难加工金属材料放电诱导可控烧蚀高效加工技术

介绍了一种放电诱导烧蚀加工方法,即向加工区域可控地通入氧气,在电火花放电诱导作用下首先对加工材料进行活化,而后伴随着氧气的通入产生金属燃烧反应,利用金属燃烧释放的巨大化学能蚀除材料,从而大大提高材料去除率,并通过控制氧气及采用电火花修整以保障加工表面的质量.该加工方法与被加工材料的力学性能无关,仍然属于无宏观切削力方式,其克服了难加工材料机械加工困难及电火花加工效率受制于脉冲电源的难题,适合于“车、铣、钻、成形、打孔”等各种加工形式.该加工方法改变了难加工材料能进行加工的准则,实现了“能烧即能加工”.对淬火Cr12进行放电诱导烧蚀铣削加工,效率比传统电火花加工高10倍以上且表面质量相当;进行放电诱导雾化烧蚀深盲型孔加工,蚀除效率为电火花的5.45倍,最大加工深度达到132mm且还能继续加工.     

特种加工工艺及模具制造

NC电火花成型加工机床的现状[日]/冈村丰∥金属。1989,21(5)。25～34 应用NC电火花成型加工机床和Sodick MARK系列NC电火花放电装置,其加工精度能达到0.01～0.005mm,表面粗糙度可达到Ry 1μm,可省略磨削加工的时间,扩大了电加工的应用范围。     

基于ANSYS电火花磨削蜂窝环温度场仿真研究

建立电火花磨削蜂窝环的单脉冲放电模型,利用ANSYS对电火花磨削蜂窝环时的温度场分布进行有限元模拟,得到在不同峰值电流和脉宽条件下,放电点的温度场分布以及电参数与蚀除凹坑大小之间的关系。计算出蜂窝环放电凹坑的几何特征,与实际磨削条件下的表面粗糙度进行对比,并根据其加工特点进行修正,经修正后模拟的单脉冲放电凹坑几何特征可以近似表征实际连续电火花磨削的表面粗糙度。利用有限元模拟电火花磨削蜂窝环的温度场分布规律是可行的,且模拟过程精确、迅速。     

高效放电加工技术研究现状

电火花加工技术经过多年的发展,已经成为一门成熟且不可或缺的加工方法,新工艺、新方法和新装备层出不穷,如何提高加工效率一直是人们所关注的焦点。电火花加工过程中,为防止对工件产生损伤,要避免电弧放电,通过各种工艺手段提高加工效率的效果不明显。通过有效控制电弧通断,利用电弧弧柱极高的能量去除材料,可以极大地提高放电加工效率,是近年来研究高效放电加工的一个新方向。另外,放电烧蚀加工利用电火花放电作为诱导能量,控制金属基体与通入的氧气燃烧产生化学能用于蚀除工件,该能量远远大于脉冲电源的能量,是高效放电加工的另外一个新方向。放电烧蚀加工辅以其他方法形成复合加工,对已烧蚀表面进行优化处理,可以实现高加工效率的同时获得良好的表面质量。综述了电火花加工、电弧加工和放电烧蚀加工技术在高效加工方面的研究现状。     

气体压力对钛合金电火花诱导烧蚀加工的影响

氧气在电火花(EDM)诱导烧蚀加工过程中起到参与氧化放热、蚀除金属和冷却的作用。以气体压力为研究对象,通过理论推导,证明增加气体压力可提高气体流速、减小气体分子平均自由程、提高氧化扩散速度和气体蚀除力以及加速能量散失。通过测得不同气体压力下的击穿电压、击穿延时和工作电压,试验证实了气体压力对击穿电压和击穿延时有较大影响;通过建立EDM诱导烧蚀加工放电等效模型,表明工作电压变化是由电极和工件表面氧化引起的。研究了气体压力对EDM诱导烧蚀加工材料蚀除率(MRR)、相对电极损耗(REWR)和表面粗糙度的影响。结果表明:随着气体压力增大,材料蚀除率先增加后降低,电极相对损耗缓慢减小,表面粗糙度显著降低。     

航发涡轮叶片气膜孔的磨削加工实验

针对目前航空发动机涡轮叶片气膜孔加工精度低和重熔层难去除的问题,提出了"电火花打孔、磨削扩孔"的新型气膜孔加工工艺,研制出小孔磨削专用微细CBN砂轮并对电火花气膜孔进行了磨削工艺实验。实验结果表明:经磨削加工后气膜孔圆度降低50.9%,孔径尺寸标准差降低90.7%,表面粗糙度降低65.9%,重熔层被全部去除,证明了航发涡轮叶片气膜孔磨削加工的可行性。     

DD9镍基单晶高温合金磨削表面质量实验研究

涡轮叶片榫齿常采用磨削加工，磨削工艺参数决定了其加工表面的质量和疲劳性能。基于正交试验研究磨削参数对第三代镍基单晶高温合金DD9 磨削表面粗糙度及硬度的影响规律和机理。结果表明：磨削表面粗糙度受砂轮线速度vs 的影响最大，工件进给速度vw 对其的影响次之，而受磨削深度ap 的影响最小；磨削表面出现加工硬化，加工硬化程度在1.9%~13.8% 之间，亚表面硬化层深度在60~120 μm 之间；为获得粗糙度小、纹理均匀、硬化程度小的DD9 高温合金磨削表面，精加工推荐的磨削参数为vs∈［20 m/s，25 m/s］，vw∈［12 m/min，16 m/mim］，ap∈［10 μm，15 μm］。     

硬脆性材料功能微结构精密磨削实验

基于硬脆性材料加工机理分析了其微结构磨削表面精度与磨削工艺的关系,利用压痕法研究硬脆性材料加工的脆塑转变临界条件,在此基础上结合最大切屑厚度h模型及表面粗糙度Ra模型初步确定了磨削加工工艺参数范围。分析了切削速度与工件进给速度对表面粗糙度的影响机制和规律,并针对石英玻璃进行了磨削实验。研究结果表明,在延性域磨削条件下可获得磨削后表面粗糙度为55nm的高质量表面,为硬脆性材料微结构延性域临界磨削条件研究提供了理论参考与试验依据。     

中走丝电火花线切割机的特点与发展趋势

电火花线切割加工(Wire Cut Electro Discharge Machining,WEDM)是基于电极与工件之间脉冲放电时的电腐蚀现象,即每次脉冲放电时都会产生大量的热量使放电点附近的32航空制造技术·2011年第8期局部金属瞬时融化和气化,并把熔融和气化的金属抛离工件表面,从而在工件表面形成一个微小的放电凹坑.如果所采用的脉冲放电能量大,则加工速度就快,而加工表面粗糙度变差.     

读来读往

正电火花加工是利用工具电极与工件之间的脉冲放电加工材料的,加工过程中工具电极和工件不直接接触,几乎不产生切削力。由于电火花加工不受工件硬度和强度等的影响,可以加工任何难加工材料和特殊、复杂形状的表面和零件。因此,电火花加工技术的研究具有重要意义。本刊特别策划"电火花加工"专题,分别从复合材料的电火花加工、难加工金属材料的电火花加工及微孔的电火花加工等角度对电火花技术进行阐述。本期得到哈     

超声磨料对TC4钛合金电火花加工表面质量的影响

为改善TC4钛合金电火花加工表面质量,减少表面微裂纹、重熔层等表面缺陷,提出了基于电极振动的超声磨料电火花复合加工方法。在煤油工作液中混入12g/L的SiC磨料粉,进行了有无超声磨料作用的窄脉冲(脉宽小于1μs)电火花加工的表面粗糙度对比实验研究。实验结果表明:SiC磨料的超声振动作用使零件表面粗糙度Ra由0.5μm降到0.2μm左右;重熔层厚度、表面裂纹的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)照片显示,超声磨料作用使重熔层厚度减薄20～30μm,表面微裂纹得到有效控制;机理分析认为工作液高频振动及磨料对工件的冲击作用,是改善TC4钛合金电火花加工表面质量的主要原因。研究表明磨料的超声振动作用可显著改善TC4钛合金电火花加工的表面质量。     

Development of a new high-shear and low-pressure grinding wheel and its grinding characteristics for Inconel718 alloy

Nickel-based alloy has been widely used due to its outstanding mechanical properties. However, Nickel-based alloy is a typical difficult-to-machine material, which is a great constrain for its application in the manufacturing field. To improve the surface quality of the ground workpiece, a new high-shear and low-pressure grinding wheel, with high ratio of tangential grinding force to normal grinding force, was fabricated for the grinding of selective laser melting (SLM) manufactured Inconel718 alloy. The principle of high-shear and low-pressure grinding process was introduced in detail, which was quite different from the conventional grinding process. The fabrication process of the new grinding wheel was illustrated. A serial of experiments with different processing parameters were carried out to investigate the grinding performance of the developed grinding wheel via analyzing surface roughness and surface morphology of the ground workpiece. The optimal processing parameters of high-shear and low-pressure grinding were obtained. The surface roughness of ground workpiece was reduced to 0.232 μm from the initial value of 0.490 μm under the optimal grinding conditions. It was found that the initial scratches on the ground workpiece were almost completely removed after the observations with the metalloscopy and the field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The capability of the newly developed high-shear and low-pressure grinding wheel was validated.     

镍基高温合金GH4169磨削参数对表面完整性影响

研究了用单晶刚玉砂轮磨削镍基高温合金GH4169时,磨削参数对表面完整性中的表面特征(表面粗糙度、表面形貌、表面显微硬度和表面残余应力)的影响,以期优化磨削参数.砂轮速度依次选择15,20,25m/s,磨削深度分别选择50,100,150μm,工件速度分别选择5,10,15m/min.研究结果表明:表面粗糙度对工件速度的变化最敏感,表面显微硬度对砂轮速度变化最敏感,表面残余应力对砂轮速度变化最敏感;同时表明了磨削参数对磨削表面形貌、显微硬度梯度、微观组织、残余应力梯度的影响,揭示了表面完整性中的变质层形成规律.其塑性变形层在5～10μm,显微硬度变化影响层为80～100μm,残余应力影响层厚度为80～200μm,其为磨削镍基高温合金表面完整性控制研究提供相关的实验数据基础.      

Performance evaluation of creep feed grinding of γ-TiAl intermetallics with electroplated diamond wheels

This paper evaluates the performance of creep feed grinding γ-TiAl intermetallic (Ti-45Al-2Mn-2Nb) using electroplated diamond wheels. Firstly, a comparative analysis with the grinding results by using electroplated CBN wheels was conducted, mainly involving abrasive wheel wear behavior and maximum material removal rate below surface burn limit. It was found that the diamond wheel would produce much better grinding results including lower wheel wear rate and higher maximum material removal rate. Then the surface integrity obtained at different level of material removal rate was characterized with the utilization of the diamond wheel. The poor ductility of this γ-TiAl intermetallic material was found to have a marginal effect on the surface integrity, as no severe surface defects such as material pullout were generated during the stable wheel wear stage. For the involved operating parameters, a deformation layer was produced with ∼10 μm or more in thickness depending on the material removal rate used. Meanwhile, a work-hardened layer extending to more than 100 μm was produced with a maximum microhardness of above 520 HV_0.05 (bulk value 360 HV_0.05). The residual stress remained compressive, with a value of above −100 MPa and even up to −500 MPa for an elevated material removal rate. Shearing chip was the main chip type, indicating good wheel sharpness in the grinding process.     

高纯钨磨削加工试验研究

为探究适用于高纯钨磨削加工的砂轮,使用80~#绿碳化硅砂轮和金刚石砂轮开展磨削对比试验,从工件表面粗糙度角度评价上述两种砂料对高纯钨磨削加工表面的影响。试验结果表明,绿碳化硅砂轮对应的工件得到了更理想的表面粗糙度。使用绿碳化硅砂轮开展工艺试验,分析在不同磨削参数下加工表面粗糙度的变化趋势,以此为依据对高纯钨磨削加工工艺参数进行评价与优化。综合考虑加工表面粗糙度以及加工效率,得出适合于钨磨削加工的参数为砂轮线速度v_s=23m/s、磨削深度a_p=8μm、工作台进给速度v_w=10m/min,该参数下得到的表面粗糙度均值为0.336μm。     

新型刚玉砂轮磨削GH4169镍基高温合金的性能评价研究

镍基高温合金是航空发动机部件的常用材料,其磨削加工存在工具损耗严重、寿命短等难题。针对3种新研制的刚玉砂轮(分别为粒度60#的微晶和单晶混合磨料砂轮、粒度60#的单晶刚玉砂轮,以及粒度70#的单晶刚玉砂轮),开展了GH4169镍基高温合金材料的磨削试验,从磨削力、磨削温度、砂轮磨损以及表面粗糙度等方面对3种砂轮的磨削性能进行了评价。结果表明,3种砂轮磨削GH4169材料在砂轮磨损和表面粗糙度方面未表现出明显差异,而通过对磨削力和磨削温度的综合评价发现粒度60#的单晶刚玉砂轮的磨削性能更优。3种砂轮磨削GH4169材料的磨削比在0.5~3之间。在正常磨削条件下,3种砂轮的磨削表面粗糙度Ra小于0.4μm。同时发现,砂轮磨损(主要包括磨粒的破碎和脱落)是造成磨削表面缺陷形成的重要原因。     

Interference and grinding characteristics in ultra-precision grinding of thin-walled complex structural component using a ball-end grinding wheel

As for ultra-precision grinding of difficult-to-process thin-walled complex components with ball-end grinding wheels, interference is easy to occur. According to screw theory and grinding kinematics, a mathematical model is established to investigate the interference and grinding characteristics of the ball-end wheel. The relationship between grinding wheel inclination angle, C axis rotation angle, grinding position angle and grinding wheel wear are analyzed. As the grinding wheel inclination angle increases, the C axis rotatable range decreases and the grinding position angle increases. The grinding position angle and wheel radius wear show a negative correlation with the C axis rotation angle. Therefore, a trajectory planning criteria for increasing grinding speed as much as possible under the premise of avoiding interference is proposed to design the grinding trajectory. Then grinding point distribution on the ball-end wheel is calculated, and the grinding characteristics, grinding speed and maximum undeformed chip thickness, are investigated. Finally, a complex structural component can be ground without interference, and surface roughness and profile accuracy are improved to 40.2 nm and 0.399 μm, compared with 556 nm and 3.427 μm before ultra-precision grinding. The mathematical model can provide theoretical guidance for the analysis of interference and grinding characteristics in complex components grinding to improve its grinding quality.     

铸铁结合剂金刚石砂轮电火花整形影响因素初探

简单介绍了铸铁结合剂金刚石砂轮电火花整形的原理,对电火花整形的影响因素进行了分析,为以后金属结合剂金刚石砂轮的电火花整形实验提供了一些经验。     

双电极接触放电修整金属结合剂金刚石磨轮

双电极接触放电是~项修整金属结合剂金刚石磨轮的新技术。它利用接触放电电蚀原理以达到去除磨轮的金属结合剂而修锐或整形磨轮。本文在论述修整机理的基础上,对其工艺规律进行了系统的分析与总结。