Effect of tip geometry and tip clearance on aerodynamic performance of a linear compressor cascade

The tip leakage flow between a blade and a casing wall has a strong impact on compressor pressure rise capability, efficiency, and stability. Consequently, there is a strong motivation to look for means to minimize its impact on performance. This paper presents the potential of passive tip leakage flow control to increase the aerodynamic performance of highly loaded compressor blades. Experimental investigations on a linear compressor cascade equipped with blade winglets mounted to the blade tips have been carried out. Results for a variation of the tip clearance and the winglet geometry are presented. Current results indicate that the use of proper tip winglets in a compressor cascade can positively affect the local aerodynamic field by weakening the tip leakage vortex. Results also show that the suction-side winglets are aerodynamically superior to the pressure-side or combined winglets. The suction-side winglets are capable of reducing the exit total pressure loss associated with the tip leakage flow and the passage secondary flow to a significant degree.     

腹下无隔道大偏距跨声速S弯进气道气动特性的实验研究(英文)

An investigation on the ventral diverterless high offset S-shaped inlet is carried out at Mach numbers from 0.600 to 1.534, angles of attack from -4° to 9.4°, and yaw angles from 0° to 8°. Results indicate： （1） a large region of low total pressure exists at the lower part of the inlet exit caused by the counter-rotating vortices in the S-shaped duct; （2） the performances of the inlet at Mach number 1.000 reach almost the highest, so the propulsion system could work efficiently in terms of aerodynamics; （3） the total pressure recovery increases slowly at first and then remains unvaried as the Mach number rises from 0.6 to 1.0, however, it does in an opposite manner in the conventional diverter-equipped S-shaped inlet; （4） the performances of the inlet are generally insensitive to angles of attack from -4° to 9.4° and yaw angles from 0° to 8° at Mach number 0.850, and angles of attack from -2° to 6° and yaw angles from 0° to 5° at Mach number 1.534.     

Tip-leakage flow loss reduction in a two-stage turbine using axisymmetric-casing contouring

In order to reduce the losses caused by tip-leakage flow, axisymmetric contouring is applied to the casing of a two-stage unshrouded high pressure turbine（HPT） of aero-engine in this paper. This investigation focuses on the effects of contoured axisymmetric-casing on the blade tipleakage flow. While the size of tip clearance remains the same as the original design, the rotor casing and the blade tip are obtained with the same contoured arc shape. Numerical calculation results show that a promotion of 0.14% to the overall efficiency is achieved. Detailed analysis indicates that it reduces the entropy generation rate caused by the complex vortex structure in the rotor tip region, especially in the tip-leakage vortex. The low velocity region in the leading edge（LE） part of the tip gap is enlarged and the pressure side/tip junction separation bubble extends much further away from the leading edge in the clearance. So the blocking effect of pressure side/tip junction separation bubble on clearance flow prevents more flow on the tip pressure side from leaking to the suction side, which results in weaker leakage vortex and less associated losses.     

Application of Tandem Cascade to Design of Fan Stator with Supersonic Inflow

This article proposes a tandem cascade constructed to tackle the thorny problem of designing the high-loaded stator with a supersonic inflow and a large turning angle.The front cascade adopts a supersonic profile to reduce the shock wave intensity turning the flow into subsonic,while the rear cascade adopts a subsonic profile with a large camber offering the flow a large turning angle.It is disclosed that the losses would be minimized if the leading edge of the rear cascade lies close to the pressure side of the front cascade at a distance of 20% pitch in pitch-wise direction without either axial spacing or overlapping in axial direction.The 2D numerical test results show that,with the inflow Mach number of 1.25 and the turning angle of 52°,the total pressure loss coefficient of the tandem cascade reaches 0.106,and the diffusion factor 0.745.Finally,this article has designed and simulated a high-loaded fan stage with the proposed tandem stator,which has the pressure ratio of 3.15 and the efficiency of 86.32% at the rotor tip speed of 495.32m/s.     

Experimental Study of Corner Stall in a Linear Compressor Cascade

In order to gain a better knowledge of the mechanisms and to calibrate computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools including both Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) and large eddy simulation (LES),a detailed and accurate experimental study of corner stall in a linear compressor cascade has been carried out.Data are taken at a Reynolds number of 382 000 based on blade chord and inlet velocity.At first,inlet flow boundary layer is surveyed using hot-wire anemometry.Then in order to investigate the effects of incidence,measurements are acquired at five incidences,including static pressures on both blade and endwall surfaces measured by pressure taps and the total pressure losses of outlet flow measured by a five-hole pressure probe.The maximum losses as well as the extent of losses of the corner stall are presented as a function of the investigated incidences.     

Experimental investigation of aerodynamics of turbine blade trailing edge cooling

This paper presented an experimental investigation the effects of the trailing edge cooling on the aerodynamic performance. The experiments were conducted on the low-speed linear cascade tunnel at Northwestern Polytechnical University. The external aerodynamic characteristics in the 40 percent chord downstream of exit plane were measured using five-hole probe with the different ejection rates. The results showed that the total pressure loss coefficient at the middle spanwise plane increased at first and then it has a decreasing tendency with the increase of ejection ratio. The trailing edge cooling would influence the structure of the turbine cascade outlet flow field. When the ejection rate was 3%,the loss area near the blade endwall would become stronger,but it would become weaker with the 6% ejection ratio. On the whole,the trailing edge cooling had more influence on the profile loss than on the secondary loss.      

Numerical Investigation of Flow Separation Control on a Highly Loaded Compressor Cascade by Plasma Aerodynamic Actuation

To discover the characteristic of separated flows and mechanism of plasma flow control on a highly loaded compressor cascade, numerical investigation is conducted. The simulation method is validated by oil flow visualization and pressure distribution. The loss coefficients, streamline patterns, and topology structure as well as vortex structure are analyzed. Results show that the numbers of singular points increase and three pairs of additional singular points of topology structure on solid surface generate with the increase of angle of attack, and the total pressure loss increases greatly. There are several principal vortices inside the cascade passage. The pressure side leg of horse-shoe vortex coexists within a specific region together with passage vortex, but finally merges into the latter. Corner vortex exists independently and does not evolve from the suction side leg of horse-shoe vortex. One pair of radial coupling-vortex exists near blade trailing edge and becomes the main part of backflow on the suction surface. Passage vortex interacts with the concentrated shedding vortex and they evolve into a large-scale vortex rotating in the direction opposite to passage vortex. The singular points and separation lines represent the basic separation feature of cascade passage. Plasma actuation has better effect at low freestream velocity, and the relative reductions of pitch-averaged total pressure loss coefficient with different actuation layouts of five and two pairs of electrodes are up to 30.8% and 26.7% while the angle of attack is 2°. Plasma actuation changes the local topology structure, but does not change the number relation of singular points. One pair of additional singular point of topology structure generates with plasma actuation and one more reattachment line appears, both of which break the separation line on the suction surface.     

Development of a coupled supersonic inlet-fan Navier–Stokes simulation method

A coupled supersonic inlet-fan Navier–Stokes simulation method was developed by using COMSOL-CFD code. The flow turning, pressure rise and loss effects across blade rows of the fan and the inlet-fan interactions were taken into account as source terms of the governing equations without a blade geometry by a body force model. In this model, viscous effects in blade passages can also be calculated directly, which include the exchange of momentum between fluids and detailed viscous flow close to walls. NASA Rotor 37 compressor test rig was used to validate the ability of the body force model to estimate the real performance of blade rows. Calculated pressure ratio characteristics and the distribution of the total pressure, total temperature, and swirl angle in the span direction agreed well with experimental and numerical data. It is shown that the body force model is a promising approach for predicting the flow field of the turbomachinery. Then, coupled axisymmetric mixed compression supersonic inlet-fan simulations were conducted at Mach number 2.8 operating conditions. The analysis includes coupled steady-state performance, and effects of the fan on the inlet. The results indicate that the coupled simulation method is capable of simulating behavior of the supersonic inlet-fan system.     

A combined application of micro-vortex generator and boundary layer suction in a high-load compressor cascade

In the current study, the effects of a combined application between micro-vortex generator and boundary layer suction on the flow characteristics of a high-load compressor cascade are investigated. The micro-vortex generator with a special configuration and the longitudinal suction slot are adopted. The calculated results show that a reverse flow region, which is considered the main reason for occurring stall at 7.9° incidence, grows and collapses rapidly near the leading edge and leads to two critical points occurring on the end-wall with the increasing incidence in the baseline. As the micro-vortex generator is introduced in the baseline cascade, the corner separation is switched to a trailing edge separation by the thrust from the induced vortex. Meanwhile, the occurrence of failure is delayed due to the mixed low energy fluid and main flow. The synergistic effects between the micro-vortex generator and the boundary layer suction on the performance of the cascade are superior to the baseline at all the incidence conditions before the occurrence of failure, and the sudden deterioration of the cascade occurs at 10.3° incidence. The optimal results show that the farther upstream suction position, the lower total pressure loss of the cascade with vortex generator at the near stall condition. Moreover, the induced vortex with a leg can migrate the accumulated low energy fluid backward to delay the occurrence of stall.     

Characterization of component interactions in two-stage axial turbine

This study concerns the characterization of both the steady and unsteady flows and the analysis of stator/rotor interactions of a two-stage axial turbine. The predicted aerodynamic performances show noticeable differences when simulating the turbine stages simultaneously or separately. By considering the multi-blade per row and the scaling technique, the Computational fluid dynamics(CFD) produced better results concerning the effect of pitchwise positions between vanes and blades. The recorded pressure fluctuations exhibit a high unsteadiness characterized by a space–time periodicity described by a double Fourier decomposition. The Fast Fourier Transform FFT analysis of the static pressure fluctuations recorded at different interfaces reveals the existence of principal harmonics and their multiples, and each lobed structure of pressure wave corresponds to the number of vane/blade count. The potential effect is seen to propagate both upstream and downstream of each blade row and becomes accentuated at low mass flow rates. Between vanes and blades, the potential effect is seen to dominate the quasi totality of blade span, while downstream the blades this effect seems to dominate from hub to mid span. Near the shroud the prevailing effect is rather linked to the blade tip flow structure.     

压力面小翼对涡轮叶栅不同间隙下流场影响的实验

对某涡轮叶栅加装不同宽度的压力面小翼对叶栅间隙流场的影响进行了实验研究,详细测量了间隙高度为0.5%h,1%h,1.5%h时叶栅出口流场和叶片表面静压分布情况.通过实验结果分析得出:随着间隙高度的增加,间隙泄漏流动加剧,泄漏涡增强,叶栅总损失增加,同时使上通道涡的强度减弱;压力面小翼在间隙高度为0.5%h时对间隙泄漏流动的控制效果较好,宽度为0.4倍当地叶片厚度的压力面小翼能使叶栅总损失降低18%.间隙高度为1%h时,0.3倍当地叶片厚度的压力面小翼效果最佳,使叶栅总损失降低10.37%.间隙高度为1.5%h时,压力面小翼对间隙泄漏流动基本没有影响,但在一定程度上降低了叶栅总损失.      

一种叶顶叶栅结构对压气机间隙流动的影响

为减小压气机间隙流动带来的流动损失,提出了一种新的叶顶结构,即在常规叶片叶顶上构造出由数个小叶片组成的叶栅.通过对具有该结构叶片的三维流场进行数值模拟,分析了端壁移动对压气机间隙流场的影响.结果表明:该结构明显改善了叶顶附近的流动状况,从泄压和导流两方面抑制了叶顶附近流体从压力面向吸力面的泄漏,有效削弱泄漏涡的强度,进而减小泄漏涡扩散带来的损失,提高了压气机气动性能,相比常规叶片叶栅出口总压损失系数减小达1.158%.      

涡轮叶冠间隙流动特性实验

针对叶冠腔内有冷却气流的转子叶片叶冠,通过改变主流雷诺数、前后孔岀流比、叶尖间隙等参数得到静止状态下叶冠间隙流动的总压损失系数.实验结果表明:增大主流雷诺数与前孔岀流比,叶冠总压损失系数增大;减小叶尖间隙,总压损失系数也增大,小叶尖间隙下,总压损失系数随主流雷诺数与前孔岀流比增长更快,而后孔岀流比对叶冠总压损失系数影响不大.      

叶尖单侧倒圆对扩压叶栅叶顶间隙流动的影响

提出了一种控制扩压叶栅叶顶间隙流动的方法,通过对叶尖压力面小尺度的倒圆修型,改善了扩压叶栅叶顶间隙流动状况。通过数值模拟方法研究叶尖倒圆结构对扩压叶栅性能的影响及作用机理,并探究3种不同倒圆半径(约为3%、4%、6%的叶片最大厚度)叶尖倒圆结构的流动控制效果。结果表明:叶尖倒圆能够削弱叶尖分离涡,进而影响叶尖流场不同涡系之间的相互作用,使得叶顶间隙通道附近的总压损失减少;但是叶尖倒圆半径越大,泄漏流流量越大,会加剧泄漏流与主流的掺混,使总压损失增加。因此合适的叶尖倒圆半径能够使叶栅性能得到最大程度的改善。此外,在倒圆半径为3%叶片最大厚度时,叶栅在较大的攻角范围内均获得了良好的改善损失的效果。     

大叶尖间隙下叶栅性能数值模拟

利用NUMECA软件对某线性叶栅的三维流场进行了数值模拟,对比研究了小叶尖间隙和大叶尖间隙时叶尖泄漏涡流的形成和发展,探讨了叶尖间隙大小对叶栅流场和气动性能的影响。研究表明,随着叶尖间隙的增大,叶尖泄漏射流发展成为叶尖泄漏涡,涡流范围不断增大,涡流强度增大趋缓,涡流使得气流偏转减小。从小间隙逐渐增大到大间隙,总压损失与叶片载荷均增大,而在大叶尖间隙时,总压损失增加并不显著,叶片载荷增大趋缓。其结论为进一步揭示叶尖间隙涡流的流动机理以及工业燃气轮机的优化设计提供了参考。     

带吸力面小翼的压气机叶栅变间隙特性实验

为了进一步揭示吸力面小翼在不同叶尖间隙条件下的影响机理,开展了有/无吸力面小翼的压气机叶栅变间隙特性实验.结果表明:与无间隙叶栅相比,叶尖相对间隙为1%时引入的泄漏流可以有效抑制叶片吸力面/端壁角区三维分离的产生,叶栅总损失和气动堵塞程度最低,此时为研究的4种间隙工况中的最佳间隙工况.吸力面小翼在此间隙下降低了泄漏涡强度的同时使通道涡增强,叶片吸力面重新出现了三维分离流动,叶栅总损失和堵塞程度均有所增加.在叶尖相对间隙为2%和3%时,带吸力面小翼叶栅中叶尖分离涡增强,主导叶尖区流动的泄漏涡强度减弱,两种间隙下叶栅总损失系数分别降低了8.9%和12.5%,堵塞系数分别降低了6.9%和6.3%.在研究的3种非零间隙条件下吸力面小翼降低了叶栅气动损失对叶尖间隙变化的敏感性,减弱了叶尖泄漏涡造成的叶栅出口气流角的欠偏转/过偏转程度.      

大弯角串列叶栅间隙效应数值研究

为了将串列叶栅更好地应用于高负荷核心压气机后面级,通过直列叶栅的方法,引入高度倾斜的附面层来流条件,对采用串列叶栅作为核心压气机后面级的静子进行变间隙数值模拟研究.比较低展弦比串列叶栅不同间隙、不同附面层来流条件的叶栅整体性能、尖部载荷及叶尖泄漏涡的发展情况.结果表明：随着间隙增大,叶尖区域堵塞加强,损失加大;倾斜附面层来流,低叶展总压损失得到明显改善;小间隙时叶尖产生两个间隙泄漏涡,前叶泄漏涡在叶栅通道中部消失,后叶泄漏涡在近前缘产生;随着间隙增大,泄漏涡绕卷起始点后移.     

带围带的涡轮叶栅间隙泄漏流动与气动性能实验

针对叶型转折角为108.1°的涡轮直叶栅,利用低速风洞,实验研究了带围带和无围带情况下叶栅出口截面的流场结构和叶栅气动性能.研究了不同围带上腔间隙、不同来流冲角情况下叶栅出口截面二次流结构、气流角分布及总压损失系数变化情况.结果表明:相对无围带叶栅,围带能够有效控制叶顶间隙泄漏,降低叶栅气动损失;随着围带与上端壁之间高度的增大,泄漏流体增多,导致泄漏流体与主流掺混的气动损失增大.对于所研究的叶栅,围带与端壁间的间隙高度不应大于1%叶展.冲角变化影响叶栅中的三维涡系结构及其强度,对叶片吸力面静压分布影响较为明显.适当的正冲角能够改善流动状况,进而提高大转折角叶栅的气动性能.      

间隙高度对自发射流抑制叶尖泄漏的影响

通过数值求解三维定常黏性雷诺时均N-S方程,获得了单孔叶尖自发射流条件下不同叶顶间隙的叶栅流场,对比分析了间隙高度对自发射流与叶尖泄漏流相互作用特性、叶尖泄漏流量以及叶片载荷的影响.结果表明:当叶顶间隙高度为1mm(t/H=0.5%)时,自发射流对泄漏流有明显的阻挡作用,泄漏流量比减少0.06%,同时叶片载荷增加1.39%.当叶顶间隙高度增大到4mm(t/H=2%)时,自发射流的阻挡作用及对叶片载荷的增加作用基本消失;减小间隙高度可以有效提高自发射流的控制效果,同时降低因分离造成的流动损失;自发射流的存在显著改变了间隙流场分布及叶尖吸力面附近静压系数分布,计算发现当泄漏流绕自发射流流过时,下游流场出现类似卡门涡街的涡分布现象.      

冲角变化对涡轮叶栅内间隙流动的影响

航空发动机涡轮工作效率的损失很大程度在于涡轮叶尖间隙损失,而叶尖区域泄漏流动的形成机理强烈地依赖于叶栅的运行工况,因此有必要研究来流冲角的变化对涡轮叶栅内间隙流动的影响。为此在低速风洞中对三套不同叶片积迭线形状的矩形叶栅进行了实验,测量了间隙内以及沿流动方向8个横截面的气动参数。通过对实验结果的分析和讨论,认为随着冲角的增加叶顶压差与端壁流道横向压力梯度增大,同时叶栅的总流动损失也随之增加。