Robust Kalman filter design for predictive wind shear detection

Severe low-altitude wind shear is a threat to aviation safety. Newly developed airborne sensors measure the radial component of wind along a line directly in front of an aircraft. The authors use optimal estimation theory to define a detection algorithm to warn of hazardous wind shear from these sensors. To achieve robustness, a wind shear detection algorithm must distinguish threatening wind shear from less hazardous gustiness, despite variations in wind shear structure. Statistical analysis methods to refine wind shear detection algorithm robustness are presented. Computational methods predict the ability to warn of severe wind shear and avoid false warning. Comparative capability of the detection algorithm as a function of its design parameters is determined, identifying designs that provide robust detection of severe wind shear     

大飞机风切变探测告警系统

介绍了国内外在机载风切变告警系统方面的研究进展,通过对比国内外的研究情况,发现由于国内的需求不足,使得在具体产品的研究进展上与国外存在较大差距。由于中国大飞机研究项目的全面展开．也必然为包括机载风切变告警系统在内的、与大飞机有关的各种机载产品的发展提供了很好的机会。指出为了尽快弥补国内研究的差距,需在风切变建模、风切变探测及风切变告警系统的试飞验证方面做出进一步努力。     

民用飞机高原风场进近驾驶行为变化对失控趋势的影响

高原机场运行安全性是颇具中国特色的飞行安全研究领域。在高原机场终端区,飞机的飞行性能下降,如果遭遇大风等不利天气条件,不安全事件的发生概率增加,其中飞行失控(LoC)是重要的潜在威胁类型。为了分析风场飞行的失控机理并研究高原环境中驾驶员生理变化对LoC趋势的影响,对高原机场终端区驾驶员的操纵行为进行参数化表征,模拟了高原环境对于驾驶行为的可能影响,并结合高原特征风场模型,通过数值仿真分析穿越风场飞行时失控风险的变化趋势。仿真结果表明:危险的山谷风和突风是导致LoC的重要诱因,高原环境中驾驶员生理心理的恶化也会增加LoC的危险,不合适的增益、过大的延迟和滞后都会导致飞机的失控。如果能够对驾驶员进行有针对性的训练,降低应对风扰动出现时的操纵增益波动,并保持适当紧张状态以尽量降低操纵延迟,将有利于应对风扰动,并保持完成飞行任务的能力。     

复杂地形低空三维风场数值仿真方法

设计了飞机超低空飞行的复杂山地地形,基于球绕流理论,建立了低空复杂地形及其上空三维过山气流的工程化模拟方法,并进行了算例仿真和分析.该方法可以提供低空三维风场模型,并能满足分析飞机低空飞行动力学特性的需要.     

Solar Wind Electron Proton Alpha Monitor (SWEPAM) for the Advanced Composition Explorer

The Solar Wind Electron Proton Alpha Monitor (SWEPAM) experiment provides the bulk solar wind observations for the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE). These observations provide the context for elemental and isotopic composition measurements made on ACE as well as allowing the direct examination of numerous solar wind phenomena such as coronal mass ejections, interplanetary shocks, and solar wind fine structure, with advanced, 3-D plasma instrumentation. They also provide an ideal data set for both heliospheric and magnetospheric multi-spacecraft studies where they can be used in conjunction with other, simultaneous observations from spacecraft such as Ulysses. The SWEPAM observations are made simultaneously with independent electron and ion instruments. In order to save costs for the ACE project, we recycled the flight spares from the joint NASA/ESA Ulysses mission. Both instruments have undergone selective refurbishment as well as modernization and modifications required to meet the ACE mission and spacecraft accommodation requirements. Both incorporate electrostatic analyzers whose fan-shaped fields of view sweep out all pertinent look directions as the spacecraft spins. Enhancements in the SWEPAM instruments from their original forms as Ulysses spare instruments include (1) a factor of 16 increase in the accumulation interval (and hence sensitivity) for high energy, halo electrons; (2) halving of the effective ion-detecting CEM spacing from ∼5° on Ulysses to ∼2.5° for ACE; and (3) the inclusion of a 20° conical swath of enhanced sensitivity coverage in order to measure suprathermal ions outside of the solar wind beam. New control electronics and programming provide for 64-s resolution of the full electron and ion distribution functions and cull out a subset of these observations for continuous real-time telemetry for space weather purposes. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Spectrum Width Estimtes for Weather Echoes

Doppler spectrum width relates to wind shear and turbulence and thus is an important parameter which characterizes severe weather phenomena. The need to scan large volumes of space quickly and to obtain real-time estimates introduces stringent requirements on the signal processing. The Fourier transform and the autocovariance methods are candidate techniques. In particular, the autocovariance estimator is attractive due to low storgage and ease of computation. Statistics of an improved and asymptotically ubiased (for Gaussian spectra) autocovariance estimator of width are presented. Spurious effects on the complex video signal such as dc offsets and imbalances are assessed. Performance of the improved estimator on weather data is shown.     

INS/GPS operational concept demonstration (OCD) High Gear program

On February 10, 1993 an Air Force F-16 dropped an INS/GPS modified GBU-15 from an altitude of 35,000 feet and a downrange distance of 88,000 feet in adverse weather. The guided weapon impacted within 6 meters of the target, demonstrating the potential of INS/GPS technology to significantly improve air-to-surface munitions strategies and tactics. This landmark flight was successfully followed by five additional drops with varying attitudes, downrange distances and weather conditions. OCD was designated an Air Force High Gear program, allowing streamlined acquisition and reporting procedures, in response to Operation Desert Storm experience highlighting the need for attacking high-value targets from high altitude in adverse weather. OCD met it's objective to build and demonstrate an INS/GPS weapon in an operationally representative environment. Results of the demonstration show there is low technical risk associated with development of INS/GPS munitions considered for the Joint Direct Attack Munitions (JDAM) program     

基于遥测数据的无人机气动参数辨识方法研究

针对无人机在高空低速飞行时易受风场影响及在数据分析时遥测数据不完备的问题,进行了气动参数辨识方法研究,提出了基于空速管平面矢量三角形的风场估计方法及基于风场信息修正的气动角估计方法。以某型无人机为例,对遥测数据进行了充分分析与信息综合,运用逐步回归方法进行了纵向气动参数辨识,并进行了实验验证。结果表明,模型计算结果与实测数据吻合较好,说明所提方法有效。考虑到辨识模型的数学本质,该方法对其他固定翼无人机同样适用。     

烟气流对飞机进场着陆影响的数值仿真研究

飞机穿越高烟囱排放的高速热气流,尤其是在起飞和进场着陆阶段,烟气流场将影响飞机的航迹保持,造成颠簸,或影响乘座舒适性。用数值仿真方法论证飞机在正常飞行和非正常飞行、开环操纵和闭环操纵、有风和静风情况下,穿越烟气流场的运动特性。实践证明论证结论与飞行结果一致     

小高空台高空模拟试验调试

根据航空涡桨和涡轴发动机通用规范的要求，涡轴发动机在研制过程中必须进行高空模拟试验。为此，中国燃气涡轮研究院自行设计和建成了国内首座涡轴发动机高空模拟试车台（简称小高空台）。在小高空台设备性能调试结束之后，又成功地完成了涡轴发动机高空模拟调试。涡轴发动机高空模拟试验调试不仅是对涡轴发动机高空模拟试验方法的探索，而且也是水力测功器在低温负压下的验收调试。小高空台的建成将为我国自行研制涡轴发动机提供一个必需的高空模拟试验平台。     

基于云微物理参数的飞机积冰多因子预测方法

基于气象探测信息,准确进行飞机积冰预测并及时开启防/除冰系统是保障飞机飞行安全的重要方法。提出了一种多因子积冰预测方法,当已知飞机所在飞行云层类型、飞行高度、速度、气温、气压和露点温度时,使用提出的方法可计算得到飞行高度上的相对湿度、比湿、0℃高度上的气压、液态含水量等气象参数,用所建立的多因子积冰强度判别式可对飞机积冰的可能性及积冰强度进行预测。将方法应用于飞机积冰案例中,与美国国家大气科学中心提出的RAOB积冰预报方法进行了对比。分析结果表明,提出的方法准确有效,可为飞机积冰预测提供技术支持。     

Safe Flight 21: ground broadcast service system

The FAA-initiated Safe Flight 21 program is a cooperative government/industry effort to evaluate enhanced aerodome and aircraft capabilities based on evolving communications, navigation and surveillance (CNS) technologies. Safe Flight 21 will demonstrate the in-cockpit display of traffic, weather, terrain, and obstacle information for pilots and will provide improved information to controllers. The Ground Broadcast Service (GBS) System will act as the main communication service between the Safe Flight 21 sensors and both the avionic and ground vehicle users. The data, collected and processed by multiple sensors, is routed to the GBS System for formatting, broadcast timing coordination, filtering, and transmission to the end-users. This paper provides an overview of the GBS System as part of the FAA Safe Flight 21 program. It also presents the GBS System's complete functional requirements as well as user interface formats and protocols necessary for compliance with the Safe Flight 21 Program architecture.     

超声速飞行器鼻锥空间气动热特性数值研究

采用STAR-CCM+软件,用经过验证的湍流模型和方法,模拟空间(0~46km)环境中鼻锥模型在超声速飞行状态下的气动热特性,讨论了地面高焓风洞与空间飞行环境的区别.主要区别表现在如下3个方面:1要达到一定的滞止点温度,地面高焓风洞热环境依赖于超声速气动热与电弧加热的耦合作用;2在相同滞止温度的工况下,地面高焓风洞实验使得整个鼻锥实验件壁面都暴露在高温气流下,而空间飞行气动热主要集中在滞止点附近;3在相同滞止温度的工况下,空间飞行器的滞止区压力远远低于地面风洞实验压力.数值模拟揭示:相同来流马赫数下,随海拔高度增加,真实空间飞行条件下鼻锥滞止压力持续降低,而滞止温度则先下降然后升高;在同一空间高度下,随着来流马赫数增大,滞止温度和压力均呈抛物性增长,同时激波位置逐渐靠近前缘壁面,滞止区激波层变薄,但当来流马赫数高于4之后这种趋势将不再明显.     

减少飞机对风切变敏感性的研究

本文用时域内改变加权阵Q方法,优化设计有风切变时飞机的下滑控制系统。在设计过程中将风切变强度v′_f作为系统中的一个变量,使设计出的系统对风切变强度的灵敏度减少,即系统具有鲁棒稳定性。为了比较,文中还用二次型性能指标优化设计同一个系统。另外对性能指标中加权阵Q和鲁棒矢量加权阵Q_5元素的选取作了探索。     

Influence of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field on the Solar Wind Flow about Planetary Obstacles

The main effects caused by the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) are analyzed in cases of supersonic solar wind flow around magnetized planets (like Earth) and nonmagnetized (like Venus) planets. The IMF has a relatively weak strength in the solar wind but it is enhanced considerably in the so-called plasma depletion layer or magnetic barrier in the vicinity of the streamlined obstacle (magnetopause of a magnetized planet, or ionopause of a nonmagnetized planet). For magnetized planets, the magnetic barrier is a source of free magnetic energy for magnetic reconnection in cases of large magnetic shear at the magnetopause. For nonmagnetized planets, mass loading of the ionospheric particles is very important. The new created ions are accelerated by the electric field related to the IMF, and thus they gain energy from the solar wind plasma. These ions form the boundary layer within the magnetic barrier. This mass loading process affects considerably the profiles of the magnetic field and plasma parameters in the flow region.     

The Genesis Discovery Mission: Return of Solar Matter to Earth

The Genesis Discovery mission will return samples of solar matter for analysis of isotopic and elemental compositions in terrestrial laboratories. This is accomplished by exposing ultra-pure materials to the solar wind at the L1 Lagrangian point and returning the materials to Earth. Solar wind collection will continue until April 2004 with Earth return in Sept. 2004. The general science objectives of Genesis are to (1) to obtain solar isotopic abundances to the level of precision required for the interpretation of planetary science data, (2) to significantly improve knowledge of solar elemental abundances, (3) to measure the composition of the different solar wind regimes, and (4) to provide a reservoir of solar matter to serve the needs of planetary science in the 21st century. The Genesis flight system is a sun-pointed spinner, consisting of a spacecraft deck and a sample return capsule (SRC). The SRC houses a canister which contains the collector materials. The lid of the SRC and a cover to the canister were opened to begin solar wind collection on November 30, 2001. To obtain samples of O and N ions of higher fluence relative to background levels in the target materials, an electrostatic mirror (‘concentrator’) is used which focuses the incoming ions over a diameter of about 20 cm onto a 6 cm diameter set of target materials. Solar wind electron and ion monitors (electrostatic analyzers) determine the solar wind regime present at the spacecraft and control the deployment of separate arrays of collector materials to provide the independent regime samples. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于风场环境利用的平流层浮空器区域驻留关键问题研究进展

基于风场环境利用的平流层浮空器继承高空气球结构简单、技术成熟、快速响应、使用效费比高等特点，通过引入控制设计，克服轨迹控制和高度控制等方面的局限，具备一定的飞行轨迹规划和区域驻留能力，是当前临近空间飞行器发展的重要方向。本文基于对典型项目的调研分析，梳理了基于风场环境利用的平流层浮空器在区域驻留应用中的关键技术，重点讨论了风场感知与建模、风场利用方法、轨迹规划与决策等核心问题的研究现状，对现有方案进行深入分析，从实际应用的角度探讨了相关技术难题的可行解决方案。     

TS P转捩探测技术在民机风洞试验中的应用研究

以ARJ-4模型为研究对象,在FL-3风洞中进行TSP转捩探测技术试验研究,并应用红外热成像转捩探测技术进行探测,获得对比验证结果,试验中还采用了基于柱状粗糙元的固定转捩试验方法.试验使用了自研TSP涂料,对模型进行了预加热,预加热模型的目的是增大模型表面层流区与湍流区之间的温度差异.模型表面粘贴了红外试验用标记点,也作为TSP技术图像对准控制点.试验状态为马赫数0.75和0.85,α由-4°变化到4°.试验结果清晰地显示了模型表面的层流区与湍流区及其随迎角的变化.     

A numerical optimization of high altitude testing facility for wind tunnel experiments

High altitude test facilities are required to test the high area ratio nozzles operating at the upper stages of rocket in the nozzle full flow conditions.It is typically achieved by creating the ambient pressure equal or less than the nozzle exit pressure.On average,air/GN2is used as active gas for ejector system that is stored in the high pressure cylinders.The wind tunnel facilities are used for conducting aerodynamic simulation experiments at/under various flow velocities and operating conditions.However,constructing both of these facilities require more laboratory space and expensive instruments.Because of this demerit,a novel scheme is implemented for conducting wind tunnel experiments by using the existing infrastructure available in the high altitude testing(HAT)facility.This article presents the details about the methods implemented for suitably modifying the sub-scale HAT facility to conduct wind tunnel experiments.Hence,the design of nozzle for required area ratio A/A*,realization of test section and the optimized configuration are focused in the present analysis.Specific insights into various rocket models including high thrust cryogenic engines and their holding mechanisms to conduct wind tunnel experiments in the HAT facility are analyzed.A detailed CFD analysis is done to propose this conversion without affecting the existing functional requirements of the HAT facility.     

Measurement and assessment of wind tunnel flow quality

For decades, wind tunnel testing has been conducted in test section environments that have not been adequately or consistently documented. Since wind tunnel flow quality can adversely affect test results, accurate and consistent flow quality measurements are required, along with an understanding of the sources, characteristics, and management of flow turbulence. This paper will review turbulence measurement techniques and data obtained in subsonic, transonic, and supersonic test facilities as they relate to the determination and assessment of wind tunnel flow quality. The principles and practical application of instrumentation used in the measurement and characterization of wind tunnel turbulence will be described. Techniques used for the identification of the sources of wind tunnel disturbances, and the performance of turbulence suppression devices will be outlined. These test techniques will be illustrated with extensive measurements obtained in a number of test facilities. The measurements will provide comprehensive turbulence data that are vital to the assessment and management of flow quality. Procedures designed to assess the potential influence of adverse flow quality on wind tunnel model test performance will also be discussed.