考虑地球扁率效应的两圆轨道之间的双共切最优转移

两圆轨道之间的双共切转移轨道是其近地点和远地点分别在这两个圆轨道上的椭圆轨道。本文用两次冲量法给出了沿双共切椭圆轨道实现从一圆轨道向另一圆轨道转移的最优方案，并考虑到地球扁率造成的轨道摄动。文中的所谓圆轨道指的是变轨时刻的密切轨道为圆形的轨道，是对近圆轨道的近似替找。     

类X-37B飞行器气动力辅助异面变轨性能研究

X-37B是美国波音公司制造的一种可重复使用无人升力体飞行器,其具体任务一直备受关注和猜测。X-37B轨道试验飞行器曾多次进行轨道面内和面外机动。外界猜测X-37B可能降低轨道高度,进入有稀薄大气的高度,利用气动力大幅度横跨轨道飞行。文章分析了气动力辅助异面变轨的过程,其中在大气层内飞行段通过调整倾侧角实现侧向机动,从而改变轨道倾角。利用计算流体动力学软件计算其在高马赫数值下的气动力,为大气层内飞行动力学模型提供输入,推导气动力辅助异面变轨特征速度和推进剂消耗量的计算方法。针对不同再入角进行气动力辅助异面变轨仿真,计算轨道倾角改变量、特征速度和推进剂消耗量,并与冲量变轨比较。结果表明:类X-37B飞行器气动力辅助变轨在理论上具备一定改变轨道倾角的能力,但比冲量变轨消耗更多推进剂,变轨过程所需时间较长,相比于冲量变轨难度增大,工程实施可行性值得商榷。     

大椭圆轨道气动变轨与轨道部署

提出了一种服务飞行器的大椭圆轨道气动变轨方案.根据速度轨道最优参数确定气动变轨动力学方程及参数,计算了变轨第一、二阶段的能力.研究了轨道部署方案,讨论了大椭圆轨道近地点幅角与轨道倾角,以及待机轨道覆盖性能.研究表明:3个空间飞行器就可100%覆盖低轨道主要目标群.     

考虑地球扁率效应的两航天器双共切最优交会原理

轨道交会研究受控航天器与目标航天器于预定的位置和时间相会合。本文讨论按两次冲量法沿双共切椭圆轨道,使沿圆轨道运行的受控航天器实现向另一圆轨道转移并和沿该圆轨道运行的目标航天器相交会的最优方案,讨论中计及到地球扁率造成的轨道摄动。文中的所谓圆轨道指的是变轨时刻的密切轨道为圆形以及是对近圆轨道的近似替代。     

初始轨道高度对气动力辅助异面变轨的影响

气动力辅助变轨技术可以有效利用大气资源,借助气动力作用减少推进剂消耗,有可能成为未来有大气行星进入/再入飞行的重要手段之一。文章针对改变轨道平面的变轨过程,进行气动力辅助异面变轨分析,探讨了初始轨道高度对气动力辅助异面变轨性能的影响。计算气动力辅助变轨特征速度,并与冲量变轨所需消耗能量进行比较。研究结果表明:气动力辅助异面变轨推进剂消耗量与升阻比呈非线性变化,当升阻比大于某一数值时,气动力辅助异面变轨在一定初始轨道高度区间内能够节省推进剂。文章的研究成果可为有翼再入航天器的研制提供依据,为气动力辅助变轨的工程应用提供技术参考。     

空间交会调相综合变轨优化

基于近圆轨道偏差线性方程研究了摄动交会调相综合变轨问题,建立了综合变轨两层非线性优化模型:上层问题以变轨点纬度幅角为优化变量,下层问题以脉冲向量为优化变量.为了快速获得上层问题全局优化性较好的摄动解,采用了并行模拟退火算法与序列二次规划算法相结合的混合策略;下层问题使用基于可行域最速下降的线性迭代方法求解.采用一个两天近地轨道调相问题测试了本文的综合变轨求解策略,并将综合变轨与特殊点变轨、综合变轨混合优化与遗传算法优化进行了比较.结果表明,建立的两层优化模型是有效的,本文的求解策略有着良好的全局收敛性和较高的收敛效率,综合变轨相对于特殊点变轨可以显著地节省燃料.     

风云四号卫星双程测距系统精密轨道确定

针对我国新一代静止轨道卫星风云四号高精度轨道计算需求，地面跟踪系统设计了多台站双频双程测距模式。详细给出了信号传播介质改正中的电离层与对流层处理方法，并给出了风云四号卫星动力学轨道确定策略。在非变轨期间，采用动力学定轨方法。轨道确定残差分析，测量噪声均方根优于0.5 m。通过轨道重叠分析，非变轨期间精度优于20 m。动量轮卸载期间，采用估计经验力的方法，其定轨残差优于1 m。对多弧段数据处理表明文中方法满足同步卫星双程测距模式下的高精度轨道跟踪问题。     

北斗三号卫星与上面级供电相关接口分析及验证

卫星采用运载火箭上面级发射入轨期间，经历了由大椭圆轨道至圆轨道的过程，飞行姿态经历了变轨、慢旋、分离后巡航等多个阶段。在太阳翼展开前，卫星要经历比自身变轨更为恶劣的高低温环境及能源紧张等供电风险。在分离时刻的太阳翼碰撞或干涉安全性也需要重点关注和分析。针对北斗三号一箭双星采用上面级直接入轨方式的特点，分析了卫星与上面级间的供电和热设计接口，并从双星分离安全性角度考虑，分析影响卫星与上面级接口安全性的主要要素，并对应用和验证情况进行总结。     

空间飞行器追踪区设计

重点介绍了空间飞行器通过一次变轨机动与目标交会的可行机动方案，在对飞行时间普适公式分析的基础上，建立了一般性的轨道转移预测模型， 给出了一种寻求空间飞行器可行变轨点集的方法，并提出了追踪区的概念。通过仿真计算，分别对各种时间和燃料资源限制条件下的追踪区大小变化进行了分析，结果表明，利用该方法求出的变轨点能够满足空间交会对燃料和时间等各方面的要求，且方法简捷，易于实现。     

“嫦娥抱兔”奔月宫——全程追踪“中国三姑娘”

多次变轨“奔月”完美 按照预定计划，嫦娥三号探测器要经过15天的“奔月”飞行，其中发射14小时后进行第一次轨道修正，发射38小时后进行第二次轨道修正，在进行近月制动前进行第三次轨道修正。     

最少燃料消耗的固定推力共面轨道变轨研究

本文研究了推力固定条件下，从圆轨道进入共面圆轨道一次入轨最节省燃料的推力方向控制策略。这类问题都可归结为两点边值问题，对自由初值的选取作了讨论，并采用打靶法迭代求解。计算了从停泊轨道到同步转移道以及两个过地圆轨道之间的最优转移，获得满意的结果。     

Optimum low thrust transfer to geosynchronous orbit

The low thrust transfer for geosynchronous mission has been studied by many investigators from the viewpoint of optimization in case of continuous thrust. This paper discusses the possibility of fuel saving to attain a geosynchronous orbit by introducing coast phases during each revolution. In advance of optimizing the whole transfer mission, optimization during a single revolution is treated, and it is shown that the entrance and the exit of optimal coasting arcs are expressed by a sixth order equation, which, in case of coplanar transfer, degenerates into a cubic equation, with respect to the cosine of true longitude. Then an optimum transfer to a geosynchronous orbit, including coast phases in each revolution, is simulated. Computational results for typical initial conditions are shown to be compared with those for all-propulsion cases.     

伴随卫星接近绕飞的轨道控制方法研究

针对伴随卫星以共面方式接近目标星飞行、并最终实现共面绕飞这一 问题进行了研究。提出了通过轨道调相控制实现轨道接近,并且兼顾实现绕飞轨道构型参数 的方法。仿真实例表明,提出的接近绕飞轨道控制方法成功地实现了伴随卫星相对目标星的 接近和绕飞,很好地达到了绕飞轨道构型的参数指标要求。
     

近地星座异面遍历交会轨道全局优化

根据J 2摄动对轨道面的长期影响规律，提出了一种在近地低轨道星座卫星之间进行异面轨道交会的解析近似方法，并用于建立多星多约束遍历交会的混合整数规划模型，能够快速获得多星交会次序、交会时刻的最优解。仿真算例表明提出的方法适用于在轨服务、构型重建等类型任务的快速优化，计算速度和燃料消耗优于以往类似算法。     

Optimal low-thrust transfers between close near-circular coplanar orbits

Four types of optimal solutions are demonstrated to exist for transfers (time of flight is not fixed) between close near-circular coplanar orbits. One solution is realized with the help of fixed orientation of the propulsion system (PS) along a transversal in the orbital coordinate system. Another is reached at fixed orientation of the PS in the inertial coordinate system. The third and fourth types of solutions change the PS orientation in the process of executing the maneuver. Regions of existence are established for all types of solutions, and algorithms for determination of parameters of these maneuvers are suggested. The algorithms were used to calculate parameters of the maneuvers of transfer from a launching orbit to a working Sun-synchronous orbit, and to calculate the maneuvers of supporting the parameters of such an orbit in a specified range.     

Fast solar sail rendezvous mission to near Earth asteroids

The concept of fast solar sail rendezvous missions to near Earth asteroids is presented by considering the hyperbolic launch excess velocity as a design parameter. After introducing an initial constraint on the hyperbolic excess velocity, a time optimal control framework is derived and solved by using an indirect method. The coplanar circular orbit rendezvous scenario is investigated first to evaluate the variational trend of the transfer time with respect to different hyperbolic excess velocities and solar sail characteristic accelerations. The influence of the asteroid orbital inclination and eccentricity on the transfer time is studied in a parametric way. The optimal direction and magnitude of the hyperbolic excess velocity are identified via numerical simulations. The found results for coplanar circular scenarios are compared in terms of fuel consumption to the corresponding bi-impulsive transfer of the same flight time, but without using a solar sail. The fuel consumption tradeoff between the required hyperbolic excess velocity and the achievable flight time is discussed. The required total launch mass for a particular solar sail is derived in analytical form. A practical mission application is proposed to rendezvous with the asteroid 99942 Apophis by using a solar sail in combination with the provided hyperbolic excess velocity.     

Approximate solutions to minimax optimal control problems for aeroassisted orbital transfer

This paper considers minimax problems of optimal control arising in the study of aeroassisted orbital transfer. The maneuver considered involves the coplanar transfer from a high planetary orbit to a low planetary orbit. An example is the HEO-to-LEO transfer of a spacecraft, where HEO denotes high Earth orbit and LEO denotes low Earth orbit. In particular, HEO can be GEO, a geosynchronous Earth orbit.The basic idea is to employ the hybrid combination of propulsive maneuvers in space and aerodynamic maneuvers in the sensible atmosphere. Hence, this type of flight is also called synergetic space flight. With reference to the atmospheric part of the maneuver, trajectory control is achieved by means of lift modulation. The presence of upper and lower bounds on the lift coefficient is considered.The following minimax problems of optimal control are investigated: (i) minimize the peak heating rate, problem P1; and (ii) minimize the peak dynamic pressure, problem P2. It is shown that problems P1 and P2 are approximately equivalent to the following minimax problem of optimal control: (iii) minimize the peak altitude drop occurring in the atmospheric portion of the trajectory, problem P3.Problems P1–P3 are Chebyshev problems of optimal control, which can be converted into Bolza problems by suitable transformations. However, the need for these transformations can be bypassed if one reformulates problem P3 as a two-subarc problem of optimal control, in which the first subarc connects the initial point and the point where the path inclination is zero, and the second subarc connects the point where the path inclination is zero and the final point: (iv) minimize the altitude drop achieved at the point of junction between the first subarc and the second subarc, problem P4. Note that problem P4 is a Bolza problem of optimal control.Numerical solutions for problems P1–P4 are obtained by means of the sequential gradient-restoration algorithm for optimal control problems. Numerical examples are presented, and their engineering implications are discussed. In particular, it is shown that, from an engineering point of view, it is desirable to solve problem P3 or P4, rather than problems P1 and P2.     

地-月低能耗转移轨道中途修正问题研究

采用地-月低能耗转移轨道的探测器从地球停泊轨道转移到极月轨道一般需要3~4个月时间,这类转移轨道对入轨精度有较高的要求。本文对地月转移轨道中途修正问题进行了研究。文中结合地-月低能耗转移轨道的特点,给出一种分段式多目标多次中途修正方案。利用显式制导结合牛顿迭代,分别以地球和月球作为中心天体求解兰伯特问题,在假设探测器各种轨道误差的基础上进行了蒙特卡罗仿真。采用该方法一般需要3~5次中途修正能够满足月球探测器环月轨道入轨精度要求,整个转移过程燃料消耗小于传统地月转移轨道。文中给出的仿真结果验证了该方案的可行性。     

基于时间最短的SGKW共面打击轨道优化设计

天基对地打击动能武器(SGKW)用于从太空对地面高价值战略目标进行快速、准确的打击。针对最短打击时间要求,研究了SGKW共面打击轨道的优化设计方法。首先建立了SGKW的无量纲化平面运动模型,然后利用庞特里亚金极大值原理将时间最短共面打击轨道的最优控制问题转化为两点边值问题。由于约束条件中存在优化参数,一种基于"遗传算法 序列二次规划"的组合优化算法被用于求解未知参数。仿真结果验证了上述方法的有效性。