Full blended blade and endwall design of a compressor cascade

In the current state-of-the-art, high-loss flow in the endwall significantly influences compressor performance. Therefore, the control of endwall corner separation in compressor blade rows is important to consider. Based on the previous research of the Blended Blade and EndWall (BBEW) technique, which can significantly reduce corner separation, in combination with a non-axisymmetric endwall, the full-BBEW technique is proposed in this study to further reduce the separation in endwall region. The principle of the unchanged axial passage area is considered to derive the geometric method for this technique. Three models are further classified based on different geometric characteristics of this technique: the BBEW model, Inclining-Only EndWall (IOEW) model, and full-BBEW model. The most effective design of each model is then found by performing several optimizations at the design point and related numerical investigations over the entire operational conditions. Compared with the prototype, the total pressure loss coefficient decreases by 7%–9% in the optimized full-BBEW at the design point. Moreover, the aerodynamic blockage coefficient over the entire operational range decreases more than the other models, which shows its positive effect for diffusion. This approach has a larger decrease at negative incidence angles where the intersection of the boundary layer plays an important role in corner separation. The analysis shows that the blended blade profile enlarges the dihedral angle and creates a span-wise pressure gradient to move low momentum fluid towards the mainstream. Furthermore, the inclining hub geometry accelerates the accumulated flow in the corner downstream by increasing the pressure gradient. Overall, though losses in the mainstream grow, especially for large incidences, the full-BBEW technique effectively reduces the separation in corners.     

Effects of synthetic jet frequency on the separated flow in a diffusing S-duct

Numerical simulations were carried out to investigate the effects of synthetic jet actuation frequency on the separated flow in a diffusing S-duct. The Reynolds number based on the entrance height was 9.78×105. At first, the numerical model was validated with experimental data, and then, the interaction between the separated flow and the synthetic jets at different frequencies was discussed. The results demonstrate that the control effect is significantly dependent on the momentum mixing enhancement between inside of the separated boundary layer and the outer flow. There exists a narrow range of actuation frequency, in which effective separation control can be achieved using synthetic jets. A dimensionless frequency F+=1.0 is identified as the optimal frequency, with a momentum coefficient of 1.62×10-3, the separation area is reduced about 46%, and the aerodynamic performance of the S-duct is also greatly improved compared to uncontrolled case. Further analysis reveals that the choice of actuation frequency is mainly determined by the momentum flux produced by a single ejection and the spacing between adjacent ejections, the optimal frequency case can be understood as a balance between the two factors. In addition, it is found that the synthetic jets can also suppress the secondary flows while decreasing the separation.      

基于零质量射流技术的旋翼翼型流场主动控制研究

旋翼翼型经常工作在大迎角来流条件下,流动分离普遍存在。通过在具有分离流动的翼型表面施加零质量射流控制,可以实现对流动分离的抑制,达到增升减阻、推迟失速的目的。本文通过对某旋翼翼型的流动控制的计算,采用数值模拟方法研究了零质量射流主动流动控制机理,并对影响零质量射流控制效果的射流喷角、动量系数和无量纲频率三个控制参数进行了分析比较,得出了一些有意义的结论。     

一种微型侧喷式压电合成射流器的设计

设计了一种侧喷型合成射流器,考察了射流器喷口结构尺寸对射流速度的影响,计算了不同喷口宽度下的动量系数,确定了喷口的最优尺寸,并在攻角为23°的NACA0015翼型进行了数值仿真模拟。结果表明,合成射流器可以有效的抑制边界层流动分离。同时设计了器件的加工工艺流程并完成了器件的加工。     

双模态超燃冲压发动机流量匹配的临界面积法

建立基于控制体法的0-D守恒方程(流量连续方程、动量守恒方程和能量守恒方程)的热力喉道(Ma=1.0)求解集总参数模型,该模型包括了壁面摩擦模型、燃油喷射模型、燃油雾化掺混模型和化学动力学模型.并针对集总参数模型求解热力喉道的特殊性,提出了基于流量平衡的临界面积法,应用于隔离段和燃烧室的1-D流场计算,实现了双模态超燃冲压发动机具有热力喉道时的各种模态的隔离段和燃烧室的流量平衡计算,精确捕捉到热力学喉道,确定了隔离段流动状态和燃烧室的工作模态及相关的流路沿程参数.计算结果表明:采用了临界面积法的集总参数计算模型能解决热力学喉道求解问题,其计算精度达10-4,单点工况计算时间小于0.1s.      

变攻角下被动射流旋涡对高速扩压叶栅性能的影响

对被动射流旋涡(PJV)控制高速扩压叶栅内的流动分离控制展开数值研究,并探究其在变工况条件下的适应特性。结果表明,PJV在设计攻角下可使叶栅总压损失系数降低5.2%,变攻角条件下的损失降低幅度最高可达7.8%,表明其具有较高的控制效率和良好的变工况适应特性。随着攻角的增大,吸力面分离位置提前,射流出口与分离区间的距离减小,PJV能够更为有效地促进附面层内低能流体与主流间的动量交换,使得壁面涡结构得到重新组织,并进一步影响通道涡、集中脱落涡等涡系结构的发展,从而推迟流动分离、减小损失。在综合考虑变攻角流场特性的前提下,应使PJV的作用位置位于分离区上游不远处,所研究的最佳射流位置位于叶片前缘上游40%轴向弦长处。      

温度比对二维受限垂直射流穿透的影响

用数值方法研究了温度比对受限垂直射流穿透深度的影响。发现进口温度比是独立于动量比以外的重要影响参数。在一定的动量比下,冷射流垂直射入高温来流中,受热膨胀加速,动量较等温射流增加,从而穿透深度增加;热射流垂直穿入冷主流中,受冷却而减速,动量减少,导致穿透深度减小。      

等离子体气动激励抑制翼型失速分离的仿真研究

通过求解表面放电的二维流体体力模型,建立了翼型等离子体流动控制的数学模型,得到等离子体气动激励诱导的体力和热量分布,与Navier-Stokes方程耦合求解.进行了低雷诺数条件下,等离子体气动激励抑制NACA0009翼型失速分离的数值仿真研究,研究了等离子体激励的强度、激励电极数目和激励位置对流动分离抑制和翼型升阻特性的影响.在雷诺数为58000、攻角为24°的情况下,施加等离子体激励后,升力系数由0.7449增大到1.2404;阻力系数由0.4012减小到0.3503.      

基于Netlogo的终端区进场交通流建模与仿真

终端区进场交通流特性参数研究对于解决复杂空域结构下航空器拥堵、航班延误具有重要的实际意义。基于元胞传输模型将进场航线划分元胞,并且在数理推导的基础上,基于Netlogo仿真建模平台搭建进场交通流元胞传输模型仿真环境,对进场交通流的宏观涌现行为进行仿真模拟,得到交通流基本参数速度、流量、密度之间演变趋势。研究结果表明,终端区进场交通流三大基本参数之间存在明显的数量关系,关系曲线相对应分为自由流、拥挤流和阻塞流三种状态,并且受到管制间隔、飞行程序、管制策略的影响。利用相关研究成果,可通过改变管制策略、调整管制间隔、优化飞行程序的方法使得交通流特性向着可预知的方向演变,因此对终端区交通态势的判断具有应用价值。     

惯性粒子分离器清除流道PIV测量与分析

采用粒子成像测速技术（PIV）对惯性粒子分离器弯曲通道模型进行内部流动测试,分析其清除流道流场的结构特点。试验发现,在清除流道进口的不同高度截面上均有回流涡的存在,在不同清除流比（SCR,14%~20%）、不同流量下回流涡结构不同。回流涡的存在是导致小粒径颗粒分离效率低的原因之一。试验结果表明：固体壁面对该回流涡存在很大影响,即越靠近壁面回流涡尺度越大;当SCR值越大时,回流涡占清除流道面积越小;而当进口流量增大时,回流涡尺度变化很小。内部流场以及回流涡尺度的主要影响因素为SCR。本文结果可以为数值模拟以及分离器结构改进提供依据。     

Pulsatory phenomenon in a thrust optimized contour nozzle

A numerical study of the flow in an axisymmetric overexpanded thrust optimized contour nozzle is presented. The separation flow structures at different pressure ratios are investigated. The start-up process exhibits two different shock structures. For a range of pressure ratios, hysteresis phenomenon occurs between these two separation patterns. For a larger pressure ratio, where the principal separation point is always inside the nozzle, another phenomenon appears. This phenomenon results in an oscillatory longitudinal quasi periodic movement of the separation structure. The computed nozzle wall pressures show a correct agreement with the experimental measurements and the pulsations frequency of the oscillatory phenomenon is also well predicted.     

Flow characteristics around airfoils near transonic buffet onset conditions

In transonic flow, buffet is a phenomenon of flow instability caused by shock wave/boundary layer interaction and flow separation. The phenomenon is common in transonic flow, and it has serious impact on the structural strength and fatigue life of aircraft. In this paper, three typical airfoils: the supercritical OAT15A, the high-speed symmetrical NACA64A010, and the thin, transonic/supersonic NACA64A204 are selected as the research objects. The flow fields of these airfoils under pre-buffet and buffet onset conditions are simulated by Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) method, and the mode analysis of numerical results is carried out by Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD). Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the shock wave motion, shock wave intensity, shock foot bubble and trailing edge separation, and pressure coefficient fluctuation were performed to attain deep insight of transonic buffet flow features of different airfoils near buffet onset conditions. The results of DMD analysis show that the energy proportion of the steady mode of these airfoils decreases dramatically when approaching the buffet onset angle of attack, while the growth rate of the primary mode increases inversely. It was found that at the onset of buffet, there exist different degrees of merging behavior between shock foot bubble and trailing edge separation during one buffet cycle, and the instability of shock wave and separation induced shear layer are closely related to the merging behavior.     

基于双流体模型的超声速两相横向喷射流场研究

对两相超声速横向喷射试验进行了数值模拟.采用双流体两相流模型,在不同直径液滴和不同动压比条件下分别对两相超声速横向喷射流场进行了计算.结果表明:雾化液滴直径和喷射动压比对液体的横向穿透深度影响很大;雾化液滴直径的大小或者动压比的大小对喷口下游流场的影响区域是不同的.数值模拟结果与试验结果符合良好,为进一步的研究打下良好基础.      

湿压缩对压气机转子失稳边界工况性能的影响

针对某型跨声速压气机转子的失速边界工况,采用数值模拟方法系统研究了不同加湿条件对其性能的影响。获得了水滴粒径、速度、温度和喷水量与转子进气流量、压比、效率、比压缩功等性能参数之间的关系曲线。结果表明:在失速边界上对跨声速压气机进气加湿,可以增加空气流量,提高总压比和效率,降低比压缩功。通过对流场的分析,发现进气加湿后,向低能区注入了高动量的水滴颗粒,削弱叶顶阻塞团,将主流与泄漏流交界面和激波位置向下游推进,减小激波强度,降低叶顶载荷,增大主流区载荷,改善了叶顶流场。提出了以水滴的面积流量定量评价不同进气加湿条件对叶顶流场的作用效果。      

低负荷和高负荷压气机叶栅气动性能的实验和数值模拟

为了明确采用高负荷设计及一般设计（低负荷）方法的压气机气动性能和流动转捩的差异,进行了不同攻角下的叶栅吸力面流谱绘制和参数测量实验。并基于实验边界条件,采用γ-θ转捩模型开展数值研究。结果表明:与低负荷叶栅相比,随着攻角的增大,高负荷叶栅主流附面层由附着流变为分离流,尾迹的宽度和损失强度增加,并与角区分离融合为一个“带状”损失区。而低负荷叶栅的角区分离仍为紧贴壁面的开式分离,主流附面层仍然附着在壁面上。结果表明:高负荷设计增强了叶栅内逆压力梯度,这使得流动更容易分离,表现为表面形状因子呈现大范围的“峰谷”型分布,转捩模式也由局部旁路转捩变为全叶高范围的分离泡转捩。      

超音速底部流动的大涡模拟研究

超音速底部流动是CFD的难点问题之一。采用基于可压缩流动的大涡模拟方法求解N-S方程,对超音速底部流动进行了模拟研究,分析了其流动结构。计算结果表明：得到的速度型、底面压力分布与实验值吻合,优于雷诺平均方法的结果。     

基于湍流输运特性对S-A模型在压气机角区流动模拟中的改进研究

在非设计工况下,压气机叶栅角区的三维分离加剧,流场内的湍流处于较强的非平衡状态,因此必须对于非平衡状态的湍流的输运过程给出准确的预估.基于不同工况下压气机内角区分离流动的湍流输运过程的分析,提出了一种修正Spalart-Allmaras(S-A)模型中模拟湍流黏性生成和耗散关系的改进方法,经过数值研究发现改进的S-A模型对于静子角区分离的模拟更接近物理实际,从而提高了对非设计工况的预估能力.      

一种飞行器投放分离气动力辨识修正方法

空中投放发射的大翼面飞行器的分离轨迹与姿态受载机干扰流场影响更加明显,对分离时干扰气动数据库的准确性提出了更高要求。针对投放分离干扰气动力特点,提出了一种简化的差量气动力模型,并给出了一套飞行数据处理与参数预估计的方法。分离段飞行数据的辨识结果与六自由度飞行动力学仿真结果说明了提出的差量气动模型与相关数据处理方法的有效性。用辨识结果对气动数据库进行修正提高了数据库的准确度,可提高分离安全飞行仿真分析的精度。     

来流湍流度对超高负荷低压涡轮附面层流动控制手段的影响

实验研究了表面粗糙度耦合上游尾迹的流动控制技术,分析了来流湍流度（FSTI）在流动控制过程中对叶片吸力面附面层分离、转捩特性的影响.实验发现:在速度峰值点至分离点之间布置粗糙高度与弦长之比为1.05×10-4的粗糙条带可以在来流湍流度为0.4%与2.2%的低雷诺数范围内降低叶型损失.在雷诺数为85000的状态下,FSTI影响了尾迹通过区、尾迹诱导转捩区及自然转捩区的附面层动量厚度,造成了叶型损失的差异,但FSTI对抑制区的影响较小.      

翼型低雷诺数层流分离现象随雷诺数的演化特征

层流分离现象是翼型低雷诺数条件下出现的典型流场特征。层流分离流动中包含流动分离、转捩、再附等非定常流动结构，层流分离流动的形成与演化会对翼型气动特性产生恶化作用。采用大涡模拟（LES）方法对低雷诺数范围内不同雷诺数下的翼型层流分离流动开展精细数值模拟，研究了雷诺数对翼型气动特性的影响规律及作用机理。LES方法采用隐式亚格子模型，基于结构化拼接网格，对流项离散和时间推进方法分别采用AUSM⁺格式以及双时间步方法。验证算例计算结果表明数值模拟方法的正确性及可靠性，雷诺数对翼型气动特性具有显著影响。随雷诺数降低，时均分离泡外形增大、位置后移，平均阻力系数增大，特别是在较低雷诺数下，翼型升阻力系数随时间出现振荡现象。进一步研究表明，造成不同时均分离泡形态和气动特性的原因在于翼型上表面分离剪切层的失稳与转捩特征。随雷诺数降低，流动黏性增大，导致分离剪切层速度梯度减小，流动发生转捩及再附位置后移，直至翼型表面不再发生转捩和再附。