直升机排气系统用波瓣喷管引射-混合式红外抑制器研究

 在针对直升机排气系统用波瓣喷管引射-混合式红外抑制器开展的一系列数值计算和模型实验研究基础上，本文对其内流气动特性和红外辐射特性进行较为系统的综合总结。揭示并分析了这种形式的红外抑制器内部混合流动特征，引射混合和隔热遮挡的红外抑制作用效果，以及红外抑制器缩比模型红外辐射模化关系；同时也指出了需进一步研究的一些问题。     

利用发动机排气引射作用的综合效果实验研究

通过模型实验,研究利用发动机排气的引射作用,将外界部分冷空气引入发动机机舱,对后机身结构进行冷却的效果;研究被引射的冷气流在机尾罩后部与发动机排气混合后,向外排出时,对排气的红外辐射、噪声和推力的影响。     

二元引射喷管高空性能及对无人机红外抑制的数值研究

研究了长/短套管两种结构的二元引射喷管在高空飞行的无人机上的推力特性,以及对无人机3~5μm波段红外辐射特征分布的影响,同时还对比了高空和地面状态下二元引射喷管推力和红外辐射特征.排气系统和无人机的流场、温度场采用商用软件Fluent计算,红外辐射特征采用自主开发的软件（NUAA-IR）进行计算.结果表明:高空状态下二元引射喷管仍可以提高推力特性,但其效果略弱于地面状态;无人机采用二元引射喷管后在大部分探测方向上的红外抑制效果明显,最大降幅为90%;机尾探测方向上长/短套管两种结构的二元引射喷管的红外抑制规律与地面状态不同,短套管二元引射喷管的红外辐射强度大于长套管二元引射喷管,最大增幅为7%.      

二元引射喷管几何特征参数对推力及红外特性的影响

采用数值模拟的方法研究了二元引射喷管间距比变化和面积比变化对推力特性和3～5μm波段红外辐射特性的影响.排气系统的流场采用了商用软件计算,红外辐射特征采用了自主开发的软件(NU-AA-IR)进行计算.结果表明:间距比变化和面积比变化对二元引射喷管的推力系数和引射流量比有不同程度的影响.在小方向角范围内,间距比和面积比的...     

壁面质量引射对高速飞行器减阻降热影响的研究

针对未来新型高速飞行器高升阻比和低热载荷的发展需求，本文选取贴近工程实际应用的三角翼为研究对象，开展了飞行状态下大面积壁面质量引射对减阻降热影响的数值模拟研究，对比分析了壁面质量引射在不同的飞行高度、来流马赫数、引射流量、引射温度和气体模型条件下对三角翼气动力热特性的影响。从高速飞行器减阻降热的工程需求出发，指出了质量引射流动控制在工程应用中存在的问题与后续应重点关注的方向。     

火箭基组合循环发动机引射过程准一维分析方法研究

目前对引射过程的分析模型还比较简单并且不准确。为提高引射分析模型精度，从引射过程的物理机制出发，以速度差异导致的质量交换作为一、二次流掺混过程的控制因素，以一次流动量覆盖整个法向截面时的参数剖面计算引射效果，建立了引射过程分析方法，并采用数值模拟和试验结果对方法进行了验证。结果表明：一、二次流掺混过程的计算模型能反映横截面上参数的变化趋势；当一次流处于过膨胀状态和轻度欠膨胀状态时，本方法计算的引射系数偏差在4.56%以内；当一次流处于严重欠膨胀状态时，在利用特征线法对截面静压进行校正以后，偏差在6%以内；以上精度均优于传统的Fabri模型。本方法还能准确地获得引射系统的临界背压，因此更适用于RBCC发动机这种有背压的应用场景。     

低速风洞引射短舱动力模拟技术新进展

引射短舱可以模拟发动机短舱的喷流影响,并部分模拟进气影响,能用于研究发动机短舱与机翼及增升装置的气动干扰特性,且具有研制周期短、造价低等特点,是在风洞中开展飞机/发动机一体化设计研究的一种重要试验技术。本文介绍了气动中心低速所在引射短舱设计技术和试验技术方面的新进展。采用商业软件对引射短舱进行了三维流场数值模拟,获得了引射短舱性能和三维流场信息。对引射短舱内部流场进行了分析和研究,对引射喷嘴数量、位置进行了优化,增加了引射短舱的进气流量,改善了尾喷口流场均匀度,明显提高了引射短舱性能。发展了空气桥技术,采用有限元方法进行了优化设计,对空气桥和天平进行一体化设计,并进一步发展了空气桥影响修正技术,解决了供气管路对天平测力的影响问题。发展了高精度流量测量控制技术,采用了数字阀、流量控制单元、短舱内部测量耙等技术,提高了流量的控制测量精度及测量不确定度,流量控制精度达到了0.1%,流量测量不确定度达到了0.3%,引射短舱落压比控制精度优于0.01。研制了短舱移动支撑装置,能够实现引射短舱的独立支撑,并实现短舱前后和上下位置的变化,用于开展短舱位置优化研究。最后,介绍了引射短舱的地面性能测试及风洞试验应用,给出了性能测试与数值模拟的对比结果和典型的风洞试验结果,试验结果表明动力影响使得飞机0°迎角升力减小,升力线斜率增大,失速迎角推迟。     

基于旋翼下洗流场的直升机动力舱通风冷却系统仿真

本文对直升机悬停状态下下洗流场影响区域、动力舱以及发动机排气引射器进行了联合建模,采用结构化网格对计算域进行离散,采用有限体积法求解雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程,通过数值仿真考察不同湍流模型、发动机散热、以及动力舱进口尺寸对排气引射器引射系数以及动力舱通风冷却系统内部流场的影响。结果表明,引射系数对湍流模型依赖性较小;发动机散热将导致引射气流量、引射系数减小,而且随着冷却气流进口面积的增大,这种影响将增大;增大冷却气流进口尺寸,冷却气流量增大,引射系数增大,但进口尺寸增大到一定值后,其效果已不明显。     

辅助动力装置排气系统气膜冷却效果

为研究辅助动力装置（APU）排气系统的冷却空气引射孔、引射缝以及飞机后整流罩形状等对冷却效果的影响,采用商业CFD软件Fluent,选用realizable k-ε湍流模型和DO热辐射模型建立了13个有不同引射孔位置、引射缝尺寸和飞机尾罩形状的排气系统流动和传热数值计算模型,得到了流场、温度场和热流分布。计算结果表明,冷却空气引射缝大小、引射孔的位置与形状面积以及后整流罩形状对APU排气系统的气膜冷却效果有重要影响。     

排气系统与尾机身一体化红外抑制器实验分析

利用地面模拟实验件对排气系统与尾机身一体化红外抑制器模型进行了实验研究, 旨在分析引射混合与旋翼下洗对降低排气温度和目标的红外辐射特征的效果.结果表明, 通过波瓣喷管引射周围空气与主流燃气掺混冷却, 可以使高温燃气温度降低至少50%;利用旋翼下洗气流吹散热排气, 冷却尾机身模型壁面, 可以使模型壁面及尾焰在3-5μm和8-14μm的红外辐射强度分别降低39%和33%.另外, 简单的增大波瓣喷管的尺寸并不能够有效提高引射流量, 反而会使引射系数有所降低.      

The French-Soviet ‘ARAKS’ experiment

In 1975, a rocket borne electron gun experiment will be achieved in Kerguelen Islands (South Indian Ocean), as a result of a cooperation between Soviet and French scientists. The gun will inject into the magnetosphere large currents (0.5 and 1 A) of high energy electrons (15 and 27 keV) with different initial pitch angles ( 0°, 70, 140°). A nose cone will be ejected at great distance ( 10 km) in front of the rocket, equipped mainly with radio wave receivers, both electric and magnetic, in the frequency range from 0 to 5 MHz, in order to study the wave particle interactions which will be induced by the beam. Optical and radioelectric observations will be performed in the conjugate area, in the district of Arkhangelsk (U.S.S.R.). During one of the two flights (launched in the magnetic meridian) attention will be focused on the wave particle interactions which are expected to be stronger when the beam is injected along the magnetic field line. The second flight, which will be launched towards the east, is attempted to study the azimuthal drift of the injected electrons and to derive some conclusions concerning the DC electric field, integrated over the line of force which joins the two conjugate points (L = 3.7). During both flights the energy and pitch angle distribution of atmospherically backscattered electrons will be studied.We describe the experiment and give the results of some preliminary computations which have been made by the different experimenters in order to predict the amplitude of the expected phenomena. A discussion is made of the respective ability for electron beam injection and cold plasma injection to artificially induce strong particle precipitation.On leave from Groupe de Recherches Ionosphériques, CNET, 92131 Issy-les-Moulineaux, France.     

Probing the solar wind acceleration region using spectroscopic techniques

Measurements of the intensities and profiles of UV and EUV spectral lines can provide a powerful tool for probing the physical conditions in the solar corona out to 8 R and beyond. We discuss here how measurements of spectral line radiation in conjunction with measurements of the white light K-corona can provide information on electron, proton and ion temperatures and velocity distribution functions; densities; chemical abundances and mass flow velocities. Because of the fundamental importance of such information, we provide a comprehensive review of the formation of coronal resonance line radiation, with particular emphasis on the H i L line, and discuss observational considerations such as requirements for rejection of stray light and effects of emission from the geocorona and interplanetary dust. Finally, we summarize some results of coronal H i L and white light observations acquired on sounding rocket flights.Paper presented at the IX-th Lindau Workshop The Source Region of the Solar Wind.     

Experiments on film cooling with sonic injection into a supersonic flow

Film cooling experiments with sonic injection were conducted to investigate the effects of the number of the injection holes, the mass flow ratio, and the hole spacing on the film cooling effectiveness. The mainstream was obtained by the hydrogen-oxygen combustion, entering the experimental section at a Mach number of 2.0. The nitrogen with ambient temperature was injected into the experimental section at a sonic speed. The measured mainstream recovery temperature was approximately 910K. The mass flow ratio was regulated by varying the nitrogen injection pressure. The experimental results show that for the investigated cooling surface, the cooling effectiveness increases with the increase in the number of the injection holes with other parameters held constant. For a fixed cooling configuration, the cooling effectiveness increases with the increase in the mass flow ratio. Different from the subsonic film cooling, the optimal mass flow ratio is not observed. When the hole spacing is less than 4, no obvious difference is observed on the cooling effectiveness and lateral uniformity. With the mass flow ratio increasing further, this difference becomes much smaller. The shock wave also has an effect on the cooling effectiveness. Downstream the incident point of the shock wave, the cooling effectiveness is lower than that in the case without the shock wave.     

Cyclotron masers and solar spike bursts

The theory of electron cyclotron maser emission and its application to solar spike bursts are reviewed. By analogy with the Earth's AKR, three sources of free energy are considered: a loss-cone anisotropy, a velocity-space hole, and a trapped distribution. The problem of how the radiation escapes through the second harmonic absorption layer is emphasized. Harmonic emission due to z mode coalescence may operate for some bursts, but the 2–5s delay between hard X-ray bursts and spike bursts suggests that some other mechanisms is required for most spike bursts. A model involving formation of a trapped distribution in low-density regions neighboring the flaring flux tube is considered.     

横流注入形式对发动机尾喷流红外辐射特性影响的数值研究

针对轴对称收敛喷管，在其出口设计了横向射流装置，在保持横流总流量相同且进口总温为840K的情况下，数值模拟研究了横流不同注入形式对发动机尾喷流红外辐射的抑制效果.横流的注入能够增强尾喷流与外界气流的掺混，减小高温区长度.结果表明:周向4股注入时的掺混效果要明显弱于横流单股、双股相对注入，故其红外抑制效果也较差；在侧方探测面上，方位角大于20°时，横流单股注入与双股相对注入时的抑制效果非常接近,但后者效果稍好，其最大降幅达到71.6%；在下方探测面，两者的辐射强度均要比其在侧方探测面时大，且双股相对注入时的辐射强度与周向4股注入形式相当；在上方探测面上，相对于其他注入形式，横流单股注入时的辐射强度相对较小，最大降幅达到78.4%.      

Controlled VLF wave injection experiments in the magnetosphere

Whistler-mode waves injected into the magnetosphere from ground sources (e.g., lightning discharge, vlf transmitters) are used to probe the distribution of ions and electrons in the magnetosphere. They also cause wave growth (vlf emissions) and precipitation of electrons. Bursts of X-rays (> 30 keV) and enhancements of D-region ionization are examples of precipitation effects caused by lightning-generated waves. Growing narrowband wave trains are triggered by manmade coherent waves. Growth rates of 100 dB s^-1 and total growths up to 30 dB have been measured using 5.5 kHz signals transmitted from Siple Station, Antarctica. Another source of coherent wave input to the magnetosphere are the harmonics from commercial power line systems. Power line harmonic radiation may suppress triggered emissions or change their frequency-time slope. Exponential growth of narrowband emissions is explained in terms of cyclotron resonance between the waves and trapped energetic electrons, with feedback included. Applications of wave injection experiments include: (1) study of emission mechanisms, (2) control of energetic particle precipitation, (3) diagnostics of cold and hot plasma, and (4) vlf communications.     

航天器空间辐射防护材料与防护结构

电子、质子、重离子、光子等空间辐射环境可在航天器材料或元器件中产生单粒子效应、总剂量效应、表面充放电效应、位移损伤效应、内带电效应等,因此,需要对航天器进行空间辐射防护。本文首先介绍空间辐射防护原理和防护有效性,进而从材料、分系统(或部组件)、航天器3个不同维度,对质量屏蔽防护材料、静电防护材料、抗辐射功能材料、航天器局部辐射防护结构和整星辐射防护结构进行了探讨,最后对未来发展的方向进行了讨论。     

空间用聚四氟乙烯材料的原子氧、温度、紫外辐射效应的试验研究

在 IFM原子氧剥蚀效应地面模拟设备中对空间常用材料聚四氟乙烯进行了原子氧剥蚀效应试验,试样温度升高对原子氧效应的影响以及原子氧与紫外辐射复合效应试验,对试验前后试样的质量及表面形貌进行了比较,得出了材料在设备中的反应特点以及温度升高、紫外辐射对材料的原子氧效应的影响规律。对原子氧与材料的反应机理也做了相应的分析。同时还测量比较了原子氧暴露试验前后、原子氧与紫外辐射复合作用前后试样的反射率、透射率等光学性质。     

Software implemented transient fault detection in space computer

Computer systems operating in space environment are subject to different radiation phenomena, whose effects are often called “Soft Error”. Generally, these systems employ hardware techniques to address soft-errors, however, software techniques can provide a lower-cost and more flexible alternative. This paper presents a novel, software-only, transient-fault-detection technique, which is based on a new control flow checking scheme combined with software redundancy. The distinctive advantage of our approach over other fault tolerance techniques is the lower performance overhead with the higher fault coverage. It is able to cope with transient faults affecting data and the program control flow. By applying the proposed technique on several benchmark applications, we evaluate the error detection capabilities by means of several fault injection campaigns. Experimental results show that the proposed approach can detect more than 98% of the injected bit-flip faults with a mean execution time increase of 153%.     

Oscillations of a viscous liquid in a cylindrical container

The natural damped frequencies of a viscous liquid in a circular cylindrical container are obtained for slipping and anchored contact line at the container wall r = a. In addition the response to translational forced excitation has been determined. The results may also be applied to viscous liquid in a micro-gravity environment, as long as the contact angle of the liquid surface to the cylindrical container wall is in the vicinity of π/2, indicating, that the free liquid surface equilibrium position remains a plane surface. It could be found that there exists in contrast to frictionless liquid a small filling range, in which the liquid performs only an aperiodic motion. The adherence condition at the side wall was replaced by the somewhat weaker condition of an anchored contact line.