基于导航卫星反射信号的空间飞行器探测定位方法

导航卫星信号经由空间飞行器后将发生反射与散射,此信号对于飞行器自身的定位通常作为多径信号被消除。利用双基无源雷达的概念,提出利用该信号实现空间飞行器的远程定位方法。该方法充分利用空间飞行器对于导航卫星信号的反射与散射,在地面/空中设置可以接收此反射信号的接收机,从而实现飞行器的探测。接收机利用码延迟锁定环路实现直射信号与反射信号的锁定,并通过求解直射信号与反射信号的相关功率获得其路径差,进而计算出空间飞行器的位置。介绍了利用延迟映射接收机(DMR)探测空间飞行器的系统组成,并给出了远程定位的数学模型、关键技术分析、DMR的设计原理及验证实验,实验结果表明所设计的DMR可以有效地接收到导航卫星反射信号。为空间飞行器的探测提供了一种新型的手段。     

电离层对GPS相对大地测量的影响

本文分析了对 GPS 相对大地测量有重要影响的电离层误差特性。电离层误差、星历预报误差和对流层延迟误差是影响 GPS 测地精度的三个主要误差源。借助高精度数字式 GPS 接收机(如 T14100GPS 导航接收机),星历估计和预报技术在日益改善。现在正在研究精确的对流层延迟修正技术,例如使用便携式水汽辐射计测量大气中水汽含量对 GPS 信号延迟的影响。为了获得相应的 GPS 测地精度还必须重视电离层误差的修正。本文讨论了三维基线精度,它随电离层条件、电离层修正精度、基线间隔、定向和事后处理方法而变化,给出了使用 T14100GPS 导航接收机和德克萨斯仪器公司 Geomark 事后处理软件包的实际测量结果。     

利用机载GNSS-R的有效波高反演技术

采用自主研发的多源多宿GNSS-R(Global Navigation Satellite System-Reflections,全球导航卫星系统反射信号)海洋环境遥感探测系统,在天津渤海湾特定区域进行了3次机载校飞试验,获得了大量有效GNSS-R信号数据,对自然条件下的海面有效波高进行了反演处理。该系统通过对接收的GNSS直达信号和海面反射信号进行相关运算处理,可以获得DDM(Delay-Doppler Mapping,时延—多普勒映射)图谱,再利用DCF(Derivative of the Correlation Function,相关函数的导数)在DDM图谱基础上进行相关功率波形的计算,进而通过计算DCF的函数波形宽度得到海面有效波高,验证了该方法的可行性。该方法具有全天时、全天候、高分辨率、低成本等优点,对全球范围内中小尺度海洋状态和物理现象的监测具有重要意义。     

GPS软件接收机的捕获与跟踪算法

研究了GPS软件接收机的捕获与跟踪算法。分析了时域串行滑动相关捕获算法和频域基于FFT的并行相关捕获算法,设计了适合GPS软件接收机的并行算法,实现了对空中可见卫星的捕获。针对GPS信号的特点,设计了基于DLL与PLL相结合方法的GPS跟踪算法。利用实测中频信号对上述捕获与跟踪算法进行了验证分析,测试结果表明,基于FFT的并行相关捕获算法能够有效增强软件接收机的捕获能力,采用DLL与PLL相结合的方法能够实现对GPS信号的有效跟踪。     

脉冲干扰对软件接收机的影响分析

卫星信号经过长距离传播,信号能量损耗严重,到达地面的功率很弱,容易受到各种干扰的影响。脉冲干扰为常见的干扰类型,所以针对不同功率、不同周期,以及不同占空比的脉冲干扰信号,通过接收前端采集受脉冲干扰的GPS L1信号,利用软件接收机及多相关器生成技术,详细分析了脉冲干扰对接收机信号捕获与跟踪性能的影响。分析结果表明,周期为1ms的脉冲干扰信号,能对接收机产生强烈的干扰效果,捕获图中的噪声明显增大;跟踪过程中,载噪比和相关值突发性减小,造成跟踪数据异常。而长周期的脉冲信号仅在脉冲到达时影响接收机的捕获和跟踪,但由于信号跟踪不能连续进行,导致伪距观测量的不连续与导航数据不能正常解码,从而干扰接收机。     

地基单站GPS探测大气折射环境

基于地基单站双频GPS接收机,提出了实时遥感探测大气折射环境（包括对流层折射率剖面与电离层电子密度剖面）的方法,并经过实验验证可行。在对流层方面,改进精密单点定位技术使得对流层低仰角斜延迟可以实时解算,然后利用相关向量机方法反演得到对流层折射率剖面;在电离层方面,采用Kalman滤波技术消除硬件延迟得到电离层TEC,基于IRI模型,利用遗传算法反演得到电离层电子密度剖面。此研究为大气折射环境的实时、高效、低成本探测提供了一种新手段。     

一种利用功率反演和线性约束最小方差算法的自适应天线

介绍了一种新的基于功率反演和线性约束最小方差的算法,以高度抑制GPS接收机的干扰信号。这种结构通过提调整天线阵列的权值,实时地接收并改变来自各方向的GPS信号,同时对不同方向的干扰信号有高的抑制比。对固定和移动的干扰都做了仿真,仿真表明这种结构有很深的零点,对固定干扰信号的抑制比可达到115dB,对移动干扰信号的抑制比可达到94dB。     

对GPS／INS制导巡航导弹GPS干扰方法的探讨

目前GPS/INS制导已成为精确制导武器的核心。本文根据GPS信号特点及GPS/INS制导机理,通过对压制干扰和欺骗干扰技术及其对GPS接收机影响的分析,着重探讨对GPS/INS制导巡航导弹GPS干扰的方法。若要提高对GPS/INS制导巡航导弹实施远距离干扰的效果,而又使干扰机功率不是很大,则需建立多层次、分布式、立体式、小功率GPS干扰体系。     

高动态GPS接收机在导弹制导中的应用

针对高动态环境给接收GPS信号所带来的问题，分析了设计高动态GPS接收机的关键技术，讨论了高动态GPS接收机在导弹制导中的应用。     

基于BP神经网络的GNSS-R海面风速反演

针对GNSS-R进行海面风速反演过程中时频域相关物理量较多，数据耦合性强等问题，提出了基于反向传播（BP）神经网络反演海面风速的方法。建立反演过程中相关观测量与风速的对应关系，选取多观测量作为输入，对输入数据进行处理，设置神经元与激励函数，使用BP神经网络自适应调整拟合参数，将风速作为神经网络输出端的特征量提取。反演结果，风速≤ 20 m/s时，反演均方根误差RMSE=1.21 m/s，风速>20 m/s时反演均方根误差RMSE=2.54 m/s，反演结果优于使用时延相关曲线前沿斜率（LES）和时延多普勒相关功率均值（DDMA）方法得到的反演结果，且迭代次数较少，复杂度较低，证明该方法可以应用于GNSS-R海面风速反演。     

Multipath Effects on an Azimuthal Monopulse System

The first topic considered is an analysis of the conditions under which the conventional definition of length of the glistening surface, as given by Beckmann and Spizzichino, is not valid. For some conditions, significant amounts of incoherent scattered power can be received from areas beyond the conventional length. A second topic is the investigation of the effect on azimuthal angular tracking accuracy due to such scattering factors as shadowing, surface height distribution, standard deviation in surface height ?, surface correlation length T, unevenness and inhomogeneity of the terrain, antenna heights, and signal polarization. A number of interesting results have been observed. The amount of additional incoherent power not included under the conventional definition depends on the ratio ?/T, except for the case where both transmitter and receiver are very close to the surface. The trends in the behavior of the glistening surface are similar for vertical or horizontal polarization, for Gaussian or exponential surface height distributions, and for different signal frequencies in the S-band to L-band range.     

Ground-multi path mitigation via polarization steering of GPS signal

Multipath (MP) is the dominant error source in Global Positioning System (GPS) code-based position solutions requiring high accuracy. A technique is introduced here to mitigate error due to ground-reflected MP signals. The technique uses two orthogonal dipoles to capture the direct GPS signal and the ground-reflected GPS signal. Adjusting the amplitude and phase of the received voltage between the two dipoles can reduce the impact of MP error. Theoretical derivations of this technique are performed for a GPS signal upon reflection from dry soil, seawater, and fresh water. The theoretical results are verified with a real world experiment on the aforementioned surfaces. GPS pseudo-range (PR) and carrier-to-noise ratio (C/No) measurements for specific satellites are used to verify the predicted theoretical results.     

高动态GPS卫星信号模拟器电离层延迟误差模拟方法研究

电离层延迟误差是GPS测量中非常重要的一项误差源，也是高动态GPS卫星信号模拟器要解决的一项关键技术。电离层延迟误差与目标的空间位置有关，在分析地面用户和空问用户不同电离层延迟误差修正方法的基础上，研究了卫星信号模拟器电离层延迟误差产生的途径，并给出了相应的数学模型，解决了不同应用环境下导航电8个电离层修正参数的计算问题，通过仿真计算，验证了本所提出的电离层延迟计算模型的正确性。     

Feasibility,and Contribution to Ocean Circulation Studies,of Ocean Bottom Pressure Determination

An assessment is presented of the probable magnitude of ocean signals causing aliasing in ocean bottom pressure measurements from the GRACE satellite mission. Even after modelling as much of the high frequency signal as possible, variability between 1 mbar (in quiet ocean regions) and 10 mbar (on some shelves) is likely to remain. Interpretation of the resulting retrievals will therefore rely on the facts that the satellite sampling will average the aliasing signal to some extent, and that the spatial patterns of aliased signal and true signal will be different. To this end, a theoretical argument is given, and supported by model diagnostics, suggesting that observable bottom pressure signals will be strongly constrained by the shape of the ocean floor. The modelled magnitudes offer the prospect of significant detectable signals and, while the model accuracy can be called into question, there are hints from Earth rotation and satellite orbit measurements that significant mass redistributions occur in the ocean. It seems certain that we will learn something new about the oceans from GRACE. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

空间进动目标动态散射特性的实验研究

研制了进动目标模型,构建了紧凑场微波暗室动态测量系统,通过暗室实验的方法研究了空间进动目标的动态散射特性,给出了若干典型条件下的全极化宽带测量结果。通过实验可以观察到目标进动引起的多普勒频移,证明了微波雷达对进动目标微多普勒的可观测性,同时观察到弹头常见结构引起的非理想点散射现象。实验结果的分析表明,该实验系统能够有效地揭示进动目标的目标特性和回波调制特性,从而为弹道中段目标的动态电磁散射特性、目标结构反演、运动参数提取和逆合成孔径雷达(ISAR)成像的研究奠定了基础,对于弹道中段目标识别的研究具有重要的意义。     

Hardware-in-the-loop simulation technology of wide-band radar targets based on scattering center model

Hardware-in-the-loop(HWIL) simulation technology can verify and evaluate the radar by simulating the radio frequency environment in an anechoic chamber. The HWIL simulation technology of wide-band radar targets can accurately generate wide-band radar target echo which stands for the radar target scattering characteristics and pulse modulation of radar transmitting signal. This paper analyzes the wide-band radar target scattering properties first. Since the responses of target are composed of many separate scattering centers, the target scattering characteristic is restructured by scattering centers model. Based on the scattering centers model of wide-band radar target, the wide-band radar target echo modeling and the simulation method are discussed. The wide-band radar target echo is reconstructed in real-time by convoluting the transmitting signal to the target scattering parameters. Using the digital radio frequency memory(DRFM) system,the HWIL simulation of wide-band radar target echo with high accuracy can be actualized. A typical wide-band radar target simulation is taken to demonstrate the preferable simulation effect of the reconstruction method of wide-band radar target echo. Finally, the radar target time-domain echo and high-resolution range profile(HRRP) are given. The results show that the HWIL simulation gives a high-resolution range distribution of wide-band radar target scattering centers.     

箭载GPS信号传播误差改正模型的选优

误差修正模型是影响箭载GPS定位精度的关键问题之一。针对几种常用的GPS信号传播误差改正模型,探讨了各模型伪距延迟修正量的计算方法,分析和比较了各模型之间的差异,给出了组合误差修正模型的选优标准。实测数据计算结果表明,选优后的误差修正模型可有效提高目标定位精度。     

Climate Observations - The Instrumental Record

A survey is given of the available instrumental data for monitoring and analysis of climatic variations. We focus on temperature measurements, both over land and ocean, at the surface and aloft.Over land, the older observations were subject to exposure changes which may not have been fully compensated. The effects of urbanization have been largely avoided in studies of climatic change over the last 150 years. There are few records for pre-1850 outside Europe and eastern North America, and the global network shows a recent decline. Over the ocean, sea surface temperature (SST) has been measured using buckets, engine intakes, hull sensors, buoys, and satellites. Many of these data have been effectively homogenized, but new challenges arise as observing systems evolve. Available SST and marine air temperature datasets begin in the 1850s. The data are concentrated in shipping lanes especially before 1900, and very sparse during the world wars, but additional historical data are being digitized.The radiosonde record is short (40 years) and has major gaps over the oceans, tropics and Southern Hemisphere. Instrumental heterogeneities are beginning to be assessed and removed using physical and statistical techniques. The MSU record is complete but only began in 1979, and is not highly resolved in the vertical: major biases, mainly affecting the lower-tropospheric retrieval, have been reduced as a result of recent analyses.Advanced interpolation or data-assimilation techniques are being applied to these data, but the results must be interpreted with care.     

基于调制域增强副载波剥离的 GPS M码授权码流提取方法

针对 GPS M码授权码流获取问题,提出 1种新的基于调制域增强副载波剥离的方法。该方法利用 GPS C/A码和 M码码片起始位的相关性,在调制域上利用 BOC调制短码信息对 GPS M码信号进行累加增强,获取授权码流。首先,利用公开的 GPS C/A码辅助获取 GPS信号载波相位和 C/A码码相位;然后,分别利用获得的 GPS信号载波相位和 C/A码码相位,完成 GPS C/A码与交调量的剥离以及 M码授权码的初始相位对准;进一步,利用 BOC调制短码信息在调制域上实现累加增强,完成副载波剥离,获得 GPS M码授权码流;最后,利用实际采集信号对所提方法有效性进行了验证,并与现有方法进行了对比。结果表明,所提方法能够克服带宽内 P(Y)信号旁瓣能量对 M码授权码提 取的影响,可带来 3.5 dB左右的性能改善。