S1223翼型低雷诺数下分离泡及气动特性

采用表面测压技术,测量了低雷诺数下(Re=6.0×104、1.0×105、2.0×105)S1223翼型的表面压力分布,通过时均化处理及瞬态处理方法,分别获得了翼型稳态和瞬态压力系数、升力系数,分析了流场结构随雷诺数及攻角的变化规律,研究了雷诺数及攻角对翼型升力的影响机理.结果表明,从时均升力系数随攻角的变化规律来看,S1223翼型在低雷诺数下存在"静态滞回"效应.攻角由负逐渐增大至0°时,下翼面由完全分离转变为出现层流分离泡,随后分离泡逐渐减小直至消失,导致升力系数斜率呈现随攻角逐渐增大的非线性现象.当攻角超过临界攻角后,不同雷诺数下翼型流场结构随攻角的变化规律存在本质不同,Re=6.0×104和1.0×105时,翼型周围流场迅速发生大范围流动分离,升力系数迅速减小;而Re=2.0×105时,上翼面周期性生成短泡,引发低频振荡现象,升力系数呈现准周期性变化,α=16°时上翼面时均流场呈现40％弦长的长泡结构.     

二维平板翼悬停拍翼运动中俯仰旋转速度对流场特性的影响

大多数昆虫的拍翼运动由平动挥拍与俯仰旋转动组合而成。本文采用二维平板翼模型对悬停拍翼运动过程进行了模拟,翼型平动及转动速度满足简谐运动规律,并且上挥下拍过程对称。在保持挥拍中期攻角40度不变的情况下,改变俯仰速度或转动时间,采用DPIV(粒子速度成像仪)系统观测拍翼运动的流场涡结构,用测力天平测量模型翼升阻力的变化规律。实验结果表明,在转动阶段翼型升阻力的峰值随着转速的增大而增大,但整个拍翼周期内的平均升阻力变化不大;转速小时翼型升力的产生以攻角上仰升力机制为主,转速大时升力的产生以射流升力机制为主。     

雷诺数对大型客机低速气动特性影响的试验研究

在哈尔滨气动院FL-9 增压风洞进行了某大型客机低速高雷诺数半模测力测压风洞试验,来流马赫数为0.2,增压范围为1~4个大气压。基于模型机翼平均气动弦长的雷诺数从2.9×106 到11×106。以此为基础主要分析了雷诺数对机翼纵向气动力特性的影响,结果发现雷诺数对升力线斜率、最大升力系数、失速攻角和失速特性都有影响。相对于增升装置打开后的高升力构型,雷诺数对巡航构型的影响更明显。     

多段翼型增升小翼纳维-斯托克斯方程分析

装有扁平板增升小翼的多段翼型流场数值分析已经完成。研究的小翼装在接近主翼段后缘，高度范围是0．25％～1．25％参考翼型弦长。二维数值模拟在嵌入式结构拓扑网格上采用不可压缩纳维-斯托克斯（N-S）方程求解分析。新的网格细化提高了网格边界重叠部位的计算精度。在固定雷诺数条件下，对装有窄缝襟翼的二段翼型研究了各种小翼的影响。计算和实验结果都表明，相对未装小翼的基本翼型，主翼段凹陷处装有小翼提高了最大升力和升阻比。计算得出的流线分布揭示，正是小翼的存在引起了襟翼流场分离的减弱。也研究了三段翼型在一个雷诺数范围内的流场情况。对优化的襟翼来说，计算和实验所得的雷诺数影响结果一致。当襟翼从最有利的位置移动时，数值分析表明，小翼有助于翼型重新优化，大概能起到所优化襟翼效益的1％量级的作用。     

机身边条对双三角翼飞机升力特性的影响

通过低速风洞测力试验和七孔探针对空间流场的测量,研究了机身边条对双三角翼飞机升力特性的影响,并分析了机身边条的增升机理。研究表明机身边条在攻角12°以后使升力有了很大提高,这是由于机身边条产生的边条涡在一定迎角下与内翼涡相互诱导、相互作用,内翼涡使边条涡向机翼内侧移动,而边条涡则将内翼涡向外推,并使内翼涡的强度增大,两者的作用提高了双三角翼内翼上的涡升力,起到增升的作用。     

前缘缝翼开口分段对增升装置气动特性的影响

为了研究高升力系统中开口分段的前缘缝翼对增升装置气动特性的影响,对不同构型生成结构化网格,及其流场进行了大量的数值模拟。在同等状态下,结合不同构型的计算结果,分析了开口分段的前缘缝翼对增升装置气动特性的影响。研究表明,机翼失速不仅与开口宽度有关,而且与前缘缝翼上的开口位置有关。     

仿鸟柔性扑翼气动特性与能耗的数值研究

建立了适当的三维仿鸟柔性扑翼模型,并以配平重力和平衡阻力为条件,数值计算了它的低雷诺数非定常流场.研究揭示了翼面初始扭转角度、动态俯仰幅度等重要设计参数与飞行性能的关系,表明扑翼平面的初始扭转程度、扑翼柔性材料的选择以及两者之间的合理搭配对扑翼机的成功飞行至关重要.研究分析了仿鸟扑翼的流场涡结构、升力推力产生原理,下扑过程附着上翼面的前缘涡是升力产生的重要机制.对扑翼气动功率的比较分析也发现,人造扑翼机需要的气动功率明显高出同等大小的鸟类,在效率方面尚不及扑翼飞行生物.     

雷诺数对涡桨飞机增升装置气动特性影响的计算研究

雷诺数是表征流体粘性对流动影响的相似参数,对飞机部件的气动性能具有重要的影响.利用商业软件CFX对某民用涡桨飞机增升装置构型进行变雷诺数计算研究,详细分析雷诺数对升力系数、失速特性以及附面层速度特性的影响.结果表明:雷诺数对最大升力系数和失速迎角都有显著的影响;不同雷诺数下机翼分离形态变化显著,大雷诺数下机翼分离区域较小;不同雷诺数下机翼附面层状态不一致,雷诺数增大使得附面层速度型更饱满,机翼的抗分离能力增强.     

考虑动力影响的大型运输机增升构型气动特性研究

为满足现代大型运输机增升系统高效、稳定的设计需求,以某型运输机增升构型为研究对象,通过数值模拟方法研究了动力因素对全机气动特性的影响。数值模拟结果表明:在动力因素影响下,全机最大升力系数增加46.2%,失速迎角增加11°;全机静安定度降低30.89%。通过流场机理分析可知:动力因素不仅对短舱后方襟翼当地流场有较大改善,而且对短舱和主翼上表面流场以及平尾当地迎角也有显著影响。基于以上结论,在运输机增升构型设计过程中,要充分考虑动力因素对各个部件当地流场的影响以提高升力特性;同时要权衡动力因素使机翼低头力矩增加、平尾低头力矩降低这两种趋势相反的影响结果以改善俯仰力矩特性。     

舰载机增升装置对薄翼型升力系数的影响研究

描述了增升装置在提高舰载机薄翼型升力系数方面的作用,观察到大偏角前缘襟翼小迎角时对翼型升力曲线的影响,并通过与试验现象对比,初步探讨了非线性作用形成的可能机理。利用数值模拟方法,通过有限元计算软件对相同流场中多种增升装置的升力系数进行了模拟与比较,从而达到合理设计舰载战机翼型的目的。CFD计算结果表明,所设计的二维多段翼型有良好的气动特性,升力系数得到提高,具有较好的增升效果。     

Lift performance enhancement for flapping airfoils by considering surging motion

The flapping motion has a great impact on the aerodynamic performance of flapping wings. In this paper, a surging motion is added to an airfoil performing pitching-plunging combined motion to figure out how it influences the lift performance and flow pattern of flapping airfoils. Firstly, the numerical methods are validated by a NACA0012 airfoil pitching case and a NACA0012 airfoil plunging case. Then, the E377m airfoil which has typical geometric characteristics of the bird-like airfoil is selected as the calculation model to study how phase differences φ₁ between surging motion and plunging motion affect the aerodynamic performance of flapping airfoils. The results show that the airfoil with surging motion has comprehensively better lift performance and thrust performance than the airfoil without surging motion when 15°< φ₁ < 90°. It is demonstrated that surging motion has a powerful ability to improve the aerodynamic performance of flapping airfoil by adjusting φ₁. Finally, to further explore how flapping airfoil improves lift performance by considering surging motion, the flapping motions of E377m airfoil with the highest lift coefficient and lift efficiency are obtained through trajectory optimization. The surging motion is removed in the highest lift case and highest lift efficiency case respectively, and the mechanism that surging motion adjusts the aerodynamic force is analyzed in detail by comparing the vortex structure and kinematic parameters. The results of this paper help reveal the aerodynamic mechanism of bird flight and guide the design of Flapping wing Micro Air Vehicles (FMAV).     

Aerodynamic performance of owl-like airfoil undergoing bio-inspired flapping kinematics

Natural flyers have extraordinary flight skills and their prominent aerodynamic performance has attracted a lot of attention. However, the aerodynamic mechanism of birds' flapping wing kinematics still lacks in-depth understanding. In this paper, the aerodynamic performance of owl-like airfoil undergoing bio-inspired flapping kinematics extracted from a free-flying owl wing has been numerically investigated. The overset mesh technique is used to deal with the large range movements of flapping airfoils. The bio-inspired kinematics consist of plunging and pitching movement. A pure sinusoidal motion and a defined motion composed of plunging of sinusoidal motion and pitching of the bio-inspired kinematics are selected for comparison. The other two NACA airfoils are also selected to figure out the advantages of the owl-like airfoil. It is found that the cambered owl-like airfoil can enhance lift during the downstroke. The bio-inspired kinematics have an obvious advantage in lift generation with a presence of higher peak lift and positive lift over a wider proportion of the flapping cycle. Meanwhile, the bio-inspired motion is more economical for a lower power consumption compared with the sinusoidal motion. The sinusoidal flapping motion is better for thrust generation for a higher peak thrust value in both upstroke and downstroke, while the bio-inspired kinematics mainly generate thrust during the downstroke but produce more drag during the upstroke. The defined motion has similar lift performance with the bio-inspired kinematics, while it consumes more energy and generates less thrust. The unsteady flow field around airfoils is also analyzed to explain the corresponding phenomenon. The research in this paper is helpful to understand the flight mechanism of birds and to design a micro air vehicle with higher performance.     

The thrust and lift of an ornithopter's membrane wings with simple flapping motion

Human beings flying with the help of aircrafts of various kinds have been able to fly for about one century. Although the flapping wings of animals served as an inspiration to pioneers of human flight, we don't really understand how they work. In this study, we employ the concept of four-bar linkage to design a flapping mechanism which simulates a flapping motion of a bird. Wind tunnel tests were performed to measure the lift and thrust of the mechanical membrane flapping wing under different frequency, speed, and angle of attack. It is observed that the flexibility of the wing structure will affect the thrust and lift force due to its deformation at high flapping frequency. The lift force will increase with the increase of the flapping frequency under the corresponding flying speed. For the same flapping frequency, the flying speed can be increased by decrease of the angle of attack with the trade of loosing some lift force. An angle of attack is necessary in a simple flapping motion in order to derive a lift force. The flapping motion generates the thrust to acquire the flying speed. The flying speed and angle of attack combine to generate the lift force for flying.     

Flow visualization and aerodynamic load calculation of three types of clap-fling motions in a Weis-Fogh mechanism

A flow visualization and aerodynamic load calculation of three types of clap-fling motions in a Weis-Fogh mechanism are performed through experiment and computation. In the experiment, the flow development is visualized using a smoke-wire technique for two wing motion types: ‘fling followed by clap and pause’, and ‘clap followed by fling and pause’. For the computation, the two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations are solved for the same type of wing motions of the experiment. A good agreement between the experimental and numerical result is observed regarding the main flow features, such as the sequential development of the two families of separation vortex pairs and their movement. For the ‘fling followed by clap and pause motion’, a strong separation vortex pair of counter-rotation develops in the opening between the wings in the fling phase and then moves out from the opening in the following clap phase. For the ‘clap followed by fling and pause motion’, the separation vortex pair develops in the outside space in the clap phase, and then moves into the opening in the following fling phase. Results show that the leading edge separation vortices are dominant features of the flow pattern and cause a large negative pressure distribution near the leading edge. In the ‘cyclic fling and clap motion’ case, the aerodynamic loads of the fling phase after the second cycle of the wing motion when the periodicity of the flow pattern and the aerodynamic loads are established, are much greater than those of the first cycle. However, the aerodynamic loads of the clap phase in the later cycles are not much different from those of the first cycle.     

民用飞机后缘襟翼机构设计仿真计算研究

研究了民用飞机后缘襟翼运动机构,并对几种常见的机构形式进行了对比分析。重点研究连杆滑轨机构,它具有驱动力矩小和襟翼扭转力矩小的特点,并且在飞机起飞时襟翼偏角小,同时有较大的富勒运动。根据连杆滑轨机构的特点和机构学理论,建立数学仿真计算模型,并用C++编写了计算仿真软件。文中针对某飞机后缘襟翼参数,通过计算仿真软件计算出襟翼偏角与富勒运动量、缝隙之间的关系以及驱动角与襟翼偏角、富勒运动量、缝隙之间的关系,取得良好结果,证明了该方法的可行性。     

Mechanism analysis of hysteretic aerodynamic characteristics on variable-sweep wings

Variable-sweep wings have large shape-changing capabilities and wide flight envelops, which are considered as one of the most promising directions for intelligent morphing UAVs. Aerodynamic investigations always focus on several static states in the varying sweep process, which ignore the unsteady aerodynamic characteristics. However, deviations to static aerodynamic forces are inevitably caused by dynamic sweep motion. In this work, first, unsteady aerodynamic characteristics on a typical variable-sweep UAV with large aspect ratio were analyzed. Then, deep mechanism of unsteady aerodynamic characteristics in the varying sweep process was studied. Finally, numerical simulation method integrated with structured moving overset grids was applied to solve the unsteady fluid of varying sweep process. The simulation results of a sweep forward-backward circle show a distinct dynamic hysteresis loop surrounding the static data for the aerodynamic forces. Compared with the static lift coefficients , at the same sweep angles, dynamic  lift coefficient in sweep forward process are all smaller, while dynamic sweep backward  lift coefficient are all larger. In addition, dynamic deviations to static  lift coefficient are positively related with the varying sweep speeds. Mechanism study on the unsteady aerodynamic characteristics indicates that three key factors lead to the dynamic hysteresis loop in varying sweep process. They are the effects of additional velocity caused by varying sweep motion, the effects of flow hysteresis and viscosity. The additional velocity induced by sweep motion affects the transversal flow direction along the wing and the effective angle of attack at the airfoil profile. The physical properties of flow, the hysteresis and viscosity affect the unsteady aerodynamic characteristics by flow separation and induced vortexes.     

减速器内部金属屑运动仿真分析

为掌握因轴承磨损产生的金属屑在直升机中间减速器内部流场中的运动状态，针对其固-液-气三相流特征建立了金属 屑颗粒受力平衡方程和多相流模型-离散相模型（VOF-DPM）耦合的CFD仿真模型。基于离散相运动方程编程计算及采用CFD仿 真分析方法获得了减速器内部颗粒的运动轨迹、运动速度，并据此对比验证了VOF-DPM耦合模型的正确性；利用CFD仿真分析 了颗粒在流体中运动时各种附加力对颗粒运动轨迹的影响，探究连续相空气、滑油与离散相颗粒三者之间的相互作用机理。结果 表明：连续相和离散相耦合作用对颗粒运动的影响较小，轨迹误差约5%、速度误差约3%，可忽略不计；虚质量力、压力梯度力和 Magnus升力对颗粒运动轨迹影响较大，Saffman升力对颗粒运动轨迹影响较小，而热泳力与布朗力不适用于直升机中间减速器固- 液-气三相流情形。     

升力偏置对共轴刚性旋翼前飞气动特性的影响

为了分析升力偏置对共轴刚性旋翼前飞气动特性的影响，建立了基于雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程的计算流体力学方法进行共轴旋翼流场求解，采用嵌套网格方法模拟桨叶运动，采用双时间方法进行时间推进。针对不同升力偏置状态，采用基于"差量法"的共轴旋翼高效配平策略进行操纵量配平。通过对Harrington-1旋翼性能的计算，验证了方法的有效性。对比计算了共轴刚性旋翼在不同前进比和升力偏置量下的气动性能和流场特征，结果表明：双旋翼操纵量在小前进比状态有明显差别，在大前进比状态基本一致；在相同拉力状态，随着升力偏置量的增大，共轴旋翼升阻比先升高后降低，其阻力却不断增大，不同前进比状态的最大升阻比对应的升力偏置量不同；双旋翼相遇时桨叶拉力出现脉冲式波动，由于流场被前行桨叶所主导，因此后行桨叶拉力波动幅值更大，且波动幅值随升力偏置量的增加而增大。     

特征结构配置在设计直接升力控制律中的应用

采用直接力控制可弥补常规飞机在轨迹操纵方面的不足,并产生某些新的运动模式。文中首先对飞机直接升力控制的3种基本运动模式进行了讨论。归纳出直接升力控制律的设计就是输出解耦控制系统的设计问题。在简述了用特征结构配置和模型跟踪技术求算反馈和前馈增益阵的主要步骤之后,以CitationⅡ型飞机为算例,设计了其直接升力控制律。计算结果是令人满意的,说明特征结构配置是一种设计飞行控制系统的有效方法。     

富勒襟翼外形的参数化建模及优化

富勒襟翼能够产生比普通单缝襟翼更大的升力增量,而且比双缝和多缝襟翼结构简单、活动部件少,更有利与气动优化,在现代民用飞机上有着越来越多的应用。本文使用二次曲线分段构造富勒襟翼的几何外形,使用SST-k-ω湍流模型对气动网格模型进行数值模拟,以此为基础优化襟翼的几何外形来提高襟翼的升力增量,并对襟翼外形优化前后的计算结果进行了分析。研究结果表明,通过优化富勒襟翼外形,可以提高襟翼头部的吸力峰值,进而提高对主翼环量诱导作用,使得两段翼型的升力系数增加。基于CFD流场显示,可以发现由于襟翼缝道流动对襟翼气流的分离起到抑制作用,因此随着两段翼型迎角的适当增加,反而可以改善襟翼上方气流的分离情况。