玻璃纤维复合材料钻削轴向力与分层分析

为研究玻璃纤维复合材料钻削轴向力与分层特征,以电镀金刚石钻头和硬质合金麻花钻为钻削工具,对玻璃纤维复合材料进行正交钻削实验,研究钻头的几何形状、刀具材质以及钻削工艺参数对玻璃纤维复合材料钻削轴向力和钻削质量的影响。结果表明,钻削工艺参数直接影响玻璃纤维复合材料的钻削轴向力和钻削质量,高转速、低进给速度和合适的刀具结构、刀具材质能够降低钻削轴向力并改善加工质量。电镀金刚石钻头的轴向力和出口分层损伤大于硬质合金麻花钻的钻削轴向力和钻削出口分层损伤,电镀金刚石钻头的结构优化可以有效改善钻削质量。     

碳纤维增强复合材料新钻型钻削制孔试验研究

碳纤维增强复合材料制孔中极易产生毛刺、分层等制孔缺陷,本文以硬质合金材料和PCD材料设计制造了两种结构类似的新钻型,对比分析了其制孔缺陷形成过程以及在不同工艺参数条件下轴向力和制孔缺陷的变化规律。结果表明:从两种钻型的轴向力时变曲线能明显区分钻削的8个阶段,其中扩削刃的扩孔阶段和第二扩削刃单独参与钻削阶段的轴向力最低,两种钻型的第二扩削刃Ⅳ对制孔缺陷的显著减小有着极为关键的作用;直线刃新钻型的制孔效果要优于圆弧型的,但随着主轴转速和进给速度的增大,其抑制毛刺缺陷的能力将降低;与硬质合金新钻型相比, PCD新钻型在抑制制孔缺陷方面具有绝对优势。     

三种钻头钻削CFRP轴向力的时变曲线及预测

采用二刃、三刃双锋角钻头和圆弧形钻头钻削CFRP单向板,研究钻削过程中轴向力时变曲线的特征,并探索用预测轴向力时变曲线上的关键拐点的方法来构建预测轴向力时变曲线模型。结果表明:三刃双锋角钻头的轴向力时变曲线最为稳定,钻削过程最为稳定;轴向力最大的是三刃双锋角钻头,其次是圆弧形钻头,最小的是二刃双锋角钻头,说明二刃双锋角钻头适合钻削CFRP;用预测轴向力时变曲线上的关键拐点的方法构建的轴向力时变曲线可以很好地预测双锋角钻头轴向力时变曲线。     

八面钻超声振动钻削钛合金出口毛刺形成机理

钛合金在传统麻花钻常规钻孔后,会产生较大的孔出口毛刺,这将导致孔出口去毛刺困难且影响紧固件装配质量。本文引入一种八面钻新刃型刀具,并利用超声振动钻削技术,进行了八面钻超声振动钻削钛合金出口毛刺形成的基础理论和试验研究。理论分析了普通钻削和超声振动钻削的出口毛刺形成过程以及超声振动钻削的出口毛刺降低机理,同时试验验证了超声振动钻削的出口毛刺降低效果。结果表明:相比于钛合金普通钻削,超声振动钻削极大地提高了钻头刀具的切削能力,分别降低了钻削力16%~20%、切削温度18%~21%和出口毛刺高度82%~89%,有效降低了装配过程的去毛刺困难和生产成本。     

C/C复合材料钻削轴向力研究

钻削轴向力会引起C/C复合材料出现钻孔缺陷,是影响C/C复合材料钻孔质量的主要因素之一。针对该问题,采用试验研究方法,分析了硬质合金麻花钻钻削C/C复合材料时轴向力的变化过程和特点。分析了钻头直径、进给速度、钻削速度等钻削参数对轴向力的影响规律。建立了直径6mm钻头在主轴转速3000~6000r/min和进给速度30~120 mm/min范围内的轴向力预测模型,并将其拓展应用到同类型其他直径的钻头。试验结果表明:建立的钻削轴向力预测模型预测误差可以控制在20%以内。     

机器人旋转超声钻削CFRP/铝合金叠层材料的钻削力实验研究

针对机器人钻削(RCD)CFRP/铝合金叠层材料中钻削力过大引起柔性机器人姿态变形、影响制孔精度与质量的问题,提出了一种机器人旋转超声钻削方法(RRUD),实现钻削力的减小。实验结果显示:加入旋转超声后机器人钻削力显著减小,麻花钻与机器人旋转超声加工系统的匹配性优于三尖钻。采用小进给、高转速的工艺参数可以进一步减小机器人钻削力。为机器人旋转超声钻削CFRP/铝合金叠层材料的钻削力优化提供了参考与依据。     

双锋角钻头钻削碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料钻孔缺陷的研究

针对碳纤维复合材料钻孔时易产生撕裂、毛刺等缺陷的特点,采用双锋角钻头为研究对象,从横刃、第一主切削刃和第二主切削刃对孔入、出口缺陷的影响和加工参数对撕裂因子的影响规律等方面分析双锋角钻头钻孔特点,并与普通麻花钻进行对比。结果表明:在相同的加工参数下,双锋角钻头双主切削刃加工特点降低了入、出口钻削轴向力,有效抑制了入、出口撕裂、毛刺等缺陷产生,更适合于钻削碳纤维复合材料。主轴转速增大有利于减小撕裂因子,随着进给速度的增加撕裂因子呈增大的趋势。采用多元线性回归方法建立了试验两种钻头钻孔入、出口的撕裂因子与加工参数之间的回归预测模型。     

不锈钢微孔超声辅助钻削仿真与试验研究

针对不锈钢微孔钻削过程钻削应力大、断屑排屑困难和加工质量差等问题,开展了超声辅助钻削研究。分析了普通和超声钻削过程的钻头运动轨迹和轴向切削厚度,采用有限元仿真和钻削试验相结合的方式分析了超声振动对钻削力、切屑卷曲半径和微孔形貌的作用。结果表明:与普通钻削相比,超声钻削过程中,钻头有效切削作用时间和横刃作用区域应力降低,切屑卷曲半径减小,容易断屑,并且钻削力和微孔入口毛刺减小,微孔形貌大幅改善。     

麻花钻几何参数对碳纤维复合材料钻削性能的影响

采用不同几何参数硬质合金麻花钻对碳纤维复合材料(CFRP)进行钻削试验,研究了麻花钻几何参数对钻削轴向力、钻削温度、孔出口撕裂因子L_d及形貌的影响。结果表明:对CFRP进行钻削加工时,钻削轴向力随钻尖角的增大、螺旋角的减小及横刃长度的增大而增大。钻尖角和螺旋角对钻削温度无明显影响,随横刃长度的减小,钻削温度有所降低。小钻尖角和大螺旋角麻花钻制孔的出口撕裂因子L_d较小且形貌较好。综合考虑,钻尖角2θ选在90°~115°,螺旋角卢选用30°甚至更大,横刃长度b_ψ磨到0.2~0.6 mm比较合适。     

高速钻削碳纤维复合材料钻削力的研究

对能有效提高碳纤维复合材料钻孔质量的高速钻削的钻削力进行了试验研究,发现钻头转速、进给速度、进给量和钻头直径的变化对钻削力(轴向力和扭矩)有明显的影响.切削速度、进给速度之比v/vf=3 000～4 000是其对钻削力产生影响的门槛值,这一门槛值对生产中选定钻削切削速度和进给速度具有实际参考价值.     

Investigation on the interface damage in drilling low-stiffness CFRP/Ti stacks

Carbon fiber reinforced plastic and titanium alloy (CFRP/Ti) stacks have been widely used as aerospace structures because of their excellent combination of physical properties. Interface damage caused by interface gaps, significantly different from that of metal/metal stacks, is a common problem in the through-hole drilling of CFRP/Ti stacks with low stiffness. In this study, a force–deformation coupling model was developed to further examine the formation mechanism and the control method of interface damage. Firstly, the coupling model was built considering the interaction between the thrust force and the deformation. To solve this model, a numerical method was proposed in which specific cutting coefficients were calibrated using only the thrust force of rigid stacks. Secondly, drilling experiments were performed with different feed rates and bending stiffness. Experimental results indicate that interface damage mainly includes interlayer chips and surface damage of CFRP layers. The surface damage, which is irreparable, is caused by the rotary extension of metal chips along the interlayer gap. Thirdly, variations of the interface gap were calculated with the coupling model that had been verified by measured thrust forces. The damage area was found to have a linear dependence relation with the interlayer gap. However, in conditions of large gap sizes, the interface damage areas increased with the interlayer gap at high feed rates, while decreasing slightly at low feed rates. This phenomenon was satisfactorily explained by the presented model. Finally, a method was proposed to determine the appropriate pressure exceeding which no interlayer damage will occur. Additional drilling experiments proved the method effective. This study leads to further understanding of the forming mechanism of interlayer damage and of selecting appropriate parameters in drilling low-stiffness composite/metal stacks.     

Formation of interlayer gap and control of interlayer burr in dry drilling of stacked aluminum alloy plates

In aircraft assembly, interlayer burr formation in dry drilling of stacked metal materials is a common problem. Traditional manual deburring operation seriously affects the assembly qual-ity and assembly efficiency, is time-consuming and costly, and is not conducive to aircraft automatic assembly based on industrial robot. In this paper, the formation of drilling exit burr and the influ-ence of interlayer gap on interlayer burr formation were studied, and the mechanism of interlayer gap formation in drilling stacked aluminum alloy plates was investigated, a simplified mathematical model of interlayer gap based on the theory of plates and shells and finite element method was established. The relationship between interlayer gap and interlayer burr, as well as the effect of feed rate and pressing force on interlayer burr height and interlayer gap was discussed. The result shows that theoretical interlayer gap has a positive correlation with interlayer burr height and preloading pressing force is an effective method to control interlayer burr formation.     

运载火箭铝合金叠层壁板自动化制孔工艺对钻孔毛刺影响的研究

为满足运载火箭大型舱段壁板的自动钻铆对制孔质量的要求,本文对典型铝合金叠层进行了自动化制孔试验,采用正交试验分析了主轴转速、进给量和刀具锋角三种制孔参数对出孔毛刺高度的影响,同时进行了不同压紧力作用下制孔试验,研究了压紧力对叠层层间毛刺高度的影响规律。试验表明,在适当的钻削参数下可实现运载火箭铝合金叠层壁板的高质量制孔,叠层制孔层间毛刺可控制在0.045mm左右,出口毛刺高度﹤0.127mm。     

Defect suppression mechanism of ultrasonic vibration-assisted drilling carbon fiber/bismaleimide composite

Ultrasonic vibration-assisted drilling (UVAD) has recently been successfully applied in the drilling of carbon fiber reinforced polymer/plastic (CFRP) due to its high reliability. Multiple defects have been observed in the CFRP drilling process which negatively affects the quality of the hole. The carbon fiber/bismaleimide (BMI) composites is an advanced kind of CFRPs with greater strength and heat resistance, having been rapidly applied in lightweight and high temperature resistant structures in the aerospace field. To suppress the defect during the drilling of carbon fiber/BMI composites, it is necessary to comprehensively understand the defect formation and suppression mechanism at different positions. In this study, the defects formation in both conventional drilling (CD) and UVAD were observed and analyzed. The variation trend in the defect factor and thrust force with the spindle speed and feed rate were acquired. The results revealed that the UVAD could significantly enhance the hole’s quality with no delamination and burr. Meanwhile, the defect suppression mechanism and thrust force in UVAD were analyzed and verified, where the method of rod chip removal affected the exit defect formation. In summary, UVAD can be considered a promising and competitive technique for drilling carbon fiber/BMI composites.     

阶梯钻钻削钛合金实验

采用自主磨制的阶梯钻对钛合金进行钻削实验,并与普通麻花钻进行对比。分析了不同加工参数下的钻削力、切屑形态、孔径、孔壁表面粗糙度以及孔出入口毛刺。实验结果表明:钻削力随着主轴转速的增大而减小,随着进给量的增大而增大。相比普通麻花钻,阶梯钻产生的钻削力更小,切屑尺寸更小,排出顺畅,孔径值接近于钻头直径,孔壁表面粗糙度值更小,孔出入口毛刺少。     

CFRP-TC4叠层板的钻削实验

采用硬质合金麻花钻对CFRP-TC4叠层板进行钻削试验,分析了钛合金层加工参数对钻削力、钻削温度和加工孔质量的影响。结果表明:随着转速的增加,钛合金层的轴向力逐渐减小;随着钛合金层进给量的增加,钛合金层与CFRP层的轴向力之比逐渐增加。运用指数公式模型对钛合金层轴向力实验结果进行回归分析,得到轴向力与转速以及进给量之间的关系式:F_z=2 088n~(-0.1222)·f_r~(0.2016),并对该方程进行了检验验证,误差均小于10%;在钛合金层进给量不变时,随着钛合金层转速的增加,CFRP的最大烧伤环直径和层间最高温度逐渐增加。     

高低频复合振动钻削CFRP/钛合金叠层结构试验

针对碳纤维增强复合材料（CFRP）和钛合金叠层结构在传统钻削过程中切削温度高、加工质量差等问题,基于低频振动钻削和高频（超声）振动钻削的优势,提出了高低频复合振动钻削的加工方法。采用自主研制的高低频复合振动钻削装置,对CFRP/钛合金叠层结构进行了制孔试验,对比研究了普通钻削、超声钻削、低频振动钻削和高低频复合振动钻削4种方式下的切削力、钛合金切屑形貌、切削温度和CFRP孔加工质量。结果表明：4种加工方式中,高低频复合振动钻削的轴向力波动相对较大,切削温度显著降低,产生的钛合金切屑呈不连续扇形且整体尺寸最小,CFRP孔出入口及孔壁的损伤程度最低,显著提高了加工质量,为复合材料叠层结构一体化制孔加工提供了指导意义。     

Influence of longitudinal-torsional ultrasonic-assisted vibration on micro-hole drilling Ti-6Al-4V

As Ti-6Al-4V is a typical hard to machine material, especially in micro drilling aviation parts, chip breaking difficulty is of increasing interest to explore its further development. In this study, Longitudinal-Torsional Ultrasonic Assisted Drilling (LTUAD) was employed to machine Ti-6Al-4V, and its feasibility was evaluated by comparing with Conventional Drilling (CD). By combining periodical characteristics and vibration models (the separated or the unseparated ultrasonic elliptical vibration), the influence of ultrasonic frequency on the intersection characteristics of trajectories were analyzed. And the intersection characteristics were divided into four categories: even periodicity, odd periodicity, non-odd and even periodicity and composite periodicity, indicating different capability for chip breaking. By applying the longitudinal-torsional compound vibration horn, the micro-hole drilling experiment was carried out on machining center. The chip morphology, the thrust force, and the burr height were discussed. Experimental results showed that the morphology of chips presented as smaller and more fragmentary ones in LTUAD compared with continuous helical conical ones and fold-shaped ones in CD. Compared with CD, the average values of the thrust force in LTUAD reduced by 1.98% to 24.9%. According to the burr around the hole exit in both LTUAD and CD, the height of the latter was greatly affected by the drilling parameters. And the burr around the exit of the hole were distributed rather evenly with smaller extension in LTUAD. Consequently, the LTUAD employed in micro-hole drilling was effective.     

钛合金零件钻削过程仿真与试验研究

钛合金被广泛用于航空工业中,譬如民用飞机吊挂滑轨等典型结构的制造。钛合金作为难加工材料,通常使用钻削的方法进行加工,不同的钻削参数对应不同的钻削温度和钻削力,而钻削温度和钻削力对加工精度影响较大。为使加工参数和加工精度得到很好地匹配,借助Deform 3D有限元仿真软件建立了钛合金热应力耦合有限元模型,通过软件仿真研究钛合金滑轨在加工过程中的钻削力以及钻削温度。首先,对钻头和钛合金试件进行网格划分。其次,建立材料本构模型和切屑分离标准,使用仿真软件得到加工过程的钻削力和钻削温度。最后,采用试验方法获取钻削温度和钻削力,与仿真结果进行对比。结果表明:仿真结果与试验较为吻合,仿真能输出有效的钻削力和钻削温度。