射线计算机成像技术在发动机变壁厚产品检测中的试验研究

针对液体火箭发动机离心轮、涡轮静子等厚度变化大的复杂激光选区熔化成形（SLM）钢构件在常规X射线胶片照相检测（RT）时,由于胶片的宽容度低造成的检测覆盖率低,存在漏检质量隐患的问题,采用射线计算机成像技术（CR）对该类变截面厚度差在5～20 mm内的钢构件进行检测。结果表明,CR检测图像宽容度是胶片照相检测的3倍,检测覆盖率高;以离心轮线状缺陷CR检测为例,且通过CT和理化检测验证证明,CR检测具有与胶片照相检测基本一致的缺陷检测灵敏度、可靠性。     

GE公司T700为加拿大Cormorant直升机提供动力

加拿大政府日前为其搜索和救援直升机队选择了15架以GE公司T700／T6A1涡轮发动机为动力的cormorant直升机，发动机定单价值预计超过600万加元。该批发动机将在GE公司设在加拿大的工厂中组装和测试。T700涡轮发动机家族和它的商用型CT7涡桨发动机为世界上24型军民用直升机、支线     

GE检测技术公司在上海成立中国应用中心

GE检测技术公司于2004年8月9日在上海成立中国应用中心,这是GE检测技术公司在全球成立的第8家应用中心,其服务将面向整个亚洲。 中国应用中心拥有完全数字化的X射线技术,胶片X射线技术,超声以及涡流等专业检测技术,并具有设计和生产超声波转换器的能力。GE检测技术可服务于不同领域的多个行业,包括航空、能源、化学／石化以及汽车行业,即能为不同行业客户送来的不同零件进行检测。检测的产品包括从检测航空发动机涡轮叶片     

复合材料的射线检测技术

简述了复合材料无损检测方面一些通用的射线检测方法，并通过对胶片射线照相技术、射线实时成像技术、计算机断层扫描成像技术、康普顿背散射成像技术等射线检测技术的系统介绍，展望了未来复合材料射线检测技术的发展趋势。     

科技成果

整体精铸钛合金中介机匣研制成功6月7日,我国第一件按照设计要求完成各项指标检测的某发动机整体精铸钛合金中介机匣运抵黎明航空发动机公司,9日,该铸件顺利通过入厂检验,并进行机加工。这是由北京航空材料研究院研制成功的满足发动机研制急需的整体精铸钛合金中介机匣,不仅填补了国内复杂、薄壁钛合金精密铸造的空白,而且大大缩小了与发达国家在钛合金大型、复杂、薄壁精密铸造技术上的差距。该机匣属大型铸件,表面积大,薄壁环节多,结构复杂,铸件难以成型,易变形,技术难度很大,而且经过专业化厂多年研究尚未能解决欠注、气孔、变形、加杂、…     

GE/罗·罗完成F136CTOL和STOVL型发动机试验

最近,G E/罗·罗战斗机发动机小组的F136项目在完成了常规起降(CTO L)和短距起飞/垂直着陆(STO V L)型发动机的所有性能、操纵性和空气动力学试验后,正向系统设计与验证(SD D)阶段迈进。目前,这两种发动机都比原计划提前交付,并按时完成了F-35项目办公室规定的所有试验要求。虽然这两种发动机的性能还不能完全令人满意,但这是完成第三阶段预先SD D合同的一个重要里程碑。预计,该小组将在8月获得F136发动机项目为期7年的第4阶段SD D合同。CTO L型发动机进行的试验包括性能评估、风扇失速风险降低和达到中间额定功率试验,同时还进…     

固体火箭发动机衬层与药柱脱粘高能X射线检测技术

衬层与药柱脱粘严重影响固体火箭发动机的结构完整性和工作安全性,该缺陷的可靠检测至关重要。文章综述了固体火箭发动机高能X射线检测技术现状。基于射线照相检测和工业CT检测手段,评述了固体火箭发动机衬层与药柱脱粘的图像分析和缺陷评判技术。针对该类缺陷,提出了综合应用射线照相技术和工业CT技术进行印证检测的方法,评判结果表明能够满足缺陷检测的可靠性与准确性要求。     

基于ProCAST的高Nb-TiAl合金叶轮熔模铸造

通过铸造模拟软件ProCAST实现高Nb-TiAl合金叶轮熔模铸造充型凝固过程的模拟仿真,研究浇注充型工艺对合金熔体充型、缩孔缩松等充型凝固特性的影响,优化相应工艺;进行浇注实验与铸件的无损检测分析,并进行铸件的解剖分析验证缩孔缩松分布;使用附注试棒研究叶轮在室温和高温下的力学性能。结果表明:ProCAST软件对高Nb-TiAl铸件缩孔缩松预测较为准确,通过模拟仿真预测结果优化了工艺方案从而避免了铸件中大尺寸缩孔缩松的形成,在最终的铸件中只存在尺寸小于22μm的显微缩孔;所有铸件均实现完整充型,铸件室温抗拉强度约580 MPa,850℃高温抗拉强度约450 MPa。     

CR技术在无损检测领域的有效应用

作为数字化射线照相检测技术的一种,计算机射线照相(Computed Radiography,CR)技术能革命性地解决目前无损检测领域广泛采用的射线照相所固有的处理时间长、重拍率高、胶片保存难、不利于环境保护等问题,显著提高了无损检测的及时性和有效性.及时了解CR技术及其发展现状,将这种新型的计算机射线照相技术有效地应用到无损检测领域,具有一定的现实意义.     

ZL205A合金及铸造工艺

ZL2 0 5A是一种高强度铸造铝合金。它采用了高纯度原材料,多组元合金化及合理的热处理工艺技术。该合金具有三种使用状态:T6状态,T5状态,T7状态。该合金的铸造工艺性能中等,适用于砂型铸造和熔模铸造,对于结构形状简单的零件也可用于金属型铸造;具有良好的焊接性能和切削加工性能。本成果采用传统铸造方法,可以使铸件的各个指定部位,乃至整个铸件达到高强度和高致密性,而且铸件质量一致性好,保证铸件的使用可靠性。铸件指定部位切取试样的强度最低值比普通铸件高15 %～2 0 % ,达到锻件同样的质量水平。ZL2 0 5A合金是国内自行研制的高强…     

The Hydrogen Exospheric Density Profile Measured with ASPERA-3/NPD

We have evaluated the Lyman-α limb emission from the exospheric hydrogen of Mars measured by the neutral particle detector of the ASPERA-3 instrument on Mars Express in 2004 at low solar activity (solar activity index = 42, F_10.7=100). We derive estimates for the hydrogen exobase density, n _H = 10¹⁰ m^?3, and for the apparent temperature, T > 600 K. We conclude that the limb emission measurement is dominated by a hydrogen component that is considerably hotter than the bulk temperature at the exobase. The derived values for the exosphere density and temperature are compared with similar measurements done by the Mariner space probes in the 1969. The values found with Mars Express and Mariner data are brought in a broader context of exosphere models including the possibility of having two hydrogen components in the Martian exosphere. The present observation of the Martian hydrogen exosphere is the first one at high altitudes during low solar activity, and shows that for low solar activity exospheric densities are not higher than for high solar activity.     

High temporal resolution observations of electron heating at the bow shock

High temporal resolution measurements of solar wind electrons at the Earth's bow shock on the dawn side have been made with the LASL/MPI fast plasma experiments on ISEE-1 and 2. One dimensional, 1-d, temperatures, T _e , and densities, N _e , are obtained every 0.3 s and 2-d values are obtained every 3 s. Profiles of T _e and N _e at the shock usually are found to be similar to one another and also to the profile of the magnetic field magnitude. The time scale of electron thermalization varies from about 0.5 s to greater than 1 min, depending importantly on the shock motion and the orientation of the magnetic field. Typical thermalization times from 05:00–12:00 LT are 10 s, considerably shorter than proton thermalization times at the shock. This time scale corresponds to a distance of 100 km, comparable to but somewhat larger than the typical ion inertial length. The electron thermalization times are significantly longer than some of the values frequently cited in the past. At the end of the electron thermalization there typically is an overshoot in electron thermal pressure followed by an undershoot which give the pressure profile of the shock the appearance of a damped wave. Ion thermalization is essentially completed by the time the electron pressure wave is damped. The most probable value of the electron temperature ratio across the shock is 1.7, and this value is relatively independent of the Sun-Earth-satellite angle, _ss , for _ss between 25° and 100°.The Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory requests that the publisher identify this article as work performed under the auspices of the Department of Energy.By acceptance of this article, the publisher recognizes that the U.S. Government retains a non-exclusive, royalty-free license to publish or reproduce the published form of this contribution, or to allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes.     

Electron density and temperature,as measured by the mutual impedance experiment on board GEOS-1

The mutual impedance experiment on GEOS-1 provides an original diagnostic of the thermal electron population. The electron density N _e, and temperature T _e, are derived from the plasma frequency and Debye length, the values of which determine the shape of the frequency dependent mutual impedance curves. The existing limits of the method are pointed out. They may be instrumental or arise from a lack of theoretical development, for instance when the steady magnetic field or the drift velocity of the plasma cannot be neglected. Nevertheless, first geophysical results have been derived, using measurements obtained on the dayside of the equatorial magnetosphere where most of the data enter within the above limits. In particular, we have drawn a map of the dayside magnetosphere, in terms of densities, Debye lengths, temperatures, at geocentric distances of 4 to 7 Earth radii. The conventional shape of the plasmasphere is recognized, but the temperatures obtained are lower than expected (2 eV at apogee, outside the plasmasphere). The influence of the magnetic activity on apogee measurements is reported: N _e values and A _m indices are shown to be correlated, but it is not the case for T _e and A _m. Finally, detailed T _e and N _e profiles are shown, and the presence of a plasmapause boundary is discussed.     

TTT Diagram Used to Control Phase Structure of 2/4 Functional Epoxy Blends for Advanced Composites

This article uses a 2/4 functional epoxy blend system (E-54/AG-80) cured with diaminodiphenyl sulphone(DDS) as a raw material and develops a methodological procedure to establish a cure kinetic model with isothermal and dynamic differential scanning calorimeter(DSC) method and a gelation model with round-disk compression mode dynamic mechanical analyzer(DMA), thus acquiring a series of experimental data. Characteristic temperatures such as initial glass transition temperature T_g0, gelation glass transition temperature _gelT_g, and infinite glass transition temperature T_g∞ are determined. The cure degree at gelation is turned out to be 0.45, while _gelT_g is found to be 70.2 °C. The data are then used to form time-temperature-transition(TTT) diagram of the system, which serves to be a tool for process optimization of epoxy-matrix composites. A new cure processing is therefore derived from the TTT diagram. The final phase structure obtained from a controllable method is identified through scanning electron microscope(SEM) photographs to be of ‘ex-situ’ phase morphology.     

气膜内冷通道高度对气膜孔流量系数的影响

以一种基于旋流增益的强化换热技术为研究对象,对狭小受限的气膜孔内冷通道中气膜孔的流量系数开展了试验研究.试验中通过改变气膜孔雷诺数Re(4800～26000)、吹风比M(0.36～2.74)、无量纲冷却通道高度h/d(0.33～2.0)等参数,研究了狭小空间的几何结构、流动参数等对单排气膜孔平均流量系数Cd的影响,并得...     

Competing effects of surface catalysis and ablation in hypersonic reentry aerothermodynamic environment

Under hypersonic flow conditions, the complicated gas-graphene interactions including surface catalysis and surface ablation would occur concurrently and intervene together with the thermodynamic response induced by spacecraft reentry. In this work, the competing effects of surface heterogeneous catalytic recombination and ablation characteristics at elevated temperatures are investigated using the Reactive Molecular Dynamics (RMD) simulation method. A Gas-Surface Interaction (GSI) model is established to simulate the collisions of hyper-enthalpy atomic oxygen on graphene films in the temperature range of 500–2500 K. A critical temperature T_c around 900 K is identified to distinguish the graphene responses into two parts: at T < T_c, the heterogeneous surface catalysis dominates, while the surface ablation plays a leading role at T > T_c. Contradicting to the traditional Arrhenius expression that the recombination coefficient increases with the increase of surface temperature, the value is found to be relatively uniform at T < T_c but declines sharply as the surface temperature increases further due to the competing ablation effect. The occurrence of surface ablation decreases the amounts of active sites on the graphene surface for oxygen adsorption, leading to reduced recombination coefficient from both Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) and Eley-Rideal (E-R) mechanisms. It suggests that the traditional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation method, which relies on the Arrhenius-type catalysis model, would result in large discrepancies in predicting aerodynamic heat for carbon-based materials during reentry into strong aerodynamic thermal environment.     

Quantification of parametric uncertainty in γ-Reθ model for typical flat plate and airfoil transitional flows

Owing to the lack of physical knowledge of boundary layer transition, the γ-Re_θ transition model introduces closure parameters, which increase the uncertainty of transition prediction. The objective of this work is to quantify the uncertainties of closure parameters in the quantities of interests and identify the key parameters. The six closure parameters in the uncertainty intervals are used as input variables, and the uncertainties of the output results are propagated by a stochastic expansion based on the point-collocation nonintrusive polynomial chaos method. The relative contribution of each parameter to uncertainty is evaluated by the Sobol index. The computational cases include natural and bypass transitional flows on zero-pressure-gradient flat plates, and subsonic and transonic flows around airfoils. For most cases, c_e2, c_a2, and c_a1 dominate the uncertainty, and the influence of σ_θt is also significant when the history effects of flow are evident. The contribution of parameters in airfoils is more complex than that in flat plates. The transonic airfoil case shows that flow separation dramatically changes the distribution of Sobol indices, which poses a challenge to the accurate prediction of transition. Generally, c_e2 and c_a2 are the key parameters of the γ-Re_θ model.     

Ion Acoustic Waves in the Heliosphere

Observations of ion acoustic waves in the solar wind during the first and second orbit of the Ulysses spacecraft are presented. The observations show variations of the wave activity with the heliolatitude and with the phase of the solar cycle. The interrelationships between the wave intensity and the electron heat flux and the ratio of electron to proton temperature, T _e/T _p, are examined. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Optical and UV Diagnostics of Supernova Remnant Shocks

The relatively faint optical and UV emission from non-radiative shock waves provides diagnostics for processes related to cosmic ray acceleration in collisionless shocks. Emission line profiles and intensities can be used to determine the efficiencies of electron-ion and ion-ion thermal equilibration, which influence the population of fast particles injected into the acceleration process. It is found that T _e/T _p declines with shock speed and that T _i is roughly proportional to mass in fast shocks. Important information about cosmic ray precursors may be available, but the interpretation is still somewhat ambiguous. The compression ratios in shocks which efficiently accelerate cosmic rays are predicted to be substantially larger than the factor of 4 expected for a strong shock in a = 5/3 perfect gas, and some limits may be available from observations.     

The Cool Interstellar Medium

Infrared spectroscopy and photometry with ISO covering most of the emission range of the interstellar medium has led to important progress in the understanding of the physics and chemistry of the gas, the nature and evolution of the dust grains and also the coupling between the gas and the grains. We review here the ISO results on the cool and low-excitation regions of the interstellar medium, where T _gas≲ 500 K, n _H∼ 100–10⁵ cm⁻³ and the electron density is a few 10⁻⁴. JEL codes: D24, L60, 047 Based on observations with ISO, an ESA project with instruments funded by ESA Member States (especially the PI countries: France, Germany, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom), and with the participation of ISAS and NASA.