基于小生境遗传算法的分布式OS-CFAR检测系统优化与性能分析

 利用小生境遗传算法,对不同检测窗长度和检测信噪比的三传感器分布式 OS-CFAR检测系统进行了优化设计,给出了一组针对不同检测环境与融合方式的搜索结果。分析表明,对于非一致环境下分布式 OS-CFAR检测系统,小生境遗传算法是一种良好的优化算法。利用搜索结果,研究了不同融合方式下环境变化对分布式 OS-CFAR检测系统的性能影响,结果表明,“或”融合对检测环境的非一致变化具有较强的鲁棒性,而“3选2”融合和“与”融合对检测环境的变化比较敏感。     

基于“虚拟范围”的多机器人围捕算法

 讨论了基于SQL Server数据库的栅格地图建立方法。介绍了一种建立在势场法和栅格地图上的室外多机器人路径规划方法，分析了在已知地图中应用势场法进行路径规划时的路径死点和规划失败问题，并给出了解决方法。以势场栅格法为基础探讨了多机器人协作围捕动态目标的策略。在围捕算法中，根据室外机器人工作环境的特点，提出了“虚拟范围”的概念，以减少动态规划次数，提高围捕速度。介绍了机器人以“虚拟范围”为基准，在各种状态之间的转换机制。利用基于无线局域网的室外多机器人系统进行了试验，试验表明引入“虚拟范围”之后能有效缩短围捕时间，并且存在最短时“虚拟范围”。
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传递对准姿态匹配的优化算法

 推导了4种传递对准姿态匹配算法,分析了这4种姿态匹配算法的优缺点,证明并验证了其中的“最优姿态匹配法”在姿态匹配算法中的最优性。首先介绍了传统的“姿态角匹配法”及其改进算法,即“姿态矩阵匹配法”,接着引入了量测失准角的概念,经过理论推导,提出了利用量测失准角进行传递对准姿态匹配的“量测失准角匹配法”。上述3种姿态匹配算法都是在子惯导安装角是小量的条件下推导而获得的,只能适用于安装角是小量的条件,具有一定的局限性。基于此,对“量测失准角匹配法”进行了完善,推导出了一种可在多挂点下使用的现代姿态匹配算法——最优姿态匹配法。从理论上证明了4种姿态匹配算法的相互关系。最后,采用“速度＋姿态”匹配方案进行的传递对准仿真结果表明：4种姿态匹配算法具有相同的估计精度;推导的“最优姿态匹配法”在保证精度的同时,可应用于子惯导安装角是任意角度的情况,具有更广的应用范围。     

“定制”与“广义”概念下的指尖密封结构优化

 为了获得高性能的指尖密封结构型式，根据指尖密封的结构组成特点，提出了“定制”型线和“广义”型线概念下的指尖密封结构优化策略，以及反映指尖密封基本组成特征和具有“单元叠加”功能的最小优化单元。通过采用统一优化法和分步优化法对两类指尖密封结构的多目标优化问题进行了优化分析，研究结果表明，“定制”型线指尖密封结构优化和 “广义”型线指尖密封结构优化的策略和方法，可以达到同步降低指尖密封迟滞率和综合刚度的多目标优化目标，是获得具有良好综合性能的指尖密封结构的有效途径。从工程意义上讲，“广义”型线指尖密封结构优化技术更具选择指尖密封性能优化取向和程度的优势。     

抑制直升机“地面共振”的优化设计

 本文研究抑制直升机“地面共振”的设计问题,根据控制理论中极点区配置与优化设计思想,提出了满足预定要求的系统刚度与阻尼参数的优化设计方法,并根据直升机“地面共振”的基理,提出了有效的设计方案。本文还以常见的三种计算模型作为算例,结果都是满意的。     

基于LMI的航空发动机鲁棒H_∞控制器设计

 研究了系统矩阵均具有参数不确定性系统的非标准H_∞鲁棒控制问题。基于 LMI的H_∞控制器设计方法,给出了参数不确定性系统用 3个线性矩阵不等式表征的非标准H_∞控制问题可解的充分必要条件,采用“内点法”求解线性矩阵不等式,可得使闭环系统对于所有可能的参数不确定性均二次稳定且传递函数的H∞ 范数 γ有界的鲁棒控制解。该方法应用于非“标准”系统——某型双转子涡喷发动机稳态双变量调节控制器的设计,通过在气动热力学模型上的仿真结果表明,取得了良好的结果。     

油膜轴承动态特性参数及转子不平衡的现场识别

 应用有限元方法建立了柔性转子—轴承系统的动力学模型,提出了在不施加人工激励的前提下识别油膜轴承动态特性参数和转子不平衡的一种时—频域混合法。这种方法可以对每个轴承进行单独识别,亦可进行统一识别,真正实现了“现场”和“在线”,而且不破坏油膜的正常工作状态。最后给出了合理的现场识别实验结果。     

近似函数用于疲劳寿命曲线的数学建模

 将近似函数引进到带缺口试验件的疲劳寿命数学建模中,利用“疲劳转折点”概念,提出“分段建模”概念,给出基于经验变换和基于近似函数的两种数学模型,并与传统的“三参数”模型对比。结果表明 :两种模型的精度高,适用范围广,其中,基于近似函数的数学模型还具有很强的适应性,在工程上具有一定的应用前景。     

快速上仰翼型的非定常前缘分离研究

 近几年,国外对翼型快速上仰运动进行了许多实验和理论研究,最大迎角可达60°以上,目的是探索如何利用由此产生的非常大的非定常气动力（如战斗机的超机动飞行）。研究的重点放在“动力失速问题”上,这时,称之为“动力失速涡”的“前缘涡”早已形成并向下游推移。但是,至今动力失速的确切原因和过程仍未被很好地了解。     

高超声速飞行器表面测热技术综述

高超声速飞行中飞行器表面气动加热量是飞行器热防护系统最为关键的设计输入,在理论计算与地面模拟的有限近似条件下,通过飞行试验实时获取真实环境下飞行器表面的气动加热量,并在此基础上完成对计算模型与地面试验的验证与改进具有重要意义。详细列举了20世纪50年代以来,国外具有代表性的飞行试验与测热方案。以“内置式”与“嵌入式”作为测热技术的分类特征,介绍了各类测试设备及相应的飞行试验结果。着重分析了“热匹配性”与“结构匹配性”作为关键因素对飞行测热技术的影响,通过飞行试验实例介绍了该问题的解决方法及工程经验。归纳了飞行测热技术发展的共性、特点与未来趋势,并结合当前我国发展现状,对该领域未来研究提出建议。     

On measurement of operational security

Ideally, a measure of the security of a system should capture quantitatively the intuitive notion of “the ability of the system to resist attack.” That is, it should be operational, reflecting the degree to which the system can be expected to remain free of security breaches under particular conditions of operation (including attack). Instead, current security levels at best merely reflect the extensiveness of safeguards introduced during the design and development of a system. Whilst we might expect a system developed to a higher level than another to exhibit “more secure behavior” in operation, this cannot be guaranteed; more particularly, we cannot infer what the actual security behavior will be from knowledge of such a level. In the paper we discuss similarities between reliability and security with the intention of working toward measures of “operational security” similar to those that we have for reliability of systems. Very informally, these measures could involve expressions such as the rate of occurrence of security breaches, or the probability that a specified “mission” can be accomplished without a security breach. This new approach is based on the analogy between system failure and security breach, but it raises several issues which invite empirical investigation. We briefly describe a pilot experiment that we have conducted to judge the feasibility of collecting data to examine these issues     

中国民航运输系统性测度研究

对民航运输系统发展程度的有效测度是实现民航运输系统协同发展的前提和基础,从民航运输系统性内涵出发,构建了民航运输系统性测度模型。借助数据包络分析评价方法,建立了民航运输系统总体评价方法,基于协同理论建立了民航运输子系统协调度测度模型和方法。并应用所建立的模型和方法,对中国民航运输系统性状况进行了实证研究。研究结果表明,中国民航系统的有效性有待提高,航空公司系统、机场系统与空管系统两两之间均处于中度协调状态,动态协调度呈现出上升趋势。     

Issues in microwave power systems engineering

The key issues in microwave power system engineering are beam safety, frequency allocation, and affordability. These major issues are presented, discussed, and suggestions for resolving them are offered. The issue of beam safety can be captured in the phrase “Fear of Frying.” Can a properly engineered beamed power safety system allay the public perception of microwave radiation dangers? Openness, visibility, and education may be keys to resolving this issue satisfactorily. “Not in my Spectrum” is a phrase that is frequently encountered in connection with the issue of where can the microwave power beam frequency be located. International cooperation may provide a part of the solution to this issue. “Wow, that much!” is a phrase encountered when dealing with the issue of economic affordability of large beamed power systems. A phased engineering approach for multiple uses even during construction is presented to aid in garnering revenue during the system build phase. Also, dual mode DC-RF converters are encouraged for bi-directional power flow utility and economies of scale in production     

Rate-aided multisignal time delay detection and tracking

Time delay detection and tracking problems have been investigated in previous papers. The approach used is applicable to many problems. In those papers, a first-order Markov process was assumed for the signal parameter (time delay) dynamic model and a constant signal parameter value was assumed within a “block”, or processing unit of time. A performance degradation is incurred when the signal parameter value is “nearly constant-rate”. Also, “crossing” signal parameter values from different signals cannot be tracked. The detector-trackers will “switch” signals. To combat these difficulties, the signal parameter dynamic model is assumed to be a second-order Markov process, and signal parameter rate of change information is computed within a block. A rate-aided multisignal detection and tracking system is developed with these assumptions     

New approaches to weapon system testing or “back to thefuture”

This paper proposes abandoning the use of multipurpose ATE for “horizontal” support of weapon systems in favor of returning to “vertical” support. An R&D effort is proposed to develop a software “hot mock-up” system for field testing weapon system assemblies     

Requirements for optimal glint reduction by diversity methods

Target “glint” (the difference between the phase-front gradient of the scattered field and the true target direction vector) is related to the analytic properties of the scattered field. The resulting model is used to reinterpret diversity methods for glint reduction and to more accurately specify system requirements. A relationship for estimating the best possible improvement in target bearing estimation is also developed     

Low observable target motion analysis using amplitude information

In conventional passive and active sonar system, target amplitude information (AI) at the output of the signal processor is used only to declare detections and provide measurements. We show that the AI can be used in passive sonar system, with or without frequency measurements, in the estimation process itself to enhance the performance in the presence of clutter where the target-originated measurements cannot be identified with certainty, i.e., for “low observable” or “dim” (low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)) targets. A probabilistic data association (PDA) based maximum likelihood (ML) estimator for target motion analysis (TMA) that uses amplitude information is derived. A track formation algorithm and the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) in the presence of false measurements, which is met by the estimator even under low SNR conditions, are also given. The CRLB is met by the proposed estimator even at 6 dB in a cell (which corresponds to 0 dB for 1 Hz bandwidth in the case of a 0.25 Hz frequency cell) whereas the estimator without AI works only down to 9 dB. Results demonstrate improved accuracy and superior global convergence when compared with the estimator without AI. The same methodology can be used for bistatic radar     

Censoring sensors: a low-communication-rate scheme for distributeddetection

We consider a new scheme for distributed detection based on a “censoring” or “send/no-send” idea. The sensors are assumed to “censor” their observations so that each sensor sends to the fusion center only “informative” observations, and leaves those deemed “uninformative” untransmitted. The main result of this work is that with conditionally independent sensor data and under a communication rate constraint, in order to minimize the probability of error, transmission should occur if and only if the local likelihood ratio value observed by the sensor does not fall in a certain single interval. Similar results are derived from Neymarr-Pearson and distance-measure viewpoints. We also discuss simplifications for the most interesting case that the fusion center threshold is high and the communication constraint is severe. We compare censoring with the more common binary-transmission framework and observe its considerable decrease in communication needs. Finally, we explore the use of feedback to achieve optimal performance with very little communication     

Detection and diagnosis of sensor and actuator failures using IMMestimator

An approach to detection and diagnosis of multiple failures in a dynamic system is proposed. It is based on the interacting multiple-model (IMM) estimation algorithm, which is one of the most cost-effective adaptive estimation techniques for systems involving structural as well as parametric changes. The proposed approach provides an integrated framework for fault detection, diagnosis, and state estimation. It is able to detect and isolate multiple faults substantially more quickly and more reliably than many existing approaches. Its superiority is illustrated in two aircraft examples for single and double faults of both sensors and actuators, in the forms of “total”, “partial”, and simultaneous failures. Both deterministic and random fault scenarios are designed and used for testing and comparing the performance fairly. Some new performance indices are presented. The robustness of the proposed approach to the design of model transition probabilities, fault modeling errors, and the uncertainties of noise statistics are also evaluated