直升机旋翼桨-涡干扰状态非定常气弹载荷高精度预估

为准确计算直升机旋翼在复杂的桨-涡干扰(BVI)状态下的气弹载荷,在刚性旋翼计算流体力学方法中引入桨叶弹性变形的影响,建立了一套适合于弹性旋翼BVI状态气动特性分析的计算流体力学/计算结构力学(CFD/CSD)耦合方法.CFD模块对Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)/Euler方程进行求解,并采用双时间法推进和Baldwin-Lomax(B-L)湍流模型.CSD模块采用中等变形梁假设的有限元模型,通过Newmark-Beta方法求解桨叶运动方程.通过代数变换方法进行桨叶网格变形,并建立一个适于流场/结构信息交换的CFD/CSD耦合方法.在分别验证CFD和CSD模块的有效性的基础上,开展UH-60A直升机旋翼的BVI 状态载荷分析,并与飞行测试数据进行了对比.计算结果表明:相比于旋翼综合分析中的升力线理论和刚性旋翼CFD方法,耦合的CFD/CSD方法可以更准确地预测BVI状态气弹载荷,并有效地模拟桨叶前行侧方位角和后行侧方位角附近的BVI现象,对BVI导致的升力波动幅值和相位的计算结果均与试验值吻合良好.      

弹性耦合对复合材料旋翼前飞气弹响应及载荷的影响

 给出一套计算复合材料旋翼前飞气弹响应和桨榖载荷的方法，所用结构模型考虑横向剪切变形、剖面面外翘曲变形和复合材料弹性耦合的影响。气动模型采用准定常升力线理论和Drees线性入流模型，翼型升力、阻力系数来自风洞试验。构造出21自由度梁单元，应用Hamilton 原理推导出桨叶运动的有限元方程。在此基础上，研究弯曲-扭转和拉伸-扭转耦合对复合材料旋翼前飞气弹响应和桨榖振动载荷的影响。结果表明：弹性耦合对扭转方向的影响很大，对挥舞和摆振两个方向的影响很小；各种弹性耦合对桨榖振动载荷有着不同程度的影响，负的摆振弯曲 扭转耦合和正的拉伸 扭转耦合使桨榖垂直方向的振动载荷降低5%左右。     

基于CFD/CSD耦合方法的旋翼气动弹性载荷计算分析

为提高直升机前飞状态下旋翼非定常气动弹性载荷的预估精度,在旋翼气动弹性综合分析方法中引入旋翼CFD模块,建立了一套基于CFD/CSD松耦合分析的计算方法和程序。为高效解决流固耦合方法中由于桨叶挥舞、扭转等弹性变形带来的旋翼贴体网格变形问题,采用基于代数变换方法的网格变形技术,桨叶运动变形量和旋翼气动力信息通过流固交接面传递。旋翼流场分析方法中,主控方程采用耦合S-A湍流模型的Navier-Stokes方程,围绕旋翼流场的网格采用结构嵌套网格方法生成,无黏通量计算采用Roe格式,时间推进采用双时间法。旋翼结构分析中,考虑旋翼配平,基于Hamilton变分原理和20自由度Timoshenko梁模型求解弹性旋翼非线性运动方程。分别对CSD和CFD方法进行验证,在此基础上,计算了SA349/2旋翼桨叶在前飞状态下的非定常气动力、挥舞弯矩、摆振弯矩和扭转力矩,并与飞行测试数据进行了对比。计算表明:CFD/CSD耦合方法可以显著提高旋翼非定常气动弹性载荷的分析精度,精确捕捉桨叶表面压强峰值、激波位置等,表明本文发展的旋翼CFD/CSD耦合方法可以有效地运用到旋翼气动弹性载荷的预测分析中。     

A coupling VWM/CFD/CSD method for rotor airload prediction

A coupling fluid-structure method with a combination of viscous wake model(VWM),computational fluid dynamics(CFD) and comprehensive structural dynamics(CSD) modules is developed in this paper for rotor unsteady airload prediction. The hybrid VWM/CFD solver is employed to model the nonlinear aerodynamic phenomena and complicated rotor wake dynamics;the moderate deflection beam theory is implemented to predict the blade structural deformation; the loose coupling strategy based on the ‘delt method' is used to couple the fluid and structure solvers.Several cases of Helishape 7A rotor are performed first to investigate the effect of elastic deformation on airloads. Then, two challenging forward flight conditions of UH-60 A helicopter rotor are investigated, and the simulated results of wake geometry, chordwise pressure distribution and sectional normal force show excellent agreement with available test data; a comparison with traditional CFD/CSD method is also presented to illustrate the efficiency of the developed method.     

前飞状态倾转旋翼机气弹稳定性建模

基于刚性桨叶、刚体短舱及弹性机翼的假设,计入桨叶的变距/挥舞/摆振结构耦合及变距与万向铰的耦合,分别在惯性系下采用牛顿法和有限元法建立了旋翼和机翼的动力学方程,通过桨毂与短舱/机翼系统之间的共有自由度将动力学方程耦合起来,得到了前飞状态下全铰接式倾转旋翼/短舱/机翼耦合系统气弹稳定性分析模型,气动模型采用改进的叶素-动量理论,计入了扰动引起的非定常气动力影响.通过算例验证了建模的正确性.      

舰船纵横摇运动对旋翼瞬态气弹响应影响分析

为了研究舰船运动对舰载直升机旋翼瞬态气弹响应的影响,采用中等变形梁模型处理桨叶弹性变形,有限转角处理桨叶绕桨轴和铰的转动及舰船的横摇和纵摇运动,采用Hamilton原理建立了带有舰船运动的舰面旋翼瞬态气弹响应计算模型。通过与国外的试验值和计算值对比验证了本文计算方法的正确性,得到以下结论:(1)舰船的横摇运动对桨尖负向最大位移影响较小;(2)舰船的纵摇运动影响则较显著,随纵摇周期的减小和桨毂离舰船质心纵向距离的增加,桨尖最大负向位移增加显著,纵摇相位影响较为明显;(3)舰船与旋翼的气动和惯性耦合对旋翼瞬态气弹响应的非线性影响非常明显,计算中需计入两者共同的影响。     

柔性梁刚度对无轴承旋翼桨叶动态特性的影响

推导了桨叶的应变-位移关系,应用Hamiton原理建立了多路传力的无轴承旋翼桨叶运动的有限元方程,考虑了桨叶、柔性梁、扭矩套的位移协调条件和非线性变形耦合及摆振销的影响,并构造了一个新的15自由度梁单元,得到了旋翼桨叶固有频率求解的方程,重点研究了柔性梁刚度特性对旋翼桨叶固有频率的影响。数值结果表明：柔性梁剖面的模态刚度发生变化时,模态频率变化较小,高阶模态频率变化比低阶大,其它模态频率变化很小,耦合现象不明显。     

基于IBC方法的旋翼BVI噪声主动控制机理

为揭示单片桨叶控制(IBC)主动控制技术抑制旋翼桨-涡干扰(BVI)噪声的降噪机理,建立了一套基于CFD/CSD/FW-H_pds方程的综合噪声分析方法。旋翼桨-涡干扰噪声与旋翼桨叶载荷特性、气动变形以及旋翼桨尖涡结构等密切相关,为有效模拟旋翼桨叶的载荷特性及桨尖涡结构,将Navier-Stokes方程作为前飞流场的主控方程,空间离散上采用三阶MUSCL插值格式与通量差分裂Roe格式相结合;时间方向上采用双时间法,使用隐式LU-SGS格式在伪时间方向上进行推进;湍流模型采用对分离流动具有较好捕捉能力的Spalart-Allmaras模型。为提高旋翼桨叶弹性变形运动的模拟精度,建立了基于Hamilton变分原理的CSD模型,并与高精度的CFD求解器结合,发展了适合旋翼桨叶变形及载荷特性模拟的流固耦合分析方法。在CFD/CSD耦合方法分析流场基础上,使用可穿透空间积分面的FW-H_pds方法对旋翼气动噪声特性进行计算。首先,对流场及噪声数值方法进行验证;然后,着重针对UH-60A旋翼的斜下降飞行状态,分别对有/无IBC噪声主动控制条件下的旋翼BVI气动噪声特性进行了模拟,相位角、幅值和频率等不同控制参数的影响对比分析结果表明:IBC主动控制减小了前行侧桨叶表面尤其是桨叶尖部的负压峰值,降低了桨-涡干扰发生位置附近的桨叶气动载荷;同时主动控制后的桨尖涡集中程度变弱,并且增加了桨叶与桨尖涡之间的相遇距离,从而显著降低了桨-涡干扰噪声;选取合理的相位角、幅值和频率等主动控制参数组合,BVI噪声降低可达5~7dB。     

失衡旋翼的直升机自激振动分析模型

直升机使用中很可能出现旋翼各片桨叶特性不一致的情况,为了研究失衡旋翼对直升机自激振动的影响,建立了适用于地面、悬停及前飞状态的旋翼/机体耦合动稳定性分析模型。采用当量铰旋翼模型,计入动力入流的影响,分别在旋转坐标系和固定坐标系中建立了桨叶及机体的动力学方程。以减摆器失效对直升机地面共振的影响为例,对桨叶及机体的时域响应进行了非线性数值仿真,用Floquet传递矩阵法计算了摆振后退型模态频率及阻尼,并用时域分析进行了检验。结果表明,其中一个减摆器失效后,各片桨叶摆振运动特性相差很大,系统的摆振后退型模态阻尼下降幅度高达60%以上。     

基于CFD/CSD耦合的叶轮机叶片失速颤振计算

为了研究叶轮机叶片的失速颤振特性,发展了一种计算流体力学与计算结构力学(CFD/CSD)时域耦合方法。该方法通过每一物理时刻CFD和CSD的循环迭代实现了耦合计算。在CFD分析中,采用鲁棒性较好的空间离散格式AUSM+-UP,并基于延迟脱体涡模型(DDES)模拟了带分离流动。在结构分析中,通过模态法构建了旋转叶片动力学方程并运用杂交多步方法进行求解。以孤立转子Rotor37为例,计算了不同工况下流场总体与细节参数,与实验结果的对比验证了CFD算法的精度。对某转子叶片进行了颤振特性研究,计算所得的广义位移时间响应曲线表明该叶片在近失速工况下会发生失速颤振,其表现形式为一阶弯曲模态发散且各阶模态之间不耦合。分析表明,流场不稳定和非定常效应是引起失速颤振的关键因素,同时折合频率的降低也会导致原本气动弹性稳定的叶片发生失速颤振。     

含有失谐特征的叶片-转盘-转轴转子系统动态特性

采用有限元法建立了叶片、叶片-转盘及叶片-转盘-转轴动力学模型,在结构谐调和失谐情况下,分析了不同类别的模型动力学特性,给出了不同模型的振型分布图和频率分布图.通过对比研究发现:对于叶片的特性计算考虑转盘和考虑转轴有着非常大的区别,一些模型出现严重的频率分裂和振型耦合现象.另外,由于失谐会造成叶片-转盘及叶片-转盘-转轴模型的不同类型的叶片耦合振动,也出现了振动频率的分离和集中现象,甚至导致系统模态的丢失和局部振动情况,结构失谐最终导致模态频率更为连续,这为叶片转子系统的设计带来一定困难.     

Coupled CFD/CSD simulation of the helicopter main rotor in high-speed forward flight

The helicopter main rotor in forward flight is considered in this paper. The results for rigid blades and elastic blades are compared by the method of coupled simulation. The influence of the structural damping coefficient on the blade in-flight deformation is also considered.     

Aeroelastic analysis and structural parametric design of composite rotor blade

Based on FEM theory, a method of dynamic analysis for hingeless rotors considering anisotropic composite materials is established. A parametric modeling method of composite blade with typical profile and high simulation degree for design is proposed. Through the finite element method, the profile characteristics of rotor blade can be obtained efficiently and accurately, and the synchronization of parametric design and finite element analysis of structural characteristics can be realized. Then a 23-degrees of freedom non-linear beam element is used to simulate the extended one-dimensional beam, thereby a non-linear differential equation describing the elastic motion of the rotor is established. To obtain the cross-sectional target characteristics of the blades, an inverse design method is proposed for cross-section components based on combinatorial optimization algorithm. The calculation and validation work show that the proposed model can effectively analyze the aeroelastic characteristics of general composite rotors. Further, the influence of cross-sectional parameters on the aeroelastic stability and hub loads of hingeless rotor is analyzed and some remarkable conclusions are obtained.     

基于广义力的旋翼振动载荷计算

为描述挥舞、摆振铰和变距轴承的运动引入了三个刚体运动自由度 ,旋翼桨叶通过 5节点15自由度有限单元离散 ,计入了桨叶刚性运动与非线性弹性变形之间的动力学耦合效应。利用曲线坐标系下的本构方程 ,对经典的中等变形梁理论进行了重新的推导。另外 ,采用了Leishman Beddoes非定常和动态失速模型 ,入流由自由尾迹分析获得。导出的旋翼桨叶非线性时变常微分方程以广义力的形式给出。桨叶截面载荷和运动方程在位形空间中同时求解。由本文分析得出的桨叶振动载荷与SA349/ 2小羚羊直升机飞行测试数据吻合程度很好。     

直升机旋翼/机身耦合系统气动/机械稳定性分析

考虑了铰接式旋翼桨叶绕挥舞、摆振和变距铰的整体刚性运动与桨叶中等弹性变形之间的动力学耦合作用,将直升机机身和传动轴作为弹性体。通过构造一种特殊的24自由度刚柔混合单元得到旋翼/机身耦合系统的周期时变动力学方程,根据Floquet理论对稳态周期解的稳定性进行研究。计算结果表明,旋翼轴的截面刚度对旋翼/机身耦合系统的气动/机械稳定性有一定的影响。      

带后缘小翼的旋翼振动载荷计算

建立了考虑弹性桨叶、刚性小翼的旋翼气动弹性分析模型和旋翼载荷计算方法.以广义质量和广义力的形式描述小翼惯性力和气动力对系统的影响,以非定常/动态失速模型计算剖面气动力,结合基于实验数据修正的组合气动模型计算带小翼部分的剖面气动力,集成大变形桨叶模型考虑弹性变形的非线性,以力积分法计算桨叶剖面振动载荷.通过计算分析与实验结果相比较,验证了建立的气动弹性模型和载荷计算方法.结果表明:建立的桨叶结构模型精度很高,气弹模型能够准确预测旋翼的振动载荷,挥舞弯矩平均误差控制在9.1%,使用修正的小翼气动模型能有效提高小翼运动时桨叶振动载荷的计算精度.      

Adaptive Blade Twist – calculations and experimental results

Applying adaptronics to helicopters has a high potential to significantly suppress noise, reduce vibration, and increase the overall aerodynamic efficiency. This paper presents recent investigations on a very promising specific concept described as Adaptive Blade Twist (ABT). This concept allows us to directly control the twist of the helicopter blades by smart adaptive elements. This influences positively the main rotor area which is the primary source for helicopter noise and vibration. Since the interaction of non-stationary helicopter aerodynamics and elastomechanical structural characteristics of the helicopter blades causes flight envelope limitations, vibration and noise, a good comprehension of the aerodynamics is essential for the development of structural solutions to effectively influence the local airflow conditions and finally develop the structural concept. With respect to these considerations, the ABT concept will be presented.This concept is based on the actively controlled tension-torsion-coupling of the structure. For this, an actuator is integrated within a helicopter blade that is made of an anisotropic material based on fiber composites. Driving the actuator results in a local twist of the blade tip in such a way that the blade can be considered as a torsional actuator. Influencing the blade twist distribution finally results in a higher aerodynamic efficiency.The paper starts at giving a review on conventional concepts and potential adaptive solutions for shape control. After, some calculations of the adaptive twist control concept are presented. These are based on a representative model in which the active part of the rotor blade is simplified with a thin-walled rectangular beam, that is structurally equivalent to a model rotor blade of the Bo105 with a scaling factor 2.54. The calculations are performed using an expanded Wlassow theory. The results are valid for static and dynamic conditions. For the dynamic condition excessive deformations near the blade resonance frequency shall be utilised. Therefore, the actuated blade section has to be properly designed for this precondition. This has been demonstrated and verified in experiments, which will not be discussed in this paper.For experimental investigations on the ABT concept the skin of the outer part of the model rotor blade was manufactured of fibre composite material using the above mentioned tension-torsion-coupling effect with an additional uncoupling layer between skin and spar. The experimental results have shown that near to the resonance frequency dynamic forces of 550±550 N are required for a deformation of ± 3 degrees at the blade tip.     

考虑耦合变形的无轴承旋翼气弹稳定性分析

无轴承旋翼存在强烈的非线性扭转-弯曲耦合变形。推导了桨叶的非线性应变-位移关系,应用Hamilton原理建立了多路传力的无轴承旋翼桨叶运动的有限元方程,气动力模型采用二维准定常片条理论,考虑了耦合变形对桨叶轴向弹性位移的影响,并构造了一个新的15自由度梁单元,分析了悬停状态下的无轴承旋翼气弹稳定性。数值结果表明：考虑耦合变形对轴向弹性位移的影响可以提高悬停状态下的无轴承旋翼气弹稳定性分析的精度。     

A Mathematical Model for Helicopter Comprehensive Analysis

This article presents a new mathematical model for helicopter comprehensive analysis with the features of flexibility and mathematical simplicity. The model synthesizes the rigid fuselage motion model with 6 degrees of freedom, coupled flap-lag-torsion elastic rotor blade motion model, unsteady aerodynamics model with dynamic stall and high order generalized dynamic wake model. A new blade structural operator with implicit form is formulated, and the components of the blade structure model are independent of each other so that it is convenient to change or handle any component of blade structure without changing the others. What is more, the entire model is developed in a strict state-space form to simplify the comprehensive analysis. Finally, the UH-60 helicopter is taken as an example to predict the blade natural characteristics, the trim characteristics including controls and fuselage attitudes as well as the airloads at blade section under the flight conditions of high speed with moderate thrust and high thrust with moderate speed. The results are compared with UH-60 flight test data and those predicted by two well-known comprehensive codes. The validity of the model presented in this article is verified.     

Investigation on nonlinear lateral-torsional coupled vibration of a rotor system with substantial unbalance

Substantial unbalance may be caused by fan blade off during the operation period of gas turbine engines, and related dynamic problems are very critical to the safety design of rotor system in aero-engine. This article aims to understand lateral-torsional coupled vibration of the rotor system with substantial unbalance. The governing equation of a modified unbalanced rotor system is established based on Lagrangian approach. Then, a mathematical analytical method is proposed in which a linear approximation is derived and the Floquet theory and Hill’s method are incorporated, from which the modal characteristics of the unbalanced rotor are obtained. The modal characteristics of the unbalanced rotor system are revealed comprehensively for the first time. Furthermore, the relation between the modes and responses of the unbalanced rotor is discussed in detail. The results show that the lateral vibration and torsional vibration of the unbalanced rotor are coupled through the inertial terms in the governing equations. Due to the coupling, veering and lock-in phenomena occur between the frequencies of the forward whirl mode and the torsional mode. Furthermore, lock-in can lead to a kind of principal instability. With regard to the response of the unbalanced rotor, both natural vibration components and enforced vibration components appear in the lateral response, while only natural vibration components appear during torsional vibration. Moreover, natural vibration components play a crucial role in the response within the principal instability region and cause divergence of the vibration amplitudes in the lateral and torsional directions.