泡沫碳/相变材料复合体研究进展

介绍了高导热泡沫碳/相变材料复合体应用于热管理系统的研究进展.主要阐述了泡沫碳/石蜡复合相变热管理系统、泡沫碳/硝酸锂相变复合材料、基于泡沫碳/相变复合材料一体化蒸发腔——热能贮存(VCTES)系统的热管理系统应用研究进展,并对泡沫碳/相变复合材料的应用进行了介绍.     

振动环境对相变组件热控性能影响的实验

为了研究振动环境对相变组件热控性能的影响，制备了基于纯硬脂酸和硬脂酸/泡沫铜复合相变材料的两种相变热控实验件，并进行了静止和振动环境中的热控实验。实验结果表明:泡沫铜的存在能够有效地强化相变组件的热控性能，在5000W/m2时，添加泡沫铜后平衡温度降低了19℃，有效热控时间延长了19.4%；在振动环境下，纯硬脂酸实验件的平衡温度降低了9.5℃，有效热控时间延长了13.2%；硬脂酸/泡沫铜实验件的有效热控时间延长了10.5%，振动带来的强迫对流能够有效强化相变组件的热控性能；并且相对于振动频率，振幅变化对影响结果的扰动较小，在一定的频率范围内，振动的影响随着频率的增加而变大。该研究可以为机载电子设备相变热控技术的应用提供参考。      

改进型相变蓄热容器的蓄放热实验(英文)

泡沫镍以其独特的多孔结构而具有优异的性能,可以用来改善固液相变蓄能装置中的空穴分布及传热性能。本文在理论研究基础上设计制造了填充泡沫镍的改进型固液相变蓄热容器,与未填充泡沫镍的蓄热容器一同进行了相变蓄热试验,在不同蓄热温度下进行蓄热实验,研究了蓄热温度对PCM熔化时间的影响。利用铂电阻(PT100)和数据采集模块(ADAM-4000)测得了实验中各蓄热容器的温度变化数据,实验后利用CT扫描得到了容器内部的空穴分布图像。通过对比研究两种容器的温度变化和空穴分布,证明了填充泡沫镍能够有效改善固液相变过程中的空穴分布和传热性能,研究结论对于固液相变蓄热技术的应用具有一定指导意义。     

CNTs泡沫相变复合材料:纳米孔隙的构筑与 相变材料的包裹

热能是一种广泛存在并极具应用前景的能源,但目前储热材料的能量转换时间较长,储热效率较低,亟需一种高性能的新型储热材料。本工作通过化学气相沉积(chemical vapor deposition,CVD)方法利用碳纳米管(carbon nanotubes,CNTs)构筑宏观体材料,在微纳尺度下对复合材料结构进行优化,合成孔隙结构可控的CNTs泡沫,利用毛细管作用力将熔融相变材料硬脂酸和石蜡填充到CNTs泡沫中,形成分散均匀的CNTs相变复合材料。用聚焦离子/电子双束显微电镜(FIB/SEM)观察样品形貌,用差式扫描量热计(DSC)分析样品潜热,用X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析样品晶体结构,用拉伸试验机测试样品强度。结果表明:CNTs泡沫对相变材料具有优异的包裹性,减少了在相变循环中相变材料的流失;复合相变材料具有较高的潜热。     

填充泡沫复合相变材料的热控单元热性能研究

建立了分析可移动电子设备热控制单元(TCU)热性能的二维数学模型,并进行了数值计算.结果表明,填充泡沫复合相变材料(FCPCM)和肋都能很好地提高TCU内相变材料(PCM)的导热性能,能更好地满足电子元件的工作要求,且前者方案更具优势.此外,还对泡沫骨架材料和PCM的选择进行了计算分析,结果表明,孔隙率是影响TCU热性能的重要参数,铝FCPCM具有良好的热性能,PCM的选择应视电子元件的使用设计要求而定.所得结论对移动电子设备TCU的设计和优化有一定的指导作用.     

翅片-泡沫铜复合结构的导热增强作用

由于翅片能够极大提高沿翅片伸展方向的导热能力,因此为满足一些航空大功率元件的散热要求,提出采用翅片-泡沫铜复合结构作为导热增强介质的概念.制作了翅片厚度分别为0.5,0.8mm和1.0mm的翅片-泡沫铜/石蜡实验件.通过瞬态和稳态的方法对实验件的热特性进行了测试,结果表明添加1.0mm翅片后复合材料的等效导热系数达到11.4W/(m·K),分别为泡沫铜/石蜡和纯石蜡的3.7倍和42.2倍;在相同热流密度下,采用翅片的装置热源与散热面的最大温差相对于未采用翅片的装置降低了73.2%~90.0%.实验证明翅片能够显著提高泡沫铜/石蜡的等效导热系数和动态热响应速度.根据实验结果提出了适用于翅片-泡沫铜/石蜡相变过程的无量纲数关联式.      

水发泡剂对聚酰亚胺泡沫结构与性能的影响

采用一步法制备了一种聚酰亚胺(PI)泡沫,研究了水含量对聚酰亚胺泡沫结构和性能的影响规律。采用红外光谱(FTIR)和扫描电镜(SEM)分别表征了聚酰亚胺泡沫的分子结构和泡孔结构;采用热机械分析(TMA)和热失重分析(TGA)分别测试了聚酰亚胺泡沫的玻璃化转变温度和热稳定性;采用双通道声学分析仪测试了聚酰亚胺泡沫的吸声性能。研究表明:在所研究的水含量范围内,用水含量对聚酰亚胺泡沫的分子结构、玻璃化转变温度和热失重性能几乎无影响;驻波管法测得PI泡沫的平均吸声系数最大为0.44;玻璃化转变温度为294.7～295.6℃,热失重5%时的温度大于377.5℃,800℃时的残余质量大于49.6%。     

微重力下复合相变材料的热控性能数值仿真

针对航天器电子设备的热控问题,选择石蜡作为相变材料,以Al_2O_3粉末作为导热增强剂,基于焓-多孔模型与相变储能结构的被动热控技术,通过数值仿真求解了不同组分下复合相变材料的熔化过程,得到了温度分布、固液界面等数据,分析了热控效果,同时还分析了重力与微重力对熔化过程的影响。结果显示,在重力条件下,可将加热面温度控制在50～58℃,而掺混Al_2O_3粉末在增强导热系数的同时抑制了自然对流,整体传热效率降低,因此不同Al_2O_3质量分数下的复合相变材料2%的热控效果优于5%;在微重力条件下,因为没有自然对流的影响,随着Al_2O_3的增加,熔化效率提高,Al_2O_3质量分数为5%的复合相变材料相比于2%的质量分数具有更佳的热控效果。     

基于扫描轨迹控制的电子束加工技术

在通用真空电子束焊机的基础上配置两对电子束偏转线圈、工控机(IPC)、NI多功能数据采集卡、功率放大器以及虚拟仪器软件LabVIEW,构建一个电子束扫描控制系统.利用该系统可对电子束扫描轨迹、扫描频率以及加热区域电子束能量密度的分配进行离线编辑,以及对扫描轨迹、电子束束流进行实时调节和控制.使用该系统进行了不锈钢毛细管板结构的钎焊试验;对铌钛异种合金采用不对称热输入的扫描加热方式进行焊接;对于不能直接焊接的异种金属(如Re-Ti),可使用本系统的扫描加热技术,通过粉末冶炼制备中间过渡层.     

基于铜蓄热的Ka频段相控阵天线热控技术研究

针对搭载于长征七号上面级的Ka频段相控阵天线尺寸小、热功耗大、工作模式不确定,需热控系统兼具天线工作期间的散热和长时间不工作期间的保温,需要采用相变材料或高热容材料进行蓄热的问题,考虑该上面级对重量相对不敏感但对经济性敏感的特点,通过对比铜和相变材料、电加热和增加热控开机,设计了一种"铜蓄热+新增热控开机"的热控方案。开展了全箭热分析计算和相控阵天线热平衡试验,验证了方案的正确性,飞行遥测数据证实了数值计算和试验的有效性。     

Effects of RRA Treatments on Microstructures and Properties of a New High-strength Aluminum-Lithium Alloy-2A97

A new high strength 2A97 Al-Cu-Li-X alloy was subjected to triple-aging of retrogression and re-aging treatments (RRA). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and tensile tests were used to investigate the effects of RRA treatment on the microstructures and properties. DSC test reveals the reversion temperature range of the strengthening δ' (Al3Li)phase. The results show that the microstructure consists of δ' (Al3Li) phase, T1 (Al2CuLi) phase and θ"/θ'(Al2Cu) phase for 2A97 alloy treated by a triple-aging ora retrogression and re-aging treatment in the following order: (1) at 165 ℃×30 min, (2) at 220 ℃ or 240 ℃×15 min, (3) at 165 ℃×24 h. The plastic deformation, incorporated into the treatment after secondary high temperature aging, promotes the T1 precipitation during final re-aging. The tensile properties of the alloy treated by the retrogression and re-aging treatment reach the peak level of alloy single-aged at 165 ℃ in T6 temper.     

Interconnected Ni（OH）2 and polyether amine on carbon fiber surface for simultaneously improving interfacial adhesion of epoxy composites and electrochemical properties

Interconnected Ni（OH）₂ nanoflakes and polyether amine（PEA） were deposited on carbon fiber tows via a facial and effective process of chemical bath deposition and dip coating. Based on this, a win–win benefit of simultaneously improvements in interfacial shear strength（IFSS） of carbon fiber/epoxy composites and the electrochemical activity has been achieved. Compared with CF and CF-Ni（OH）₂ composites, the IFSS of CF-Ni（OH）₂-PEA/epoxy composite respectively increas...     

容器热物性参数对蓄热系统性能影响的数值研究

建立了分析潜热蓄热系统蓄热性能的二维数学模型,并进行了数值计算.其中考虑了容器壁面的导热,且相变传热只考虑导热模型,对相变材料(PCM)相变过程的求解采用解耦法计算模型.对几种不同材料容器内PCM熔化过程进行了数值计算比较,结果表明,容器材料的导热系数、比热容和密度等热物性参数对PCM的熔化有很大的影响.此外还对不同初始温度和边界壁温对PCM熔化的影响进行了数值计算.所得结论对潜热蓄热系统的热性能及其优化设计有一定的指导作用.      

液氮抽真空制冷的理论及试验

在考虑液氮总质量变化、储罐罐体热容的前提下,基于化学势温差,传热系数和传质系数等参数,详细建立了液氮降压制备过冷液氮的数学模型。理论计算的液氮温度及质量变化和制取过冷液氮试验值吻合较好,结果表明:该数学模型能准确描述液氮相变过程,且获得了液氮抽真空制冷中相变传热的化学势温差为1.21 K、传热系数为2 942.37 W/(m2·K)及传质系数为0.004 4 m/s。      

Corrosion Inhibition of SiC_p/5A06 Aluminum Metal Matrix Composite by Cerium Conversion Treatment

This article studies the effects of the CeCl₃ concentrations in conversion solutions with and without addition of NaCl, pH-values of conversion solution, drying temperature, time and temperature of immersion on the Ce-conversion coatings for corrosion protection of the SiC_p/5A06 Al-MMC and 5A06 Al-alloy in the 3.5% NaCl aqueous solution at room temperature. Potentiodynamic polarization tests reveal that the Ce-conversion treatment could markedly improve the pitting corrosion resistance of the composite and the matrix alloy in chloride containing environment. The best corrosion resistance effects are obtained for the samples treatment in 1‰ CeCl₃·7H₂O/ 3.5% NaCl solution at 45 °C for 60 min, followed by drying at 100 °C for 30 min. Examinations by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicate that this behavior is due to the precipitation of Ce-oxides/hydroxides on the cathodic intermetallics and the Al-oxide film on the rest of the metal matrix.     

Rare Atoms,Molecules and Radicals in the Coma of P/Halley

We have searched for rare molecules and radicals in the coma of P/Halley using the ion data obtained by IMS-Giotto. Whereas our established methods were used in the ionosphere, a new model was developed for the interpretation of the ion data in the outer coma. Ne/H₂O < 1.5 × 10^-3 was determined in the coma of the comet. Upper limits for the production of Na were derived from the very low abundance of Na⁺. Methyl cyanide and (probably) ethyl cyanide were identified with abundances of CH₃CN/H₂O = (1.4 ± .6) × 10^-3 and C₂H₅CN/H₂O = (2.8 ± 1.6) × 10^-4. These results and upper limits for other N-bearing species confirm that nitrogen is depleted in the Halley material. C₄H was identified and a point source strength of C₄H/H₂O = (2.3 ± .8) × 10^-3 was derived. Our upper limit for C₃H is lower than the abundance of C₄H. This is in agreement with the enhanced abundances of C_nH species with even numbers of C-atoms found in interstellar molecular clouds, suggesting that the C₄H in Halley was synthesized under molecular cloud conditions. Thus, C₄H and other organics with unpaired electrons may turn out to be indicators for a molecular cloud origin of cometary constituents. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

乙醇燃烧加热空气污染物对煤油超燃的影响

在燃烧室入口来流马赫数为2.5的条件下,研究乙醇燃烧加热空气污染物对煤油超声速燃烧的影响.在加热器中,采用预混稳态燃烧火焰模型和61组分388步详细反应机理模拟乙醇燃烧加热过程,获得与实验温度条件相同的详细污染出口组分组成.其主要污染空气作为煤油超声速燃烧室的入口组分,采用17组分30步反应机理模拟煤油超声速燃烧过程,研究了污染物组分对煤油超燃室性能的影响.通过化学动力学和热力学分析,对比了地面电加热、乙醇燃烧加热和25km高空三种工况.结果表明:由于自由基作用以及平 均分子质量的减小和平均比定压热容的增加,乙醇燃烧加热污染空气造成超燃室的燃烧效率和内推力均上升.      

Evolution of Interstellar Ices

Infrared observations, combined with realistic laboratory simulations, have revolutionized our understanding of interstellar ice and dust, the building blocks of comets. Ices in molecular clouds are dominated by the very simple molecules H₂O, CH₃OH, NH₃, CO, CO₂, and probably H₂CO and H₂. More complex species including nitriles, ketones, and esters are also present, but at lower concentrations. The evidence for these, as well as the abundant, carbon-rich, interstellar, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is reviewed. Other possible contributors to the interstellar/pre-cometary ice composition include accretion of gas-phase molecules and in situ photochemical processing. By virtue of their low abundance, accretion of simple gas-phase species is shown to be the least important of the processes considered in determining ice composition. On the other hand, photochemical processing does play an important role in driving dust evolution and the composition of minor species. Ultraviolet photolysis of realistic laboratory analogs readily produces H₂, H₂CO, CO₂, CO, CH₄, HCO, and the moderately complex organic molecules: CH₃CH₂OH (ethanol), HC(=O)NH₂ (formamide), CH₃C(=O)NH₂ (acetamide), R-CN (nitriles), and hexamethylenetetramine (HMT, C₆H₁₂N₄), as well as more complex species including amides, ketones, and polyoxymethylenes (POMs). Inclusion of PAHs in the ices produces many species similar to those found in meteorites including aromatic alcohols, quinones and ethers. Photon assisted PAH-ice deuterium exchange also occurs. All of these species are readily formed and are therefore likely cometary constituents. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

催化剂对HMX/AP/HTPB推进剂热分解特性的影响

热分析实验是使用国产CDR-1型差动热分析仪。热分解活化能用Ozawa法和Kissinger法计算[1],其它动力学参数均用Kissinger法求得。全部热分析实验均在氮气气氛中进行。推进剂燃速用靶线法燃速仪测定。HMX和各种催化剂在使用前均经过烘干处理。催化剂过100目筛。      

Thermal performance of a 3D printed lattice-structure heat sink packaging phase change material

Thermal storage technology is becoming more and more significant with the increase of high-power equipment in space applications. In this paper, 3D printing technology and Phase Change Material (PCM) were combined into a Thermal Energy Storage (TES) system, which could fulfill the requirements of light weight and high thermal conductivity. A 3D-printed lattice-structure TES plate with N-tetradecane as the PCM and aluminum alloy as the thermal conductivity enhancer was manufactured, and experimentally tested in a thermal vacuum chamber. In addition, a simplified simulation model of the lattice cell was established to clearly analyze the heat transfer process of the TES plate. The effects of initial temperature distribution and heat load gradient on the thermal storage performances were investigated experimentally and theoretically. The equivalent thermal conductivity of the 3D-printed lattice-structure TES plate turns out to be 13 times of the pure PCM thanks to the aluminum skeleton. The heat transfer enhancement appears at the end of the phase change stage due to the sudden mixture of the PCM with different temperature. The simulation results agree well with the experimental data. The equivalent thermal conductivity obtained by the phase change simulations are a little higher than those of the experiments, which is mainly caused by the initial uneven temperature distribution in the tests. Additionally, the effects of non-uniform heat load and the presence of the PCM in the TES plate are studied. This work successfully validates the feasibility and effectiveness of 3D printing technology and TES technology for the temperature control in space applications.