce a high fidelity model of the entire vehicle. The propulsion module comprises of solid rocket motor (SRM) grain design, nozzle geometry design and performance prediction analysis. Internal ballistics and performance prediction parameters are calculated by using lumped parameter method. The design objective is to minimize the gross lift off mass (GLOM) of the interceptor under the mission constraints and performance objectives. The proposed design and optimization methodology provide designers with an efficient and powerful approach in computation during designing interceptor systems.     

Progress in design optimization using evolutionary algorithms for aerodynamic problems

Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) are useful tools in design optimization. Due to their simplicity, ease of use, and suitability for multi-objective design optimization problems, EAs have been applied to design optimization problems from various areas. In this paper we review the recent progress in design optimization using evolutionary algorithms to solve real-world aerodynamic problems. Examples are given in the design of turbo pump, compressor, and micro-air vehicles. The paper covers the following topics that are deemed important to solve a large optimization problem from a practical viewpoint: (1) hybridized approaches to speed up the convergence rate of EAs; (2) the use of surrogate model to reduce the computational cost stemmed from EAs; (3) reliability based design optimization using EAs; and (4) data mining of Pareto-optimal solutions.     

Gaussian fitting based optimal design of aircraft mission success space using multi-objective genetic algorithm

In order to obtain the optimized aircraft design concept which meets the increasingly complex operation environment at the conceptual design stage, System-of-systems (SoS) engineering must be considered. This paper proposes a novel optimization method for the design of aircraft Mission Success Space (MSS) based on Gaussian fitting and Genetic Algorithm (GA) in the SoS area. First, the concepts in the design and evaluation of MSS are summarized to introduce the Contribution to System-of-Systems (CSS) by using a conventional effectiveness index, Mission Success Rate (MSR). Then, the mathematic modelling of Gaussian fitting technique is noted as the basis of the optimization work. After that, the proposed optimal MSS design is illustrated by the multi-objective optimization process where GA acts as the search tool to find the best solution (via Pareto front). In the case study, a simulation system of penetration mission was built. The simulation results are collected and then processed by two MSS design schemes (contour and neural network) giving the initial variable space to GA optimization. Based on that, the proposed optimization method is implemented under both schemes whose optimal solutions are compared to obtain the final best design in the case study.     

可应用于民机空气动力设计中的数值优化方法简

 目前民机成功设计的一个关键要素即在设计中有效地引入计算流体力学（CFD）的模拟方法和软件,特别是具有设计能力的方法和工具。本文概要地叙述了反设计、基于CFD低可信度和高可信度模型等数值优化方法的发展和应用于民机设计的历史和现状;简单地介绍了即将举行的空气动力优化设计计算系列研讨会;重点讨论了对可应用于民机设计的基于Navier-Stokes方程解算器的OPTIMAS的数值优化方法的要求及其构造方法,并以翼身组合体整流外形和翼身融合体（BWB）外形的算例表明其有效性,说明OPTIMAS可以成为民机日常设计的方法和工具之一。