Unsteady Flow Variability Driven by Rotor-stator Interaction at Rotor Exit

Numerical investigation of the unsteady flow variability driven by rotorstator interaction in a transonic axial compressor is performed. Two models with close and far axial gap between rotor and stator rows are studied in the simulation. Particular attention is attached to the analysis of mechanisms involved in driving rotor wake oscillation, rotor wake skewing and flow angle fluctuation at rotor exit. The results show that smaller axial gap is favorable to enhance the interaction in the region between two adjacent rows, and the fluctuation of the static pressure difference between two sides of rotor wake is improved by potential field from down stator, which is the driving force for rotor wake oscillation. The interaction between rotor and stator is weakened by increasing axial distance, rotor wake shifts to suction side of rotor blade with 5%-10% of rotor pitch, the absolute value of flow angle at rotor exit is less than that in the case of close interspace for every time step, and the fluctuation amplitude is also decreased.     

Applications of numerical optimization techniques to design of axial compressor blades

This paper describes the shape optimization of NASA rotor 37 and rotor and stator blades in a single-stage transonic axial compressor.Shape optimization of the blades operating at the design flow condition has been performed using the response surface method and three-dimensional Navier-Stokes analysis.Thin-layer approximation is introduced to the Navier-Stokes equations,and an explicit Runge-Kutta scheme is used to solve the governing equations.The three design variables,blade sweep,lean and skew,are introduced to optimize the three-dimensional stacking line of the blades.The objective function of the shape optimization is an adiabatic efficiency.Throughout the optimization of rotor and stator blades, optimal blade shape can be obtained.It is noted the increase of adiabatic efficiency by optimization of the blade shape with the stacking line in the single-stage transonic axial compressor is more effective in a rotor blade rather than a stator blade because of the large deformation of blade shape in the stator blade.      

跨声速弯掠动叶压气机非定常流场的数值研究(英文)

The unsteady 3D flow fields in a single-stage transonic compressor under designed conditions are simulated numerically to investigate the effects of the curved rotors on the stage performance and the aerodynamic interaction between the blade rows. The results show that, compared to the compressor with unurved rotors, the compressor under scrutiny acquires remarkable increases in efficiency with significantly reduced amplitudes of the time-dependent fluctuation. The amplitude of the pressure fluctuation around the stator leading edge decreases at both endwalls, but increases at the mid-span in the curved rotors. The pressure fluctuation near the stator leading edge, therefore, becomes more uniform in the radial direction of this compressor. Except for the leading edge area, the pressure fluctuatinn amplitude declines remarkably in the tip region of stator surface downstream of the curved rotor, but hardly changes in the middle and at the hub.     

Numerical Investigation of Inlet Distortion on an Axial Flow Compressor Rotor with Circumferential Groove Casing Treatment

On the base of an assumed steady inlet circumferential total pressure distortion, three-dimensional time-dependent numerical simulations are conducted on an axial flow subsonic compressor rotor. The performances and flow fields of a compressor rotor, either casing treated or untreated, are investigated in detail either with or without inlet pressure distortion. Results show that the circumferential groove casing treatment can expand the operating range of the compressor rotor either with or without inlet pressure distortion at the expense of a drop in peak isentropic efficiency. The casing treatment is capable of weakening or even removing the tip leakage vortex effectively either with or without inlet distortion. In clean inlet circumstances, the enhancement and forward movement of tip leakage vortex cause the untreated compressor rotor to stall. By contrast, with circumferential groove casing, the serious flow separation on the suction surface leads to aerodynamic stalling eventually. In the presence of inlet pressure distortion, the blade loading changes from passage to passage as the distorted inflow sector is traversed. Similar to the clean inlet circumstances, with a smooth wall casing, the enhancement and forward movement of tip leakage vortex are still the main factors which lead to the compressor rotor stalling eventually. When the rotor works trader near stall conditions, the blockage resulting from the tip leakage vortex in all the passages is very serious. Especially in several passages, flow-spillage is observed. Compared to the clean inlet circumstances, circumferential groove casing treatment can also eliminate the low energy zone in the outer end wall region effectively.     

Alleviation of spike stall in axial compressors utilizing grooved casing treatment

This article deals with application of grooved type casing treatment for suppression of spike stall in an isolated axial compressor rotor blade row. The continuous grooved casing treatment covering the whole compressor circumference is of 1.8 mm in depth and located between90% and 108% chord of the blade tip as measured from leading edge. The method of investigation is based on time-accurate three-dimensional full annulus numerical simulations for cases with and without casing treatment. Discretization of the Navier–Stokes equations has been carried out based on an upwind second-order scheme and k-w-SST(Shear Stress Transport) turbulence modeling has been used for estimation of eddy viscosity. Time-dependent flow structure results for the smooth casing reveal that there are two criteria for spike stall inception known as leading edge spillage and trailing edge backflow, which occur at specific mass flow rates in near-stall conditions. In this case, two dominant stall cells of different sizes could be observed. The larger one is caused by the spike stall covering roughly two blade passages in the circumferential direction and about 25% span in the radial direction. Spike stall disturbances are accompanied by lower frequencies and higher amplitudes of the pressure signals. Casing treatment causes flow blockages to reduce due to alleviation of backflow regions, which in turn reduces the total pressure loss and increases the axial velocity in the blade tip gap region, as well as tip leakage flow fluctuation at higher frequencies and lower amplitudes. Eventually, it can be concluded that the casing treatment of the stepped tip gap type could increase the stall margin of the compressor. This fact is basically due to retarding the movement of the interface region between incoming and tip leakage flows towards the rotor leading edge plane and suppressing the reversed flow around the blade trailing edge.     

Numerical study of a 3.5-stage axial compressor at on-and off-design conditions

Numerical investigation is conducted on a 3.5-stage axial compressor,on which numerous experimental projects were carried out at the Institute during the last years and an experimental database was established.In the current study five on-and off-design operating points are simulated using a RANS solver and the results are compared with the measurement.The result shows that the compressor performance can be qualitatively predicted by the mixing-plane method.Better agreement is obtained for the on-design operating point.However,as the flow unsteadiness is insufficiently considered,the numerical method produces end-wall low-speed flow layers accumulated with the flow passing through the passage,which is in no good agreement with the experimental data.In the numerical simulation the rotor rows receive less work and this difference from the measurement increases with the rotational speed.In contrast,the stator rows increase the pressure more efficiently than the measurement.In the simulation the flow in the last stator row tends more to separate on the pressure side of the blade.For the operating points close to the surge line,the predicted separation is more intense than the experimental observation.But for the operating points close to the choke,the separation is suppressed.      

Effect of blade sweep on inlet flow in axial compressor cascades

This paper presents comparative numerical studies to investigate the effects of blade sweep on inlet flow in axial compressor cascades. A series of swept and straight cascades was modeled in order to obtain a general understanding of the inlet flow field that is induced by sweep.A computational fluid dynamics(CFD) package was used to simulate the cascades and obtain the required three-dimensional(3D) flow parameters. A circumferentially averaged method was introduced which provided the circumferential fluctuation(CF) terms in the momentum equation.A program for data reduction was conducted to obtain a circumferentially averaged flow field.The influences of the inlet flow fields of the cascades were studied and spanwise distributions of each term in the momentum equation were analyzed. The results indicate that blade sweep does affect inlet radial equilibrium. The characteristic of radial fluid transfer is changed and thus influencing the axial velocity distributions. The inlet flow field varies mainly due to the combined effect of the radial pressure gradient and the CF component. The axial velocity varies consistently with the incidence variation induced by the sweep, as observed in the previous literature. In addition, factors that might influence the radial equilibrium such as blade camber angles, solidity and the effect of the distance from the leading edge are also taken into consideration and comparatively analyzed.     

Application of Tandem Cascade to Design of Fan Stator with Supersonic Inflow

This article proposes a tandem cascade constructed to tackle the thorny problem of designing the high-loaded stator with a supersonic inflow and a large turning angle.The front cascade adopts a supersonic profile to reduce the shock wave intensity turning the flow into subsonic,while the rear cascade adopts a subsonic profile with a large camber offering the flow a large turning angle.It is disclosed that the losses would be minimized if the leading edge of the rear cascade lies close to the pressure side of the front cascade at a distance of 20% pitch in pitch-wise direction without either axial spacing or overlapping in axial direction.The 2D numerical test results show that,with the inflow Mach number of 1.25 and the turning angle of 52°,the total pressure loss coefficient of the tandem cascade reaches 0.106,and the diffusion factor 0.745.Finally,this article has designed and simulated a high-loaded fan stage with the proposed tandem stator,which has the pressure ratio of 3.15 and the efficiency of 86.32% at the rotor tip speed of 495.32m/s.     

Flow characteristics in a rotor-stator cavity with cooling air inlet at low radius

Experiments were conducted on a typical rotor-stator system where air entered through an annular slot at low radius and flowed out of the cavity axially through a rim seal between the rotor and the stator. For the seal in this rotor-stator system, the stationary shroud overlapped the rotating one. Pressure distributions at the stator surface and flow resistance coefficients of the rotor-stator cavity with a maximum gap of 67mm were measured under different dimensionless mass flow rates from 1.32×104 to 4.87×104 with a large range of rotational Reynolds numbers from 0.418×106 to 2.484×106. The results show that pressure on the stator surface decreases with the increase of rotational Reynolds number when the dimensionless mass flow rate is below 1.3×104; when the dimensionless mass flow rate is above 3.034×104, the trend reverses. This is the so-called "pressure inversion effect". However, dimensionless pressure does not show the same changes when rotational dynamic pressure is chosen as the denominator. The resistance coefficient of the rotor-stator cavity is determined by the dimensionless mass flow rate and rotational Reynolds number; for practical application, the resistance coefficient can also be estimated by the turbulent flow parameter in the range of turbulent parameter from 0.1 to 1.6.      

Influence of coupled boundary layer suction and bowed blade on flow field and performance of a diffusion cascade

Based on the investigation of mid-span local boundary layer suction and positive bowed cascade, a coupled local tailored boundary layer suction and positive bowed blade method is developed to improve the performance of a highly loaded diffusion cascade with less suction slot. The effectiveness of the coupled method under different inlet boundary layers is also investigated.Results show that mid-span local boundary layer suction can effectively remove trailing edge separation, but deteriorate the flow fields near the endwall. The positive bowed cascade is beneficial for reducing open corner separation, but is detrimental to mid-span flow fields. The coupled method can further improve the performance and flow field of the cascade. The mid-span trailing edge separation and open corner separation are eliminated. Compared with linear cascade with suction, the coupled method reduces overall loss of the cascade by 31.4% at most. The mid-span loss of the cascade decreases as the suction coefficient increases, but increases as bow angle increases. The endwall loss increases as the suction coefficient increases. By contrast, the endwall loss decreases significantly as the bow angle increases. The endwall loss of coupled controlled cascade is higher than that of bowed cascade with the same bow angle because of the spanwise inverse ‘‘C" shaped static pressure distribution. Under different inlet boundary layer conditions, the coupled method can also improve the cascade effectively.     

采用正弯静叶的压气机在不同轴向间隙下时序效应的实验

实验研究了一台采用正弯静叶的低速压气机在不同轴向间隙下的时序效应,详细测量了二级静叶出口的横截面流场.实验结果表明:随着轴向间隙的减小,时序效应未见明显变化,压气机扩压能力增强,输入扭矩随之增加,效率则呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,表明存在最佳周向间隙,同时喘振裕度有所下降.     

单级跨音压气机整圈三维动静叶干涉的数值模拟

本文使用商业软件FLUENT,对某单级跨音压气机的整圈三维非定常动静叶干涉流场进行了数值模拟,计算并比较了拉开动静叶轴向间隙和正常轴向间隙情况下的不同流动状况。非定常整圈三维计算的结果模拟了清晰的动静叶干涉图像,并显示了静叶三个连续通道出口流量的周期性变化和滞后现象,表明可以利用成熟的CFD商业软件研究叶轮机械内部的复杂物理现象。     

弯曲静子叶片对叶尖射流扩稳效果的影响

为了研究压气机弯曲静子叶片对叶尖射流扩稳效果的影响,在一台低速轴流压气机上,采用实验方法,对比分析了第1级静子叶片分别为弯曲叶片和直叶片时叶尖射流的扩稳效果以及压气机内部流场信息.结果表明:第1级静子叶片由直叶片改为弯曲叶片后,在压气机失速过程中,模态波主要集中在叶尖区域,而叶尖射流恰好是通过改善叶尖区域的流场来拓宽压气机的稳定工作范围的,所以第1级弯曲静子叶片使得叶尖射流的扩稳效果更加显著.      

轴向间距对压气机通道堵塞及总性能的影响

为了研究转静子叶片排之间的轴向间距对压气机内部流动堵塞及气动性能的影响,选取某单级轴流压气机为研究对象,采用多通道非定常数值计算方法对其5种不同轴向间距下的内部流场进行了全三维数值模拟。结果表明:在每一种轴向间距下,当压气机节流至某一工况之后,压气机通道内的流动堵塞区主要集中在转子叶顶间隙区域和动叶吸力面尾缘附近以及静叶吸力面轮毂角区内;在同一流量下,随着轴向间距的减小,转子叶根吸力面尾缘处的流动堵塞区有所扩大,但转子叶顶间隙区域及静叶吸力面轮毂角区内的流动堵塞区体积却不断减小,压气机通道内回流区的总体积也随之减小,其结果是压气机的静压升能力和流动稳定性增强且效率增大。通过进一步研究发现:在同一流量下,当轴向间距减小时,转子叶顶间隙区域内的主流轴向动量增大且泄漏流的轴向动量减小,其结果是转子叶顶间隙区域内流动堵塞区的体积减小。     

带根部间隙的直、弯压气机静叶流场的实验

为了获得正弯静叶在动态压气机中的性能特点,分别对采用带根部间隙的直静叶和正弯静叶的重复级低速轴流压气机在不同流量工况下的静叶出口流场进行了实验测量,结果表明,正弯静叶对气流的扩压能力在设计工况和近喘工况下强于直静叶,在最大流量工况下弱于后者。设计工况下,流道内存在的两个主要旋涡结构,分别为上通道涡和刮削涡,且刮削涡在正弯静叶流道内的尺度要远小于直静叶流道中;最大流量工况下直静叶流道中的刮削涡明显增大而正弯静叶中则基本保持不变;近喘工况下分离严重,旋涡随之消失。考查出口气流角可以发现,正弯静叶对气流的折转能力在整个流量工况下都弱于直静叶,但沿叶高的分布更为均匀。     

大折转角弯曲静叶在高负荷压气机改型设计中的应用

采用适合高亚声速气流进口的弯曲静叶对某型高负荷风扇级进行改型设计,使用单列大折转角弯曲静叶代替原型级中的串列静叶。采用叶片三维成型技术设计弯曲静叶,引入叶片局部修型措施控制改善栅内流动和动静叶间的匹配,通过数值模拟三维流场得到原型级和改型级的不同转速特性线上各工况点的气动性能。研究结果表明,三维成型设计的高负荷弯曲静叶能够优化压气机的结构,满足高负荷压气机不同转速工作点高性能的要求,同时具有优良的变工况性能,是研发高性能压气机部件可采取的措施之一。     

非定常条件下叶片弯曲对流场参数的影响

分别对具有弯、直导叶的一级涡轮叶栅流场进行了非定常的数值模拟。研究了叶片弯曲对多级叶栅流场非定常气动性能尤其是效率的影响 ;分析了叶片弯曲对尾迹扩散效应及对其三维形状的影响 ;以及尾迹形状与扩散过程的变化对动叶进口条件的改变 ;同时还研究了叶片弯曲对涡轮级内非定质量堆积的影响。通过对定常效率与非定常效率波动及其平均值的对比 ,分析了在考虑非定常条件下弯曲导叶对降低本列叶栅损失与动叶内损失的贡献     

45°周向压力畸变对轴流压气机影响的实验研究和机理分析

设计了一种45°周向压力畸变模拟发生器, 并在某高速轴流压气机实验台进行了实验研究.在中等转速下, 详细研究了45°周向压力畸变对该轴流压气机级的转子的性能影响, 以及整个轴流压气机级(转子进口、转子出口和静子出口)的压力周向分布.研究结果表明, 在中等转速下, 畸变区的范围在转子出口转移和扩大并不明显, 但是在静子出口扩大了近100%;在转子出口畸变强度明显增强, 而在静子出口强度衰减;与均匀进气的情况相比, 压气机转子压比提高了1.8%, 近失速点换算质量流量减小了2.5%.      

弯曲及局部修型对大折转角扩压叶栅性能的影响

通过数值模拟对具有51°叶型折转角的环形扩压叶栅进行了研究.将外流飞行器上控制附面层流动的基本思想和修型措施应用于弯叶片的局部修型, 结合近壁面附面层流动和总压损失对比分析了大折转角扩压叶栅采用直叶片、弯叶片和局部修型弯叶片的气动性能.结果表明:在大折转角、高亚声速气流进口条件下, 局部修型弯叶片能更有效的控制大逆压梯度下叶栅内附面层的发展, 提高叶栅气动性能.      

级间进出口几何角度对压气机气动性能和封严效果的影响

为了削弱级间泄漏流对压气机性能的不利影响,提出了一种基于Coanda型几何进出口的级间结构,并以一个亚声速单级轴流压气机为研究对象,数值模拟了5°,10°,20°三种不同级间进出口几何角度对压气机性能的影响。结果表明:改进后的级间进出口几何结构使得压气机流量和效率均略有提升。分析原因是级间出口泄漏流以较小角度与主流汇合,增大了静叶进口气流的轴向速度、径向速度,使得静子通道流动堵塞程度减轻,总压损失减小,扩压能力增强。同时,新结构还减小了级间泄漏流的流量系数,改善了级间封严效果。5°,10°,20°角度下的压气机效率最大分别提升了0.68%,0.63%,0.62%。