基于对偶数的航天器多特征融合相对导航算法

针对基于视觉的航天器相对导航问题,利用对偶数推导并给出了航天器相对耦合动力学方程,该方程一体化描述了追踪航天器相对于目标航天器的姿态运动和轨道运动,且考虑了由非质心点引起的相对姿态与相对轨道之间的耦合影响。在对偶代数的框架内,统一描述了目标航天器上的特征点和特征线,并基于特征点、线在像平面的投影建立了多特征融合的单目视觉测量模型。最后通过对系统状态方程以及测量方程的线性化,应用迭代扩展卡尔曼滤波(IEKF)算法对非质心点的相对运动状态进行了估计。仿真结果表明,本文的算法能够对航天器非质心点的相对运动状态进行较高精度的估计。     

Vision-aided inertial navigation for pinpoint planetary landing

Autonomous and safe landing spacecraft on moon and planetary bodies is a rather difficult and risky task. Accurate relative navigation between the spacecraft and the planetary surface is essential, together with the autonomous hazard detection and avoidance. This paper describes the vision-aided inertial navigation (VAIN) scheme to meet the pinpoint landing requirement of the next generation planetary lander. Images of distinctive surface feature called feature points/landmarks are detected and tracked autonomously to improve the performance of inertial navigation. Landmark image information derived from optical navigation camera and the spacecraft state information sensed by IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) are integrated in extended Kalman filter algorithm. The validity of the proposed navigation scheme is confirmed by computer simulation.     

基于3D Zernike矩的巡检器与空间站的相对导航算法

针对航天器相对导航问题,以空间站表面为"特殊地形",提出一种基于大型航天器表面巡检的相对导航算法。首先,运用巡检飞行器上的TOF （Time of Flight）相机测量空间站表面局部点云数据,以该点云数据为实时图,以空间站表面先验点云数据为基准图。然后,利用3D Zernike矩与三维地形间的一一对应关系,将三维地形匹配转化为基于3D Zernike矩的特征向量匹配。在此基础上求解实时图与匹配上的基准图间的相对位置、相对姿态,从而确定两航天器间的相对导航参数,并通过实验分析了匹配精度及速度的主要影响因素。最后,将该相对导航参数与惯性系统推算的相对导航参数在扩展卡尔曼滤波器的框架下实现信息融合,估计了巡检飞行器与空间站间的相对位置、相对姿态,实验结果表明,相对位置精度优于0.002 m,相对姿态精度优于0.1°。     

Reachable set estimation for spacecraft relative motion based on bang-bang principle

For spacecraft formation flight, the information of relative motion reachable set is very important, which can be used to predict the operating boundary of adjacent spacecraft and thus to ensure the safety of spacecraft operation. In this paper, we aim at developing a numerical method to approximate the reachable set for spacecraft relative motion. In particular, we focus on the quality of the approximation and the computational cost. Based on the bang-bang control principle, a polyhedral approximation algorithm is proposed to compute the reachable set of a relative motion spacecraft system. An inner approximation and an outer approximation of the reachable set for the system can be obtained. We prove that the approximation quality measured in Hausdorff distance can be guaranteed. The method is easy to implement and has low computational cost. Finally, the effectiveness of the algorithm is demonstrated by experimental simulation.     

基于平面模板自由拍摄的双目立体测量系统的现场标定

 摄像机标定是基于光学摄像的立体测量技术中的一个十分重要的步骤，标定精度直接影响系统测量的精度和稳定性。本文提出并实现了一种简便易行的双目立体测量系统现场标定方法：利用一块特殊设计的具有不同大小圆形特征点的平面标定板，在无需控制任何运动参数的情况下，双目测量系统只需对标定板在不同角度自由拍摄一组图像即可方便地实现系统标定。该方法在已有单摄像机标定算法的基础上，加入对双摄像机相对位置和姿态的优化，同时考虑了镜头的非线性畸变，达到了较好的标定结果。另外，提出的图像点与其空间点的对应算法具有良好的稳定性，即使由于环境或摄像机摆放位置等因素的影响，一些标定板上的特征点不能被摄像机拍摄到，或者不能被正确识别时，仍然能进行标定工作。标定实验和系统标定后的三维重建结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

Robust image-based coordinated control for spacecraft formation flying

This paper addresses a coordinated control problem for Spacecraft Formation Flying (SFF). The distributed followers are required to track and synchronize with the leader spacecraft. By using the feature points in the two-dimensional image space, an integrated 6-degree-of-freedom dynamic model is formulated for spacecraft relative motion. Without sophisticated three-dimensional reconstruction, image features are directly utilized for the controller design. The proposed image-based controller can drive the follower spacecraft in the desired configuration with respect to the leader when the real-time captured images match their reference counterparts. To improve the precision of the formation configuration, the proposed controller employs a coordinated term to reduce the relative distance errors between followers. The uncertainties in the system dynamics are handled by integrating the adaptive technique into the controller, which increases the robustness of the SFF system. The closed-loop system stability is analyzed using the Lyapunov method and algebraic graph theory. A numerical simulation for a given SFF scenario is performed to evaluate the performance of the controller.     

三维地形不变性特征描述及其在地形匹配中的应用

 针对实时地形图与基准地形图之间存在旋转、缩放和平移等相似变换的地形匹配问题,提出一种基于地形不变性特征描述的匹配方法。分析了地形的凹凸特征,根据三维地形表面的局部极值点相对位置分布稳定的特点,采用极值点相对位置归一化表示的方法构造了地形的不变性特征向量,基于二维地形特征向量间的距离比较,实现了适应相似变换的地形匹配。该地形描述与匹配方法不依赖于地形的绝对尺度值,仿真实验表明了方法具有较好的实用性,是解决导航定位中存在缩放变换的地形匹配的有效方法。     

面向视觉着陆的高精度结构化约束特征点研究

为提高视觉着陆过程中无人机的相对定位精度,选取视觉图像中的直线交点作为结构化约束特征点,设计了基于梯度一致性的边缘检测算法,并结合Shi-Tomasi角点检测算法进行结构化约束特征点的粗定位。对LSD直线检测算法进行改进并设计了亚像素角点定位精度改进算法,在结构化约束特征点粗定位的基础上,将其精度提高到亚像素级。基于实际场景中固有约束的结构化约束特征点具有鲁棒性、旋转和尺度不变性,抗干扰能力更强,其高精度定位有利于提高视觉着陆相对定位的精度与可靠性。     

面向视觉着陆的高精度结构化约束特征点研究

为提高视觉着陆过程中无人机的相对定位精度,选取视觉图像中的直线交点作为结构化约束特征点,设计了基于梯度一致性的边缘检测算法,并结合Shi-Tomasi角点检测算法进行结构化约束特征点的粗定位。对LSD直线检测算法进行改进并设计了亚像素角点定位精度改进算法,在结构化约束特征点粗定位的基础上,将其精度提高到亚像素级。基于实际场景中固有约束的结构化约束特征点具有鲁棒性、旋转和尺度不变性,抗干扰能力更强,其高精度定位有利于提高视觉着陆相对定位的精度与可靠性。     

An all-sky autonomous star map identification algorithm

The attitude of the spacecraft can be obtained with accuracy by using star sensors. Its key technology is how to identify stellar maps. Triangle algorithm is used most widely in the current star map identification algorithms. In the field of physical geography modelling, Delaunay triangulation cutting algorithm has been widely used because of its important characteristic; the result of this triangulation cutting method is unique from a random set of points. This triangulation algorithm is first applied to identify star map for its particular character. In final, the proposed method is applied to simulation; the results show that compared with the current star map identification algorithms, the algorithm presented in this paper has the advantage of real-time properties and robustness. It needs a smaller database of guidance stars and matches more rapidly.     

基于双视线测量的相对导航方法

对非合作目标自主交会中的中远程相对导航问题进行研究.首先,给出二阶近似的航天器相对轨道动力学方程,并对视线(LOS)导航方法的可观测性进行了分析.然后,提出基于双视线测量的相对导航方案.该导航方案中,系统过程噪声模型采用适用于航天器远距离相对运动的轨道动力学方程;量测量包括目标对两个追踪航天器的视线角和追踪航天器之间的...     

无人直升机视觉着陆中的运动状态估计算法

对无人直升机(UH)视觉着陆中基于视觉图像处理的运动状态估计问题进行了研究。介绍了视觉着陆原理,分析了运动估计、特征图像处理与着陆控制间的关系,推导并建立了UH相对着陆平台位姿估计算法、线速度与角速度估计算法。相邻两帧图像对应特征点像点位置为位姿估计算法提供数据,一帧图像特征点像点位置及其对应像点平移速度为线速度与角速度估计算法提供数据。利用UH着陆控制仿真数据模拟UH着陆运动过程中像点位置及其对应平移速度的视觉图像处理结果。仿真验证了运动状态估计算法,结果表明所提出的运动状态估计算法能有效地利用视觉图像处理结果数据估计出UH的位置、姿态、线速度和角速度。     

Satellite lithium-ion battery remaining useful life estimation with an iterative updated RVM fused with the KF algorithm

Lithium-ion batteries have become the third-generation space batteries and are widely utilized in a series of spacecraft. Remaining Useful Life (RUL) estimation is essential to a spacecraft as the battery is a critical part and determines the lifetime and reliability. The Relevance Vector Machine (RVM) is a data-driven algorithm used to estimate a battery’s RUL due to its sparse feature and uncertainty management capability. Especially, some of the regressive cases indicate that the RVM can obtain a better short-term prediction performance rather than long-term prediction. As a nonlinear kernel learning algorithm, the coefficient matrix and relevance vectors are fixed once the RVM training is conducted. Moreover, the RVM can be simply influenced by the noise with the training data. Thus, this work proposes an iterative updated approach to improve the long-term prediction performance for a battery’s RUL prediction. Firstly, when a new estimator is output by the RVM, the Kalman filter is applied to optimize this estimator with a physical degradation model. Then, this optimized estimator is added into the training set as an on-line sample, the RVM model is re-trained, and the coefficient matrix and relevance vectors can be dynamically adjusted to make next iterative prediction. Experimental results with a commercial battery test data set and a satellite battery data set both indicate that the proposed method can achieve a better performance for RUL estimation.     

基于输出反馈的柔性航天器变结构跟踪控制方法

为解决柔性航天器姿态机动的控制问题,给出了基于输出反馈的变结构跟踪控制算法。针对柔性航天器的大角度机动,在建立了柔性航天器相对参考轨迹的动力学方程的基础上,设计了仅利用航天器本体的角度和角速度信息的变结构跟踪控制器,使得姿态状态跟踪误差(包括姿态跟踪误差和姿态角速度跟踪误差)以及挠性附件的模态变量从任意的初始状态出发都会到达包含原点的一个闭集内,并且姿态状态跟踪误差能收敛到零,并给出了严格的数学证明。仿真结果证明了所提控制方法的可行性和有效性。     

基于改进WKNN的位置指纹室内定位算法

位置指纹算法是目前解决室内定位问题的主要方法,指纹特征和匹配算法为影响算法精度的两大因素.针对室内复杂环境下Wi-Fi信号强度波动较大的现象,提出了基于方差的加权距离以改进WKNN算法.在离线特征提取阶段,选择了均值和方差两个特征值,既反映该采样点的RSS幅值,也反映该点RSS的波动情况;在线阶段,根据方差提出了加权距离进行相似度的计算,查找距离最近的K近邻点,并以实际环境下采集的数据验证了改进WKNN算法在RSS波动大的情况下对定位效果的改善,在综合考虑了AP组合的影响后,实现了误差均值为1.456m的定位效果.     

基于分形理论和节点分离有限元的泡沫铝防护结构数值仿真研究(英文)

利用数字图像处理技术对泡沫铝截面的分形特征进行了分析,使用对数线性回归方法计算了泡沫铝的分形维数。Serpinski垫片可以被用于泡沫铝截面建模。通过调整迭代次数和分割参数可以获得不同分形维数、不同相对密度的泡沫铝模型。使用节点分离的Lagrange有限元方法对超高速碰撞过程进行了分析,通过将数值仿真结果与实验结果对比表明了建模方法以及仿真方法的有效性。通过数值仿真,获得了等面密度的铝防护板以及泡沫铝防护板的弹道极限曲线。对比表明,泡沫铝板的防护性能明显优于铝板。泡沫铝材料适合应用于航天器防护。     

基于单数码相机自由拍摄的空间点定位

 提出并实现了一种空间点定位方法。该方法仅用一台数码相机围绕目标进行多角度自由拍摄获得多帧图像，采用一套具有身份唯一性的标记点实现多图像间点的稳定匹配；在此基础上根据多视图几何约束，精确计算各次拍摄时的相机姿态和位置；进而求解目标点的三维位置信息，并对结果进行优化。实验表明空间点定位的相对误差优于0.03%。该方法所用设备十分简单，操作方式非常灵活，适用于大型物体多视角测量的拼合、某些情况下的装配检查等，也可直接用于较规则构型物体的三维数据获取与CAD模型重建。     

基于多特征点参数权值优化的蒙皮点云去噪研究

点云去噪的效果对三维扫描过程后续的曲面拟合与造型设计至关重要，如何快速准确提取特征点已成为研究热点，然而点云去噪的关键之处在于奇异值与离群值的检测。提出耦合多特征点参数的去噪模型，分别讨论每个特征点参数对去噪模型的影响程度；采用群智能算法求解出一组最优参数权重，以此确定点云去噪模型，从而达到三维散乱点云最优去噪效果；通过对Bunny 模型进行去噪仿真以及某一型号的蒙皮进行去噪实验，对去噪模型进行验证。结果表明：本文提出的点云去噪模型相较于半径滤波器、统计滤波器、改进体素滤波结合高斯滤波模型，迭代更快、耗时更少，具有更好的去噪效果。     

在轨服务航天器对目标的相对位置和姿态耦合控制

研究在轨服务航天器自主逼近与捕获目标航天器过程中的相对位置和姿态耦合动力学与控制问题.考虑控制输入耦合,建立服务航天器对目标航天器的相对位置和姿态一体化耦合动力学模型.基于此耦合动力学模型,考虑相对位置跟踪中的控制指令耦合和控制输出受限,利用反馈线性化理论,设计相对位置和姿态一体化耦合控制算法.并利用李雅普洛夫理论证明...     

Super twisting controller for on-orbit servicing to non-cooperative target

A relative position and attitude coupled controller is proposed for rendezvous and docking between two docking ports located in different spacecraft. It is concerned with servicing to a tumbling non-cooperative target spacecraft in arbitrary orbit subjected to external disturbances.By considering both kinematic and dynamical coupled effects of relative rotation on relative translation, a coupled dynamic model is established to represent the relative motion of docking port on target spacecraft with respect to another on the service spacecraft. The spacecraft control is based on the second order sliding mode algorithm of super twisting(ST). It is schemed to manipulate the relative position and attitude synchronously. A formal proof of the finite time convergence property of the closed-loop system is derived theoretically by the second method of Lyapunov. Numerical simulations with the designed ST controller are presented to validate the analytic analysis by contrast with the twisting control algorithm. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed relative position and attitude integrated controller is characterized by high precision, strong robustness and high reliability.