多喷嘴超声速引射器启动性能试验

建立了多喷嘴超声速引射器试车台,采用燃气作为一次流驱动工质对多种多喷嘴构型引射器的启动性能进行了试验研究。试验结果表明:相对于环型引射和中心引射,具有较高一次流马赫数的多喷嘴引射在增强混合的同时引入了额外的压力损失,其启动所需要的第二喉道面积更大、最小启动压力更高;引射喷嘴个数越多、管道马赫数越高、引射喷嘴出口马赫数越高,则所需启动压力越高;引射喷嘴出口马赫数越高,所获得的盲腔压力越低;二次流的"助推"作用可以在一定程度上改善引射器的启动性能。     

辅助动力舱冷却用排气引射器性能快速评估方法

在飞机辅助动力装置系统研制过程中，只能通过试验和计算流体力学（CFD）仿真方法对排气引射器的引射性能进行评估，且评估效率低、研制成本高，故无法获得任意工况下排气引射器的引射性能。本文提出用速度系数比β参数来描述排气引射器的引射性能，并建立了辅助动力舱冷却用排气引射器性能快速评估方法，通过CFD仿真分析对该方法的合理性和准确性进行了验证，验证结果表明，该方法可以快速、准确地评估各种地面工况下排气引射器的主流出口静压和总压、次流流量、次流出口总压等参数，且计算精度保持在2.382%以内，满足工程使用要求，大大提高了评估效率，具有较高工程应用价值。     

一种引射增强型二次喉道新方案的数值模拟

为提高大型超声速风洞的运行经济性，设计了一种通过引射低总压冷介质提高扩压性能的新型二次喉道扩压器，其结构特征是在扩压器收敛段前方增加侧壁凹槽，在凹槽前沿位置引入低总压常温空气作为冷介质，通过引射扩散作用在扩压器壁面形成气膜，调节二次喉道实际流通直径，较大程度上增强二次喉道的静压恢复能力，同时又降低二次喉道壁面热负荷，冷却壁面。数值验证结果表明，所设计新型二次喉道方案可通过调节引射气量自适应较宽范围的运行条件，有效隔离扩压器壁面直接接触高温燃气，同时提高了扩压能力，节省后段接力引射器的主动流流量近30%，对风洞运行经济性提升十分明显。     

环型超声速空气引射器零二次流流场数值研究

采用二维轴对称雷诺平均方程和标准κ-ε双方程湍流模型，数值研究了环型超声速引散器零二次流的流场结构及盲腔压强的变化，空间上采用二阶迎风格式进行耦合求解，时间上采用显示的Runge-Kutta方法进行迭代推进。结果表明，引射器几何参数不变的情况下，启动后的盲腔压强与引射气流总压之比为一常数；喷管马赫数不变情况下，喷管出口面积与混合室入口面积比越小，盲腔压强越低，扩压器性能越好，启动要求的总压越低，对超声速空气引射器的设计具有指导意义。     

波瓣喷管引射-混合器的数值研究与验证

对基于CFD数值预测波瓣喷管引射 混合器引射流量比的计算方法进行了探讨,在计算过程中,主流进口采用速度边界条件,二次流进口采用总压压力边界条件,混合流出口采用静压压力边界条件,两者均设置为环境大气压力,与相关实验数据的对比验证表明计算结果与实验结果仅相差10%左右;同时通过改变混合管结构参数,得到了混合管结构参数对引射 混合特性的影响规律,进一步揭示了波瓣喷管有利于强化引射 混合的内在机理。在波瓣喷管出口对应于波谷区域存在一个相对低的静压区,对于引射 混合器系统存在一个最优的性能设计点,计算结果符合物理过程本质。     

某发动机滑油散热系统改进

针对某型飞机发动机地面出现滑油超温的问题,提出了其滑油散热系统的改进方案.采用试验模拟的方法分别研究了引射系统的混合室横截面积、混合室长度、扩压段及引射器喷嘴形式对引射系统性能的影响.结果表明,采用以较小横截面积增加混合室长度、加装扩压段和采用超声速喷嘴的组合改进方案,可以极大地提高引射系统的引射能力,改进后的滑油散热系统经试验和装机验证能够满足发动机的滑油散热要求.      

基于引射器函数法的程序优化设计及验证

针对考虑多因素综合影响的引射器优化问题,基于引射器函数法,深入研究了静压协调函数的数学特性并分析了其数学曲线上的奇异点。在此基础上,通过程序设计和基准推进归纳法得到了多分支工作特性曲线,分析了不同分支下解的特性。另外结合工作特性曲线重点研究了混合室背压、主次流总压比和混合不均匀度对引射性能的影响,提出了静压特性曲面、临界曲线的设计概念。通过试验数据对比分析验证了引射器函数法的可靠性。结论表明:靠近临界曲线工况时引射器设计性能较好;混合不均匀度对引射性能影响重大,不均匀度为1.5时对比理想状态,引射系数最大误差达到32.73％;考虑壁面摩擦设计时需对摩擦因数公式模型进行修正。研究结果为引射器优化设计提供了重要指导。      

波瓣喷管引射-混合器的数值研究与验证

对基于Navier-Stokes方程理论预测波瓣喷管引射一混合器引射流量比的计算方法进行了探讨，在计算过程中．主流进口采用速度边界条件，二次流进口采用总压压力边界条件，混合流出口采用静压压力边界条件，两者均设置为环境大气压力，与相关实验数据的对比验证表明计算结果与实验结果仅相差10％左右；同时通过改变混合管结构参数．得到了该参数对引射一混合特性的影响规律，进一步揭示了波瓣喷管有利于强化引射一混合的内在机理，计算结果符合物理过程本质。研究表明，本文的计算方法可以有效地预测引射流量比和揭示混合流场特性。     

非轴对称前涵道引射器性能的数值研究

以轴对称前涵道引射器为基础,提出了一种非轴对称前涵道引射器方案。为了比较非轴对称和轴对称前涵道引射器在热混合效率,引射系数和总压恢复方面的不同,采用数值模拟的方法对不同掺混角度和进出口压比的模型进行了计算,并得到引射器的性能参数变化规律。结果表明,在开口面积不变的情况下,增大气流的掺混角度会使前涵道引射器的热混合效率降低,总压恢复系数减小,引射系数也有较大的减小;在亚临界时,随着进出口压比的增大,引射器的热混合效率和总压恢复系数逐渐变大,引射系数则会减小,并且相同条件下,非轴对称前涵道引射器与轴对称前涵道引射器相比,热混合效率提高,总压恢复系数和引射系数分别会减小大约2%和20%。     

引射器混合室优化技术初步研究

混合室优化设计对超声速引射器引射性能的提高具有非常重要的作用。介绍了常温空气介质情况下引射器混合室不同设计参数试验件的数值模拟和实验研究结果;针对单喷嘴和多喷嘴引射器混合室收缩段长度、平直段长度及平直段截面直径等参数对引射器性能的影响作了对比分析。初步研究表明：多喷嘴引射器引射性能优于单喷嘴引射器,但多喷嘴引射器启动性能低于单喷嘴引射器;在引射器能正常启动的前提下,平直段直径越小,引射器性能更优;收缩段长度主要影响主、被动气流的混合效果,平直段长度主要影响引射器的启动性能,因此对混合室收缩段和平直段长度尺寸的设计需要根据引射器型式（单喷嘴或多喷嘴）合理确定。     

超声速涡轮叶栅超声速气膜冷却数值研究

为了研究超声速涡轮叶栅通道内的超声速气膜冷却,采用数值计算的方法,对主流压比2.33~4、冷气入射角度15°~45°条件下的涡轮叶栅超声速气膜流动和传热进行了研究。计算结果表明:超声速气膜射流与主流作用后产生的斜激波与尾缘激波交汇,形成两道反射激波,其中一道反射激波作用在气膜孔下游的叶片表面又形成了反射;在不同的主流压力下,超声速气膜射流在叶片法向和展向上展现出不同的发展特征,对转涡对(CVP)在展向上相互挤压,扼制了高温主流卷入叶片壁面;主流压比增加到4,气膜射流区在法向拉长,在展向相对较弱,导致主流在对转涡对(CVP)的作用下被卷入气膜射流的底层,壁面冷却效率降低;气膜入射角从15°增大到45°,冷却效率整体上呈先上升后下降趋势,在入射角30°时冷却效率相对最大,这与射流的穿透能力、冷却气流再覆壁面特征有关。     

超声速喷气客机研制进行时

各国对超声速民用飞机的研制还在继续,态度最为积极的日本在技术上已取得突破,但为了降低风险正在寻求国际合作,美国和俄罗斯也有自己的计划.超声速公务机的开发走在超声速喷气客机研制的前面.     

永远的追求写在人类超声速飞行60周年

实现超声速飞行一直是人类追求的目标之一。具有超声速巡航能力的作战飞机已经装备部队,而超声速民用飞机的使用和研制却屡遭挫折,目前这种形势已经出现了变化。     

Supersonic expansion on non-equilibrium plasmas

In the supersonic expansion of an ionized gas, the dominant factor in describing the atomic processes is the recombination rate constant K_R. Several models describing the recombination process have been reviewed in some detail. It has been found that, depending on the adopted definition, different models will yield different values of K_R for the same electron temperature and number density. A comparison of experimentally and theoretically derived values for K_R has to be done with great care, as in the majority of the experiments K_R is determined from the measured rate of disappearance of free electrons. These measurements give the correct “decay coefficient”, but only in certain circumstances will it reduce to the correct recombination rate. In the light of the important role that K_R plays in any numerical solution of nonequilibrium expansion flow of plasmas, details of experiments on a 15-degree corner expansion flow of ionized argon are given. In these experiments the plasma flow which was generated by driving strong normal shock waves into quiescent argon was studied mainly by optical diagnostics. Using a dual-frequency laser interferometer, the plasma properties around a corner expansion were recorded. The analysis of the interferograms has yielded values for the recombination rate constant as a function of the plasma macroscopic properties. The range of shock Mach number, electron number density, temperature and initial channel pressure and temperature were as follows:

$\text{13 < M, < 19; 10}{}^{16}\text{< n, < 1.5 × 10}{}^{17}\text{cm}{}^{\mathrm{?3}}\text{; 9000°}\text{K}\text{< T < 13,000°}\text{K}\text{; 2.2 < p}{}_1\text{< 10}\text{torr}\text{; T}{}_1\text{? 300°}\text{K}\text{.}$

It was found that the theoretically predicted values for the three-body, electron-ion-electron collisional recombination rate are in good agreement with those measured gasdynamically in a well-defined flow. The measured flow quantities substantiate a previous analysis based on the method of characteristics.     

美国超音速轰炸机计划初显端倪

参加美国国防部预研局的“静音超音速平台”项目的美国航宇公司都完成了对超音速轰炸机的初步设计方案,基本的性能数据和作战思想也已由参与研究的各方提出。相关技术领域的突破使得超音速轰炸机成为现实的可能性大大增强。美国国防部预研局已选择两家公司进入“静音超音速平台”项目的第二阶段     

日本开展超声速运输机研究

超声速民用运输机一直以来都是航空业界的热门话题。它对于减少洲际飞行时间、缓解越来越严重的空中交通拥堵问题、满足日益增长的航空运输需求都有积极意义。尽管首个超声速客机协和号已在2003年停止了服役,但人类并未停止对超声速运输机(SST)的追求。本文介绍了日本航字研究开发机构相继开展的NEXST和S3TD超声速运输机研究计划。     

Supersonic biplane—A review

One of the fundamental problems preventing commercial transport aircraft from supersonic flight is the generation of strong sonic booms. Sonic booms are the ground-level manifestation of shock waves created by airplanes flying at supersonic speeds. The strength of the shock waves generated by an aircraft flying at supersonic speed is a direct function of both the aircraft’s weight and its occupying volume; it has been very difficult to sufficiently reduce the shock waves generated by the heavier and larger conventional supersonic transport (SST) configuration to meet acceptable at-ground sonic-boom levels. It is our dream to develop a quiet SST aircraft that can carry more than 100 passengers while meeting acceptable at-ground sonic-boom levels. We have started a supersonic-biplane project at Tohoku University since 2004. We meet the challenge of quiet SST flight by extending the classic two-dimensional (2-D) Busemann biplane concept to a 3-D supersonic-biplane wing that effectively reduces the shock waves generated by the aircraft. A lifted airfoil at supersonic speeds, in general, generates shock waves (therefore, wave drag) through two fundamentally different mechanisms. One is due to the airfoil’s lift, and the other is due to its thickness. Multi-airfoil configurations can reduce wave drag by redistributing the system’s total lift among the individual airfoil elements, knowing that wave drag of an airfoil element is proportional to the square of its lift. Likewise, the wave drag due to airfoil thickness can also be nearly eliminated using the Busemann biplane concept, which promotes favorable wave interactions between two neighboring airfoil elements. One of the main objectives of our supersonic-biplane study is, with the help of modern computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools, to find biplane configurations that simultaneously exhibit both traits. We first re-analyzed using CFD tools, the classic Busemann biplane configurations to understand its basic wave-cancellation concept. We then designed a 2-D supersonic biplane that exhibits both wave-reduction and cancellation effects simultaneously, utilizing an inverse-design method. The designed supersonic biplane not only showed the desired aerodynamic characteristics at its design condition but also outperformed a zero-thickness flat-plate airfoil. (Zero-thickness flat-plate airfoils are known as the most efficient monoplane airfoil at supersonic speeds.) Also discussed in this paper is how to design 2-D biplanes, not only at their design Mach numbers but also at off-design conditions. Supersonic biplanes have unacceptable characteristics at their off-design conditions such as flow choking and its related hysteresis problems. Flow choking causes rapid increase of wave drag and it continues to be kept up to the Mach numbers greater the cruise (design) Mach numbers due to its hysteresis. Some wing devices such as slats and flaps, which could be used at take-off and landing conditions as high-lift devices, were utilized to overcome these off-design problems. Then supersonic-biplane airfoils were extended to 3-D wings. Because that rectangular-shaped 3-D biplane wings showed undesirable aerodynamic characteristics at their wingtips, a tapered-wing planform was chosen for the study. A 3-D biplane wing having a taper ratio and aspect ratio of 0.25 and 5.12, respectively, was designed utilizing the inverse-design method. Aerodynamic characteristics of the designed biplane wing were further improved by using winglets at its wingtips. Flow choking and its hysteresis problems, however, occurred at their off-design conditions. It was shown that these off-design problems could also be resolved by utilizing slats and flaps. Finally, a study on the aerodynamic characteristics of wing-body configurations was conducted using the tapered biplane wing. In this study a body was chosen in order to generate strong shock waves at its nose region. Preliminary parametric studies on the interference effects between the body and the tapered biplane wing were performed by choosing several different wing locations on the body. From this study, it can be concluded that the aerodynamic characteristics of the tapered biplane wing are minimally affected by the disturbances generated from the body, and that the biplane wing shows promise for quiet commercial supersonic transport.     

超声压气机叶型设计方法

在设计超声叶型时,为使得叶栅进口马赫数和气流角等于给定值,提出一种新的叶型参数化方法。该方法以经典唯一进气角计算方法为基础,将超声叶栅的唯一进气角和叶型几何形状关联起来,由进口马赫数和气流角确定吸力面进口段叶型;根据喉部面积、前后缘小圆半径、最大挠度和最大厚度等特征参数确定其他部分叶型。用此参数化方法设计了6个超声叶型,并用Fluent对设计结果进行了验证。结果表明,来流马赫数及进气角的设计值与Fluent求解结果基本一致,进气角最大误差仅为0.7°,进口马赫数最大误差仅为0.01;并且实现了多激波增压和减小激波损失等效果。     

超声速涡轮动叶设计方法研究

研究了基于2维等熵特征线理论的超声速涡轮叶栅设计方法,通过编程开发了超声速涡轮转子叶栅设计软件,该软件可根据进、出口马赫数及进口气流角设计出需要的超声速涡轮转子叶栅。在此基础上应用FLUENT详细地分析了涡轮转子叶栅流场。结果表明:该流场分布合理,未出现激波、分离等现象,且在高载荷系数下具有较高效率。