残余应力重分布引起的薄壁零件加工变形研究

现代航空工业中为减轻飞机重量,提高飞机的各项机械性能,整体构件越来越多地被使用。加工大型整体薄壁构件时,有90％以上的材料被切削加工去除,由于材料去除后零件刚度的降低以及应力的释放,造成过大的加工变形。本文用MSC．Marc有限元软件仿真了铝合金预拉伸板材料去除对于加工变形的影响,并分析了加工变形的成因。为验证有限元结果的正确性,在高速数控铣床上加工了同样的试件。结果表明仿真结果与实验结果一致,残余应力的释放与重分布是薄壁零件加工变形的主要原因。     

7085铝合金残余应力及加工变形的数值仿真与试验

毛坯残余应力的测量以及零件的加工变形分析是航空整体结构件数控加工工艺研究的难题。应用MSC.Marc软件对某型飞机主起支撑接头的7085铝合金锻件毛坯的淬火-压缩工艺进行了数值仿真,获得了毛坯残余应力分布趋势;应用X射线衍射法与钻孔法测量了毛坯表层残余应力分布,提出了基于系数修正法的毛坯残余应力分析方法,通过最小二乘法（LSM）拟合仿真值与试验值以获得应力修正系数,并对毛坯残余应力分布的仿真结果进行修正,获得了实际毛坯的残余应力分布;由此进行了主起支撑接头缩比零件加工变形仿真与验证试验。研究结果表明：7085铝合金块状毛坯残余应力数值仿真结果与测试结果的趋势吻合,为应力修正提供了物理基础;相对于未修正的应力分布,基于修正后的应力分布仿真获得的变形结果精度提高了50%;7085-T7452铝合金的毛坯残余应力是导致主起支撑接头加工变形的主要因素。     

基于中轴变换的型腔高速铣削刀具轨迹生成方法

框、梁、壁板、蒙皮等飞机关键零部件中包含大量型腔特征,其加工效率直接影响零件的整体加工效率。高速铣削机床的发展为此类零件的高效加工奠定了很好的硬件基础,也给型腔铣削刀具轨迹生成带来了新的问题。例如蒙皮镜像铣由于其特殊的设计,对刀具轨迹提出平滑无抬刀、步距变化严格控制在一定范围内等更严苛的要求,从而保证蒙皮高质量加工。结构件高速加工中为了保持刀具的高进给和高转速,也要求刀具轨迹平滑且步距平稳变化。然而现有的型腔铣削刀轨生成方法大多基于局部优化解决加工残余和刀轨不平滑问题,难以生成同时满足多工艺约束尤其是步距约束的刀具轨迹,无法完全发挥高速机床的性能。针对此问题,本文提出基于中轴变换的型腔高速铣削刀具轨迹生成及优化方法。该方法首先基于中轴变换提取型腔骨架线,并进一步修正从而生成刀轨偏置基准和初始刀轨。其次利用图像变形算法对初始刀轨进行迭代变形优化,使最终优化刀轨与目标型腔区域吻合,且满足高速加工的工艺约束条件。该方法在离散的图像域内从整体角度优化刀具轨迹,不仅保证轨迹平滑无抬刀,还能保证步距在容许范围内平稳变化。实验证明本文提出的方法在保证轨迹平滑和步距平稳变化等方面的有效性,能够满足高性能加工的要求。     

航空发动机转子系统结构效率评估参数及计算方法

根据航空发动机转子系统的结构特征和力学特征,提出了从结构的承载能力、抗变形能力和动力学环境适应能力3个方面进行结构效率评估的参数体系及其计算方法,并以典型小涵道比涡扇发动机转子系统为例进行了结构效率评估参数的计算分析.研究表明:平均应力系数、等效比刚度、极限惯性载荷作用下最大变形量、无量纲M-H因子和弯曲应变能系数等作为评估航空发动机转子系统结构效率的评估参数能够有效地反映各种载荷作用下结构形式和材料性能对应力水平、变形分布以及动力敏感度的影响.同时指出了该发动机转子系统现有结构设计的特点,以及进行结构优化的方向.      

复合材料与金属胶接结构的次弯曲效应研究

复合材料与金属胶接单搭接的次弯曲效应引起的剥离应力,会大大降低接头的强度。采用有限元方法分析复合材料铺向角、铺层顺序及斜削对次弯曲的影响,并进一步研究分析次弯曲和胶层剥离应力、板的弯曲刚度之间的关系。结果表明：次弯曲影响剥离应力的大小;弯曲刚度越大,次弯曲越小;斜削有助于减小次弯曲。     

碳纤维增强PEEK薄壁结构件加工工艺研究

对PEEK/CA450材料特性、切削性能进行了分析,通过加工试验研究了该材料典型薄壁零件的工艺特点、切削参数及热处理过程,优选出最佳的工艺参数。试验结果表明:优化零件结构设计可以有效降低材料内应力和加工难度;采用PCD刀具及合适的切削参数可以保证该材料薄壁零件的加工质量;加工过程中的热处理有助于提高产品的成品率和尺寸精度。采用优化后的工艺方法,最终成功加工出符合设计性能要求的PEEK/CA450薄壁零件。     

基于电极切向旋转进给法的 低刚度锥杆类零件精密电火花加工

提出了基于圆盘电极切向旋转进给法的低刚度锥杆类零件的电火花精密加 工方法。首先介绍了基于等厚损耗原则的圆盘电极设计原理,进而通过电火花加工工艺 的三因素全因子实验考察了峰值电流、脉宽、占空比对工件材料去除率（MRR）、相对 电极损耗率（TWR） 和表面粗糙度（SR） 的影响, 并对电火花加工工艺参数进行优化 从而应用于锥杆类零件的加工。加工出的反馈杆性能一致性高、表面质量好,加工时间 短,试验结果表明基于圆盘电极切向旋转进给法的电火花加工工艺对提高低刚度锥杆的 加工工艺的可靠性和加工效率、提高电极利用率方面有较大优势。     

Machining deformation of single-sided component based on finishing allowance optimization

Owing to reliability and high strength-to-weight ratio, large thin-walled components are widely used in the aviation and aerospace industry. Due to the complex features and sequence involved in the machining process of large thin-walled components, machining deformation of component is easy to exceed the specification. In order to address the problem, it is important to retain the appropriate finishing allowance. To find the overall machining deformation, finishing allowance-induced deformation (web finishing allowance, sidewall finishing allowance) and initial residual stress-induced deformation were considered as major factors. Meanwhile, machined surface residual stress-induced deformation, clamping stress-induced deformation, thermal deformation, gravity-induced deformation and inertial force-induced deformation were neglected in the optimization model. Six-peak Gaussian function was introduced to fit the initial residual stress. Based upon the obtained function of initial residual stress, a deformation prediction model between initial residual stress and finishing allowance was established to attain the finishing allowance-induced deformation. In addition, linear programming optimization model based on the simplex algorithm was developed to optimize the overall machining deformation. Results have concluded that the overall machining deformation reached the minimum value when sidewall finishing allowance and web finishing allowance varied between 1 and 2 mm. Additionally, web finishing allowance-induced deformation and sidewall finishing allowance-induced deformation were 1.05 mm and 0.7 mm. Furthermore, the machining deformation decreased to 0.3–0.38 mm with the application of optimized finishing allowance allocation strategy, which made 39–56% reduction of the overall machining deformation compared to that in conventional method.     

航空发动机整体叶盘磨料水射流开坯加工技术研究进展

整体叶盘结构是航空发动机技术发展的一个重要方向，且多采用难加工材料，如何实现整体叶盘高质高效加工是机械制造领域亟待解决的难题之一。通过高压磨料水射流（AWJ）加工技术实现整体叶盘毛坯的开坯粗加工，是一种有效缩短整体叶盘加工周期、降低昂贵铣削刀具成本、提高开坯效率的工艺手段。本文就磨料水射流加工材料去除机理、复杂曲面轨迹优化、多物理量和机械量参数组合优化和整体叶盘开坯设备概述了国内外的研究现状，在此基础上，针对当前具有复杂曲面结构的整体叶盘开坯面临的关键问题，提出了若干解决思路和技术途径，指出了高压磨料水射流在复杂曲面零件高效加工中的发展趋势。     

复杂曲面零件五轴加工刀轴整体优化方法

 针对复杂曲面零件五轴加工中刀轴矢量变化剧烈、严重影响工件表面加工质量的问题,提出一种基于临界约束的五轴刀轴矢量整体优化方法。首先,构造了给定切触点处所有可行摆刀平面,并在摆刀平面内根据临界约束计算出临界刀轴矢量,在获得临界刀轴矢量的基础上,对其进行平面映射,建立了刀轴摆动的初始可行域;其次,通过对初始可行域进行均匀离散,根据离散点之间相对位置关系构造邻接矩阵,并结合最短路径搜索算法获得了初始参考刀轴,从而构造了新的刀轴摆动可行域;最后,建立当前切削行内无干涉且相邻刀轴变化最小的刀轴矢量优化模型,实现自由曲面五轴加工无干涉刀轴矢量的光滑控制。两种自由曲面叶轮的加工算例分析表明,采用本文方法获得的刀轴矢量可以明显改善机床的运动性能,避免了刀具干涉的产生,可提高复杂曲面零件的加工质量与效率。     

Influence of TiB2 particles on machinability and machining parameter optimization of TiB2/Al MMCs

In situ formed TiB₂ particle reinforced aluminum matrix composites (TiB₂/Al MMCs) have some extraordinary properties which make them be a promising material for high performance aero-engine blade. Due to the influence of TiB₂ particles, the machinability is still a problem which restricts the application of TiB₂/Al MMCs. In order to meet the industrial requirements, the influence of TiB₂ particles on the machinability of TiB₂/Al MMCs was investigated experimentally. Moreover, the optimal machining conditions for this kind of MMCs were investigated in this study. The major conclusions are: (1) the machining force of TiB₂/Al MMCs is bigger than that of non-reinforced alloy and mainly controlled by feed rate; (2) the residual stress of TiB₂/Al MMCs is compressive while that of non-reinforced alloy is nearly neutral; (3) the surface roughness of TiB₂/Al MMCs is smaller than that of non-reinforced alloy under the same cutting speed, but reverse result was observed when the feed rate increased; (4) a multi-objective optimization model for surface roughness and material removal rate (MRR) was established, and a set of optimal parameter combinations of the machining was obtained. The results show a great difference from SiC particle reinforced MMCs and provide a useful guide for a better control of machining process of this material.     

Influence mechanism of machining angles on force induced error and their selection in five axis bullnose end milling

In the machining of complicated surfaces, the cutters with large length/diameter ratios are used widely and the deformation of the machining system is one of the principal error sources. During the process planning stage, the cutting direction angle, the cutter lead and tilt angles are usually optimized to minimize the force induced error. It may lead to a low machining efficiency for bullnose end mills, as the material removal rates are different largely for different machining angles. In this paper, the influence mechanism of the machining angles on the force induced error is studied based on the models of the instantaneous cutting force when the cutter flute traveling through the cutting contact point and the stiffness of the machining system. In order to evaluate the machining angles, the force induced error/efficiency indicator (FEI) is defined as the division of the force induced error and the equal volume sphere of the removed material. FEI is dimensionless, with the lower FEI, the lower force induced error and the higher machining efficiency. For optimal selection of the machining angles, the critical FEI is calculated with the constraint of force induced error and the desired material removal rate, and the critical FEI separate the set of the machining angles into two subsets. After the feed rate scheduling process, the machining angles in the optimal subset would have higher machining accuracy and efficiency, while the machining angles in the other subset have lower machining accuracy and efficiency. Through the machining experiment of five axis machining and freeform surface machining, the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed FEI method is verified with a bullnose end mill, which can improve the machining efficiency with the constraint of force induced error.     

自由曲面侧铣刀具轮廓与轨迹同步优化方法

针对自由曲面侧铣加工中轨迹规划困难、加工精度难保证等问题，提出了一种自由曲线母线类刀具的外形轮廓设计方法。该方法在优化刀具轮廓的同时，充分考虑了加工过程中的工件精度和刀轴光顺性问题，实现了自由曲线母线类刀具的形状设计和对应侧铣加工轨迹的生成。首先，通过分别定义刀具轮廓母线和刀轴轨迹面实现对刀具形状和侧铣加工轨迹的表达，并由此计算切削行上刀具工件干涉量来评价加工误差，以刀轴轨迹面能量评价刀轴光顺性，建立了基于加工误差和刀轴光顺性的刀具轮廓与加工轨迹的同步优化模型；其次，为实现对同步优化模型的求解，给出了基于序列逼近法的求解策略，以及优化初值中刀轴轨迹面控制参数和刀具轮廓控制参数获取方法；最后，分别通过加工轨迹规划实验和刀具轮廓设计实验，验证了本文算法在在自由曲面四轴侧铣加工刀具轮廓设计与加工轨迹优化中的正确性及有效性。研究成果为提高自由曲面类零件侧铣加工精度、实现侧铣加工刀具轮廓设计及侧铣加工轨迹规划提供了一种有效的方法和手段。     

飞机机翼翼梁类零件变形控制方法研究

翼梁类零件作为机翼装配的定位基准零件,如何有效减小其在加工中的变形,提高加工精度是一项重 要工作。提出一种针对翼梁零件在加工过程中出现的平面度翘曲变形现象的控制方法,根据飞机机翼梁类零 件的工艺特点,对生产现场零件的实际变形量进行统计,分析翼梁类零件变形趋势、变形量及主要影响因素;采 用改进加工方案,控制加工变形等方法减少梁类零件变形。结果表明:本文所提方法能够有效提升零件在加工 过程中的平面度值,使梁类零件的变形得到明显改善。     

基于非线性渐进损伤模型的复合材料波纹梁耐撞性能研究

基于连续介质损伤力学,提出了一种包括层内和层间失效的非线性渐进损伤模型来预测复合材料波纹梁在轴向冲击下的失效行为。其中,层内损伤采用最大应力准则,并结合指数型损伤演化法则和刚度折减方法预测失效后的材料参数。层间损伤模型则采用了二次名义应力准则、基于混合模式能量的指数型损伤演化法则和黏性刚度折减方法建立。基于该模型,对典型的波纹梁结构参数和触发等对耐撞性的影响进行了研究。结果表明数值模拟结果与试验结果基本吻合,模型能够准确地模拟复合材料波纹梁在冲击过程中出现的分层、纤维和基体破坏等失效模式。波纹梁在破坏过程中吸收的能量、比吸能和载荷峰值随层数不断递增,降低高度和减小触发结构的截面面积均会降低载荷峰值。     

Improving performance of macro electrolyte jet machining of TC4 titanium alloy: Experimental and numerical studies

Electrolyte jet machining (EJM) is a promising method for shaping titanium alloys due to its lack of tool wear, thermal and residual stress, and cracks and burrs. Recently, macro-EJM has attracted increasing attention for its high efficiency in machining wide grooves or planes. However, macro-EJM generates large amounts of electrolytic products, thereby increasing the difficulty of rapid product removal with a standard tool and reducing the surface quality. Therefore, for enhanced product transport, a novel tool with a back inclined end face was proposed for macro-EJM of TC4 titanium alloy. For comparison, also proposed were ones with a standard flat end face, a front inclined end face, and both front and back inclined end faces. The flow field distributions of all proposed tools were simulated numerically, and experiments were also conducted to validate the simulation results. The results show that one with a 5° back inclined end face can decrease the low-velocity flow zone in the machining area and increase the high-velocity flow zone at the back end of tool, thereby promoting rapid product removal. A relatively smooth bright-white groove surface was obtained. The same tool also resulted in the highest machining depth and material removal rate among the tested ones. In addition, rapid product removal was beneficial to the subsequent processing. Because of its rapid product removal, the machining depth and material removal rate during deep groove machining using the tool with a 5° back inclined end face were respectively 7% and 14% higher than those produced using a standard one. Moreover, the lowest bottom height difference of 0.027 mm can be obtained when the step-over value was 8.2 mm, and a plane with a depth of 0.285 mm and a bottom height difference of 0.03 mm was fabricated using the tool with a 5° back inclined end face.     

现代特种加工技术的发展

简述了特种加工的技术特点和未来发展趋势,分别论述了高能束流加工、电火花加工、电解加工、物料切蚀加工和复合加工技术的概念、特征与应用状况。     

航空发动机叶片加工变形控制技术研究现状

叶片的加工精度及其稳定性对航空发动机的性能有直接的影响,然而,其加工难度较大,型面轮廓精度和表面质量很难稳定地达到设计要求。为此,国内外研究者提出了许多叶片加工变形的控制方法。在深入分析叶片变形形成机理的基础上,对现有的叶片加工变形控制方法进行分类总结和分析,阐述了不同叶片变形控制方法的原理和特点。同时,结合目前叶片的结构特点、材料特性和主要加工工艺难题指出,控制叶片型面的加工残余应力变形是实现20μm级叶片型面加工精度的关键,并且指出利用超硬砂轮悬臂高速磨削加工是实现中小型叶片型面综合变形控制的有效方法之一。     

铝基复合材料在平台环架的应用研究

惯性平台环架对零件的刚度、强度的要求很高,传统铝合金材料已经很难满 足新型平台的要求。对铝基复合材料早期性能和改良后的性能进行了研究,通过仿真分析 及力学试验,验证了铝基复合材料通过二次变形加工的方法,有效提高了强度和延伸率, 应用复合材料后,在大过载情况下能够有效抵抗变形,从而提高平台系统精度。     

基于数学规划法的飞机机翼结构分层次优化设计方法研究

在方案设计阶段,为了使机翼结构既满足强度设计要求,又满足刚度设计要求,本文提出了一种基于数学规划法的层次优化方法。首先利用准则法进行结构的满应力设计优化,在此基础上利用数学规划法进行结构的刚度设计(以颤振约束进行优化并进行舵面效率的校核)。文中以某型飞机机翼为例,在多墙、梁式两套方案的结构优化设计上进行了成功应用。