北斗GEO卫星实时求速算法研究

以北斗系统空间信号接口控制文件中规定的卫星位置计算标准算法为基础,研究了采用北斗广播星历实时计算北斗GEO(Geostationary Earth Orbit,地球静止轨道)卫星速度的算法。首先,通过将开普勒参数和摄动改正项对时间求导,给出了计算北斗GEO卫星瞬时速度的直接求速算法并进行了验证测试。接着,探讨了微分步长对北斗GEO卫星位置微分求速精度的影响。进一步,采集真实北斗GEO卫星广播星历数据,选择代表卫星,采取不同微分步长,分别按照位置微分与直接求速计算卫星速度,并进行了比对测试。验证测试结果证明了北斗GEO卫星直接求速算法的理论正确性,该算法可作为计算GEO卫星瞬时速度的标准算法;比对测试结果则表明适用于北斗GEO卫星位置微分求速的合理微分步长应为1s。     

卫星位置和速度的Lagrange插值算法分析

导航接收机中通常采用开普勒轨道参数法计算卫星的三维位置和速度.这种算法计算量较大,在资源有限的廉价用户机或要求高频度输出卫星位置和速度的高动态接收机中会使处理器资源非常紧张.采用Lagrange插值算法可以获得相同精度的卫星位置和速度,且大大降低计算量.利用GPS数据对不同插值区间长度和插值阶数的Lagrange插值法的计算精度和处理时延进行了定量分析.结果表明,Lagrange插值算法计算卫星位置和速度可以使处理时延降低十几倍,这在每个历元的导航解算需要同时计算多颗卫星位置和速度的接收机中具有重要意义.     

基于伪距观测的SINS/北斗紧耦合方法

针对现阶段北斗卫星导航系统的星座布局与GPS 有较大不同的现实,提出 了一种基于北斗伪距观测量的SINS/北斗紧耦合方法。首先,模拟了北斗卫星导航系统 5GEO+5IGSO+4MEO 的星座,之后利用模拟的北斗星座以及SINS 输出进行了仿真。仿真 结果表明,在当前北斗星座布局下,在我国东部某地区可见卫星数目大部分时候为7～ 8 颗,紧耦合方法的位置精度优于10m,速度精度优于0.05m/s,北斗钟差估计精度优于 10ns,钟漂估计精度优于1×10-10。     

一种基于惯性辅助的卫星信息容错技术

对于机载捷联惯性卫星组合导航系统而言,当载机处于大动态或者其他卫星信号不连续情况时,卫星提供的速度、位置等量测信息可能会出现跳变,进而影响组合导航精度.介绍了惯性导航、卫星导航及其组合导航系统的基本原理和优缺点,分析了卫星量测不可避免出现跳点时组合导航系统Kalman滤波器的估计效果,对基于惯性辅助的卫星信息容错技术进行研究,提出了一种新的卫星信号野值剔除与滤波改进方法.新方法既保证了量测向量原有的统计特性,同时将野值带来的影响去除.半实物仿真分析结果表明,滤波器的估计稳定性得到明显提升,组合导航系统的速度和位置精度分别提升了约30％和35％.     

基于“北斗二代”的卫星星座设计

针对"北斗二代"卫星导航系统,首先,设计适合我国区域导航定位需求的GEO+MEO的星座;在此基础上增加一个倾斜地球同步轨道卫星星座扩充成一个GEO+MEO+IGSO的全球卫星导航系统;进行GDOP值和可见星数仿真,根据仿真结果对星座参数进行优化。     

共轨迹卫星星座的优化设计及应用探讨

引入了初始卫星和时差的概念,通过仿真实验和优化设计,给出了一种针对我国区域特性的共地面轨迹中轨卫星(MEO)星座。同时利用该星座所具有的较好二重覆盖特性,提出了综合运用静止卫星(GEO)和MEO星座组成卫星区域导航系统的方案,并通过仿真模拟确认了该方案的可行性。     

卫星导航系统定位精度估计

系统精度估计是卫星导航系统总体设计的重要环节,是进行大系统指标分配的重要依据。因此,在进行卫星导航系统总体设计时,必须对所有误差源的特性及其对系统精度的影响情况进行仔细仿真计算和分析。本文采用对定位测量方程进行全微分的方法,导出了卫星导航系统定位精度的协方差估计公式,给出了用于指导工程实际对关键误差源进行严格控制的一套理论和方法。     

一种实现GEO卫星自主导航的方法

针对目前关于GEO卫星自主导航方法中存在的精度低、成本高、实现复杂、可行性一般的问题,提出了一种基于多天体目标信息实现GEO卫星自主导航的方法。使用星敏感器敏感恒星信息和紫外地球敏感器敏感地球信息,建立了高精度GEO轨道动力学模型,并设计了EKF算法、UKF算法以及MCMCUPF算法进行导航解算。理论分析和仿真验证表明,提出的方法精度高、实现易,是一种切实可行,有效的卫星自主导航方法。     

基于卫星信息的惯导系统可观测性分析

可观测性分析是组合导航系统进行滤波器设计的重要内容,直接影响状态估计时的收敛速度和收敛精度,因而需要对状态变量的可观测程度进行定量分析。文章针对基于卫星的惯导系统在机动方式时的可观测性分析进行研究,改进了组合导航系统的可观测度,省略了外观测量的求取,有效减少了计算量,简化了分析步骤。仿真结果证明了该方法的有效性。     

用于速度测量的硬件相关仪

相关法测量速度已经发展了多年。由于相关运算计算量很大，软件实现时，对于大速度系统，受运算速度所限，其实时性及精度都不甚理想。为此，本文介绍１种用硬件实现相关运算的方法，并给出硬件相关仪结构及与８０９８单片机的接口框图。     

Evolution of Icy Satellites

Evolutionary scenarios for the major satellites of Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, and Pluto-Charon are discussed. In the Jovian system the challenge is to understand how the present Laplace resonance of Io, Europa, and Ganymede was established and to determine whether the heat being radiated by Io is in balance with the present tidal dissipation in the moon. In the Saturnian system, Enceladus and Titan are the centers of attention. Tidal heating is the likely source of activity at the south pole of Enceladus, although the details of how the heating occurs are not understood. An evolutionary scenario based on accretion and internal differentiation is presented for Titan, whose present substantial orbital eccentricity is not associated with any dynamical resonance. The source and maintenance of methane in Titan’s present atmosphere remain uncertain. Though most attention on the Saturnian moons focuses on Titan and Enceladus, the mid-size satellites Iapetus, Rhea, Tethys, and the irregular satellite Phoebe also draw our interest. An evolutionary scenario for Iapetus is presented in which spin down from an early rapidly rotating state is called upon to explain the satellite’s present oblate shape. The prominent equatorial ridge on Iapetus is unexplained by the spin down scenario. A buckling instability provides another possible explanation for the oblateness and equatorial ridge of Iapetus. Rhea is the only medium-size Saturnian satellite for which there are gravity data at present. The interpretation of these data are uncertain, however, since it is not known if Rhea is in hydrostatic equilibrium. Pluto and Charon are representative of the icy dwarf planets of the Kuiper belt. Did they differentiate as they evolved, and do either of them have a subsurface liquid water ocean? New Horizons might provide some answers when it arrives at these bodies.     

依靠卫星提高气象预报的准确性--谈谈气象卫星的新发展

欧洲计划２００３年发射第一颗称为ＭＥＴＯＰ的极轨道气象卫星；美国的气象卫星现由商业部所属的美国海洋与大气局（ＮＯＡＡ ）负责管理和运行，从２００８年起将由空军、 ＮＡＳＡ和 ＮＯＡＡ人员组成的办公室管理运行；日本用一种称为 ＭＴＳａｔ新型卫星代替最新的 Ｈｉｍａｒａｗｉ—５ ２星；俄罗斯将于今年发射第二颗 ＧＯＭＳ卫星和第一颗新的“流星” Ｍ３极轨道卫星     

众星追踪本·拉登

“９．１１” 大爆炸后，美国空军发射了“高级锁眼”１１侦察卫星，用于监视塔利班政权的据点、车辆和火炮的动向；美国还动用了电子侦察卫星截获拉登的电子邮件和电话，以便准确打击。此外，美国还利用民用卫星拍摄高清晰度的卫星图像以利于侦察更多细节     

Geology of the Icy Satellites

In the last 25 years, the explorations of the Voyager and Galileo missions have resulted in an entirely new view of the icy worlds orbiting the giant outer planets. These objects show a huge diversity in their characteristics, resulting from their formation histories, internal processes and interactions with their space environments. This paper will review the current state of knowledge about the icy satellites and discuss the exciting prospects for the upcoming Cassini/Huygens mission as it begins a new era of exploration of the Saturn satellite system.     

Rosette Constellations of Earth Satellites

Satellite constellations having rosette (flowerlike) orbital patterns are described which exhibit better worldwide coverage properties than constellations previously reported in U.S. literature. The best rosettes with 5-15 satellites are identified and evaluated relative to prior results. In most cases, the best results are obtained by placing one satellite in each of N separate planes and by using inclined rather than polar orbits. Coverage properties of these constellations are analyzed in terms of the largest possible great circle range between an observer anywhere on the Earth's surface and the nearest subsatellite point. When evaluated in this manner, coverage properties are invariant with deployment altitude. As deployment altitude is reduced, however, higher order constellations must be used to maintain a fixed minimum viewing angle. Coverage properties are also invariant with deployment orientation relative to Earth coordinates, although specific orientations can cause the satellite patterns to appear quasi-stationary. Thus these constellations offer a promising alternative to the use of geostationary satellites. Rosette constellations can also be used to guarantee multiple satellite visibility on a continuous worldwide basis. It is shown that 5, 7, 9, and 11 satellites are the minimum numbers required for single, double, triple, and quadruple visibility, respectively. Examples of rosette constellations which achieve these bounds are given.     

The Soviet Union's GLONASS Navigation Satellites

GLONASS (Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System) is the most recent satellite navigation system developed by the Soviet Union and currently in the pre-operational stage. Obvious parallels exist between GLONASS and the NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS) developed in the United States and also, at present, in a pre-operational phase. In the progress towards operational status, the launch capability for NAVSTAR satellites has been seriously affected by the recent failure of the Space Shuttle Challenger, clearly increasing the prospects of GLONASS reaching operational status first. It is therefore the main purpose of this paper to discuss certain aspects of the GLONASS satellite navigation system, in particular its orbital features and radio-frequency signal characteristics. Comparisons with NAVSTAR are inevitable and for this reason, the paper begins with a brief resume of relevant features of the NAVSTAR GPS system for later reference. The main section of the paper then deals with orbital behaviour, radio frequency signal structure and channelisation using NAVSTAR as a reference point for discussion.     

High Power Needs for Commercial Satellites

This overview paper presents estimates of the photovoltaic power systems needed on commercial communications spacecraft in the year 2000. These are developed in the form of power requirements based on extrapolation of the historical growth in communications traffic and are about 5 to 15 kW. The paper also addresses the key technology drivers in these photovoltaic systems. The importance of reducing mass in the power system is described in terms of the tradeoff with communications systems mass to maximize communications revenue. It surveys solar array components and subsystems to meet these future requirements and attempts to identify the development candidates with a large payoff potential and a high probability of successful development.     

低轨卫星多普勒频移特性的快速计算

地面站利用低轨卫星进行通信时,地面接收站接收信号存在明显的多普勒频移现象。为描述多普勒频移特性,首先分析卫星轨道偏心率对多普勒特性曲线的影响,分析表明：轨道偏心率越大,地面站接收信号多普勒变化率越大。其次,推导了卫星多普勒频移的计算表达式,并讨论了低轨卫星多普勒频移特性曲线的快速计算。仿真计算结果表明,该算法可以很好地描述任意低轨道卫星多普勒频移特性,并明显缩短了精确算法的计算时间,对于10 000km轨道高度卫星,算法置信度可达99%以上。