Self-sustained shock oscillations on airfoils at transonic speeds

Self-sustained shock wave oscillations on airfoils at transonic flow conditions are associated with the phenomenon of buffeting. The physical mechanisms of the periodic shock motion are not yet fully understood even though experiments performed over fifty years ago have demonstrated the presence of oscillatory shock waves on the airfoil surfaces at high subsonic speeds. The unsteady pressure fluctuations generated by the low-frequency large-amplitude shock motions are highly undesirable from the structural integrity and aircraft maneuverability point of view. For modern supercritical wing design with thick profiles, the shock-induced fluctuations are particularly severe and methods to reduce the shock wave amplitudes to lower values or even to delay the oscillations to higher Mach numbers or incidence angles will result in expanding the buffet boundary of the airfoil. This review begins with a recapitulation of the classical work on shock-induced bubble separation and trailing edge separation of a turbulent boundary layer. The characteristics of the unsteady pressure fluctuations are used to classify the types of shock-boundary layer interaction. The various modes of shock wave motion for different flow conditions and airfoil configurations are described. The buffet boundaries obtained using the standard trailing edge pressure divergence technique and an alternative approach of measuring the divergence of normal fluctuating forces are compared to show the equivalence. The mechanisms of self-sustained shock oscillations are discussed for symmetrical circular-arc airfoils at zero incidence and for supercritical airfoils at high incidence angles with fully separated flows. The properties of disturbances in the wake are examined from linear stability analysis of two-dimensional compressible flows. The advances in high-speed computing make predictions of buffeting flows possible. Navier–Stokes solvers and approximate boundary layer-inviscid flow interaction methods are shown to give good correlation of frequencies and other unsteady flow characteristics with experiments. Finally, passive and active methods of shock oscillation control show promising results in delaying buffet onset to higher Mach numbers or incidence angles, thus enhancing the transonic performance of airfoils.     

Transonic buffet control research with two types of shock control bump based on RAE2822 airfoil

Current research shows that the traditional shock control bump (SCB) can weaken the intensity of shock and better the transonic buffet performance.The author finds that when SCB is placed downstream of the shock,it can decrease the adverse pressure gradient.This may prevent the shock foot separation bubble to merge with the trailing edge separation and finally improve the buffet performance.Based on RAE2822 airfoil,two types of SCB are designed according to the two different mechanisms.By using Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) and unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) methods to analyze the properties of RAE2822 airfoil with and without SCB,the results show that the downstream SCB can better the buffet performance under a wide range of freestream Mach number and the steady aerodynamics characteristic is similar to that of RAE2822 airfoil.The traditional SCB can only weaken the intensity of the shock under the design condition.Under the off-design conditions,the SCB does not do much to or even worsen the buffet performance.Indeed,the use of backward bump can flatten the leeward side of the airfoil,and this is similar to the mechanism that supercritical airfoil can weaken the recompression of shock wave.     

基于POD和DMD方法的跨声速抖振模态分析

跨声速抖振现象是由于非定常跨声速流动中激波的自激振荡而引起的结构强迫振荡,这种现象在跨声速飞行器中普遍存在,对飞机的结构强度和疲劳寿命有不利影响。基于模态分解的分析方法是进一步发展抖振控制手段的有效工具。本文通过两类典型模态分析方法（本征正交分解（POD）和动态模态分解（DMD））对OAT15A翼型的跨声速抖振现象进行分析,通过对模态频率、翼面压力分布、流场重构误差等方面的研究,将两种模态分解方法进行对比。发现基于频率特征的DMD方法能够准确捕捉抖振的临界稳定特征和抖振主频的典型模态,同时能够更准确反映流场变量在激波间断附近随时间的变化过程;而POD方法尽管在流场重构时具有较小的总体误差,但对激波附近压强随时间的变化历程拟合较差。     

Experimental investigation of shock-buffet criteria on a pitching airfoil

An experimental investigation of the shock-buffet phenomenon subject to unsteady pitching supercritical airfoil around its quarter chord has been conducted in a transonic wind tunnel. The model was equipped with pressure taps connected to the fast response pressuretransducers. Measurements were conducted at different free-stream Mach number from 0.61 to0.76. The principle goal of this investigation was to experimentally discuss the shock-buffet criterion over a SC(2)-0410 supercritical pitching ...     

NPU翼型的气动力分析和改进设计

 在飞行器设计中用计算方法设计超临面翼型已完全取代了选用现成翼型的设计方法。为考察已设计出的NPU翼型是否满足飞行器设计要求我们对其进行了全面气动分析,发现这些翼型尚有不足之处,有必要进行改进设计。     

CRM翼身组合体模型高阶精度数值模拟

基于五阶空间离散精度的WCNS格式,开展了CRM翼身组合体模型的高阶精度数值模拟,以评估WCNS格式对复杂外形的模拟能力以及典型运输机巡航构型阻力预测的精度。首先依照DPW组委会提出的网格生成指导原则,利用ICEM软件生成了粗、中、细、极细四套网格,网格规模从"粗网格"的2 578 687个网格点逐渐扩展到"极细网格"的65 464 511个网格点。研究了设计升力系数下,网格规模对气动特性、压力分布和翼根后缘局部分离区的影响,采用"中等网格"开展了抖振特性的数值模拟研究。通过与二阶精度的计算结果、DPW V统计结果和部分试验结果的对比分析,高阶精度数值模拟结果表明,阻力系数计算结果与DPW V统计平均结果吻合较好;网格密度对机翼上表面的激波位置和翼身结合部后缘局部分离区略有影响;迎角为4°时,升力系数下降的主要原因是机翼上表面激波诱导分离区和翼身结合部后缘局部分离区的增加。     

高压涡轮转子间隙泄漏流动的非定常特征研究

利用数值方法求解三维非定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程模拟某跨声速高压涡轮流场,研究了某跨声速高压涡轮流场的非定常特征,通过详细分析动静干涉对间隙泄漏流动的影响,进一步明确了泄漏流周期性变化的规律和成因.研究发现:静子尾缘燕尾波的外侧分支外尾波是间隙内部流动结构变化的主要原因,间隙泄漏涡的周期性变化则受外尾波和尾迹的共同影响.外尾波深入转子通道内部周期性经过间隙,在间隙前缘附近产生很强的逆压梯度,使间隙前部流动方向明显改变而产生大范围分离.外尾波导致间隙泄漏流量明显增加并周期性震荡.在静子尾迹和外尾波共同作用下,泄漏涡强度出现波动且涡的位置前后移动,使泄漏涡呈现明显的非定常性.      

激波控制鼓包提高翼型跨声速抖振边界

翼型抖振边界是仅次于升阻比的一项重要气动指标.采用定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程,以升力线斜率平缓及激波位置振荡作为基本判据确定了RAE2822翼型在指定跨声速来流条件下的抖振边界.通过大量计算流体力学(CFD)验证,针对RAE2822翼型设计了一种特定外形的激波控制鼓包并确定了其具体安装位置.该激波控制鼓...     

翼型低雷诺数层流分离现象随雷诺数的演化特征

层流分离现象是翼型低雷诺数条件下出现的典型流场特征。层流分离流动中包含流动分离、转捩、再附等非定常流动结构，层流分离流动的形成与演化会对翼型气动特性产生恶化作用。采用大涡模拟（LES）方法对低雷诺数范围内不同雷诺数下的翼型层流分离流动开展精细数值模拟，研究了雷诺数对翼型气动特性的影响规律及作用机理。LES方法采用隐式亚格子模型，基于结构化拼接网格，对流项离散和时间推进方法分别采用AUSM⁺格式以及双时间步方法。验证算例计算结果表明数值模拟方法的正确性及可靠性，雷诺数对翼型气动特性具有显著影响。随雷诺数降低，时均分离泡外形增大、位置后移，平均阻力系数增大，特别是在较低雷诺数下，翼型升阻力系数随时间出现振荡现象。进一步研究表明，造成不同时均分离泡形态和气动特性的原因在于翼型上表面分离剪切层的失稳与转捩特征。随雷诺数降低，流动黏性增大，导致分离剪切层速度梯度减小，流动发生转捩及再附位置后移，直至翼型表面不再发生转捩和再附。     

机翼跨声速抖振数值模拟及模态分析

绕机翼的跨声速抖振流动是典型的复杂不稳定流动，对其非定常特性及失稳机制的研究具有重要的工程和学术价值。通过非定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes（URANS）仿真方法和动模态分解（DMD）分析手段，研究了CRM（Common Research Model）等典型机翼的跨声速抖振流动特性及其主要失稳模态。数值仿真结果表明机翼的跨声速抖振表现为多失稳模式下的宽频特性。除了激波的弦向失稳，还会伴随发生激波的展向失稳，它们都表现为低频特性。翼梢处的高频响应可能是由激波诱导的低频失稳与翼尖涡相互耦合形成。DMD分析结果显示机翼展长和后掠因素诱导了激波展向失稳模态。本研究对抖振流动的物理建模、控制及理解相关的气动弹性现象具有指导意义。     

Mini-TED改变翼型跨声速性能的数值分析

用数值方法对比分析了NACA0012翼型在微小后缘装置(Mini-TED)打开前后跨声速气动性能的变化,并对其增升机理进行了初步分析。数值结果表明,Mini-TED可以将翼型上表面激波位置大幅度后移,大大提高翼型的升力。在小迎角条件下,Mini-TED后面存在一个由3个旋涡构成的稳定流动结构,正是这个旋涡结构改变了后缘库塔条件,导致上翼面激波位置的变化,进而大幅度提高了升力。当迎角增加后,后缘旋涡结构中的一个旋涡逐渐上移并与激波诱导的分离区合并,从而加速了翼型上表面分离。由于Mini-TED使得迎风面积增加,因而导致升力和阻力同时大幅上升,但总体上看仍然能够大幅度提高升阻比,证明Mini-TED后缘设计是一种极有潜力的新型高升力装置。     

Passage shock wave/boundary layer interaction control for transonic compressors using bumps

Flow separation due to shock wave/boundary layer interaction is dominated in blade passage with supersonic relative incoming flow, which always accompanies aerodynamic performance penalties. A loss reduction method for smearing the passage shock foot via Shock Control Bump(SCB) located on transonic compressor rotor blade suction side is implemented to shrink the region of boundary layer separation. The curved windward section of SCB with constant adverse pressure gradient is constructed ahead of...     

尾缘冷却跨声速涡轮气动特性的数值模拟

为了明确跨声速涡轮中尾缘冷却措施的引入对其气动性能的影响,针对跨声速涡轮叶栅中压力面半劈缝尾缘冷却方式和尾缘全劈缝冷却方式条件下,叶栅性能和尾缘激波系结构的变化进行了数值研究。结果显示,两种尾缘冷却措施都降低了叶栅能量损失系数,压力面半劈缝尾缘冷却方式效果更好,最佳情况损失系数下降达到48%。冷却流量对作用效果有一定影响,存在最佳值。冷却措施的引入显著改变了尾缘激波系结构,尤其对PSEJ冷却方式,将尾缘激波系压力面分支由原本一道强激波分成三道弱激波。     

高负荷跨声速涡轮激波损失机理及控制技术研究

为了指导高性能、高负荷跨声速涡轮的设计,对其叶栅内的流场结构、尾缘波系结构、减小激波损失的机理及其控制技术进行了分析研究。结果表明:跨声速涡轮尾缘流场结构复杂,存在分离膨胀波、分离激波、基底区、再附激波、尾迹、吸力面反射波甚至激波边界层相互干扰等流动现象。通过采用收缩-扩张通道,喉道后采用直线型吸力面,减小吸力面尾缘弯折角、尾缘厚度和尾缘附近局部修型等措施,从而减弱激波强度,减小激波损失。     

跨音弯掠风扇转子叶片的气动弹性剪裁

跨音风扇进口级增压比的进一步提高,主要受两方面的制约,一是效率,二是气动弹性失稳。这两个因素与转子流场中的激波和激波诱导的大尺度分离紧密相关。激波结构又和转子叶片前缘空间曲线形状直接联系。因此,如何精心设计转子叶片前缘空间曲线形状来控制激波结构,就成了当代风扇气动力学的前沿,并导致风扇弯掠空气动力学概念的出现。在具体设计中,此问题可称之为气动与气动弹性综合剪裁。本文简述综合剪裁中的一个组成部分,即气动弹性剪裁问题,并对一个单级风扇转子叶片给出实例。     

解跨音速升力翼型的有限元法

 在应用解全速位方程的最小压强积分有限元法求解绕升力翼型的跨音速流动时,将不可压流中求解绕升力翼型的耦合单位环量流动和无环量流动的解法推广到可压流中。为了确定环量,本文所用Kutta条件是:在后缘处,气流流向平行于后缘角二等分线。因有限元法对网格无正交性要求,因而可在椭圆变换前后进行剪切和延伸变换。这种网格生成法易于构成适用于复杂形状的有限元网格。通过计算并将其结果与文献中的数据比较,表明这种方法应用方便且有较快的计算速度和较高的计算精度。     

低雷诺数下压气机的二次流旋涡结构

为了探究高空低雷诺数条件下跨声速压气机的流动规律,对NASA Rotor37进行单通道数值模拟,探索其在低雷诺数进气条件下二次流的旋涡结构.研究发现:马蹄涡压力面分支诱发压力面角区诱导涡,壁角涡形成了顺流和逆流的两段式结构,脱落涡由叶根角区发展起来后不断从尾缘脱落,泄漏涡近失速点仅局部破裂不是失稳触发的主要原因.通道中的激波系诱发了吸力面和压力面的两个径向涡,压力面径向涡构成闭合的气泡式分离,吸力面径向涡在叶顶的破碎诱导产生分离涡,触发了低雷诺数下压气机的失稳.流场旋涡结构由马蹄涡、壁角涡、径向涡、泄漏涡、分离涡、脱落涡6个大尺度旋涡以及其他小尺度旋涡组成.      

可压缩粘性流绕翼型的N─S方程自适应网格解

从Ｎ－Ｓ方程出发,采用ＬＵ－ＡＤＩ隐式分解方法求解绕翼型的可压缩粘性流动。湍流模式采用Ｂａｌｄｗｉｎ－Ｌｏｍａｘ代数湍流模式和ｑ－ω二方程微分模式以研究湍流边界层的非平衡效应;为更好地捕捉激波,对网格进行了自适应调整。通过对ＮＡＣＡ００１２和ＲＡＥ２８２２两种翼型在亚音速和跨音速不同马赫数和雷诺数下进行大量计算,表明该方法对改进湍流计算、提高激波分辨率有较好的效果     

Calculation of the transonic dip of airfoils using viscous-inviscid aerodynamic interaction method

A numerical procedure for the calculation of the transonic dip of airfoils in the time domain is presented. A viscous-inviscid aerodynamic interaction method is taken to calculate the unsteady aerodynamic loads. In the present case the integral boundary layer equations are coupled with the Transonic Small Disturbance (TSD) Potential Equation. The coupling between structural motion and aerodynamic loads is carried out using State Space equation. It is solved by State Transition Matrix technique. Results are presented for NACA 64A010 and NLR 7301 airfoils with structural data from Isogai and DLR, respectively. Comparisons show good agreement with other numerical results. Certain deviations of experimental data taken from literature need more insight in the detailed test conditions.     

锯齿尾缘叶片气动特性和绕流流场的数值研究

以基于NACA 0018翼型的锯齿尾缘仿生叶片为研究对象，采用大涡模拟的方法研究锯齿相对齿宽与相对齿高对锯齿尾缘叶片的气动特性和非定常绕流流场的影响规律和机制.研究表明，尾缘锯齿参数对叶片气动性能的影响是复杂的非线性过程，在一定来流攻角范围内能提高升阻比，但失速提前.如在9.4°~14.8°来流攻角范围内，不同相对齿宽系列叶片的升阻比高于原始叶片，升阻比与锯齿相对齿宽之间没有线性关系.研究还表明，锯齿尾缘能延迟边界层分离，加速尾迹的流动掺混和能量扩散，改变非定常涡结构和涡脱落频率.相对齿高的变化对非定常流动特性的影响更为显著.尾缘锯齿诱导的二次湍流射流和吸力面侧反向涡对改变了原始叶片的绕翼环量，进而影响锯齿尾缘叶片的气动特性和绕流流场特性.