关于天然气价格定价方法的探讨

从世界范围看,有三种基本的方法被用于确定天然气价格以成本为基础的定价方法、以市场为基础的定价方法和以成本和市场混合为基础的定价方法.不同的定价方法各有其适用条件和优缺点,这些定价方法在西气东输项目中得到不同的应用.     

企业系统成本管理模式探讨

随着科学技术的发展，传统成本管理模式逐渐失效。为适应新的形势需要，大、中型企业可以以适时生产系统，作业成本法，全面质量管理模式为基础，建立一个新的更为有效的成本管理模式－－系统成本管理模式。试图以各种新近发展的成本管理理论为基础，对系统成本管理理论进行初步探讨。     

欧洲航天政策白皮书（中）

卫星技术不仅仅支持政府政策目标的实现(前两部分有叙述)，也能成为电子通信服务基础设施的组成部分。电子通信市场是一个运营商之间技术上激烈竞争的商业市场。在欧盟，电子通信基础设施和服务遵循新的规则框架，是以技术上采取折衷的方法为基础的。     

关于低成本遥测站

低成本遥测站充分遵照了国家和工业标准，尽量采用市场已有的产品，按照开放系统设计准则和模块化构成方法，以ＣＡＤ及仿真为开发手段，使系统的寿命周期成本最低。     

基于Wiggler的JTAG调试系统在ARM7中的应用研究

基于ARM技术的处理器以其低成本、低功耗、高集成度等优势,在通信、工业控制、消费电子等领域都拥有极高的市场占有率。既便如此,ARM公司还是以让人眼花缭乱的速度不断推出新的ARM内核技术以适应各个领域市场的需求。针对目前市场上ARM仿真技术不开放、高成本等特点,论文以自由软件为基础结合相关自制wiggler硬件,能够很好的完成对LPC2220的仿真调试,并且运行稳定。     

从企业战略管理理论认识航天型号成本工程的必要性(下)

5、军品价格管理制度由国家定价已经逐步演变为军队(用户)定价,军队追逐低价格的目标对集团公司型号成本管理与控制提出了更高的要求。随着社会主义市场经济体制的逐步建立和完善,在军品订货制度建立以来,军队使用部门与军品生产部门的关系越来越以合同的形式进行调整,军队使用     

采用敏度分析和计算流体力学的气动力设计最优化

介绍一种以计算流体力学（ＣＦＤ）－敏度分析算法为基础的气动设计优化方法。这种方法新颖而有效，可用于设计轴向推力最佳的超音速冲压式喷气发动机后体外形。用无粘流分析方法求解欧拉方程，依次产生目标函数和各种约束。因此，ＣＦＤ分析是与最优化过程采用的约束极小化方法相结合的。对于最优化所需的敏度系数，即目标函数和约束的梯度采用半解析法获得，而不采用传统的有限差分平滑方法。在一维寻优过程中，为了降低计算成本，     

基于多目标遗传算法的固体火箭发动机面向成本优化设计

多目标优化设计的概念和方法被方法用于面向成本设计，采用一种基于Pareto最优解的多目标遗传算法－－NSGA－Ⅱ算法，以某固体火箭发动机为算例，利用成本模型和工程模型，以产品的性能和成本作为目标函数进行了多目标优化设计，计算结果表明，NSGA－Ⅱ算法得到的非劣解在目标空间分布均匀，算法收敛性和鲁棒性好，基于NSGA－Ⅱ算法的面向成本多目标优化设计方法为产品在方案阶段开展性能和成本之间的权衡分析提供了有效的工具。     

关于价值计量模式的思考

随着会计环境的复杂化和经济业务的多样化，会计计量属性呈现出历史成本、现时成本、现金流量折现等多种计量模式并存的局面，本文以此为基础进行了分析，并分析了价值计量在我国的应用以及我国关于计量属性的现实选择。     

战术固体火箭发动机按费用优化设计

论述了按费用设计的概念和方法，在５种战术固体火箭发动机制造成本数据统计分析的基础上，以部件重量作为模型参数，建立了适合于战术固体发动机的喷管，装药和壳体成本模型，根据这些成本模型，对某地－空战术导弹火箭发动机以冲费和为目标函数进行按费用优化设计，所得结果通过与实际发动机试车结果及制造成本比较，表明以作为参数的成本模型合理，按费用优化设计技术可行，经济上合理。     

Market-based systems for instrument development and science planning

Market-based systems are those systems in which currency is used to express demand for a limited resource. In these systems, users `own' currency and exchange it for a desired commodity. Though used for thousands of years, market-based applications to space missions are still in their infancy. The first successful application was in 1992 with the Cassini Mission to Saturn. In this case, the sum total of mass and dollars for the science instruments had to fit within the allocated resource envelope. Results from the use of a market-based system show that the entire science payload grew from original estimates by only +1% for cost, and by –7% for mass. The next application was for Space Shuttle Secondary Payloads. In this application, available shuttle lift mass, number of lockers for secondary payloads, and available astronaut time had to be allocated between 5 NASA Users. Experiments showed that a market-based system can reduce the size of the required workforce needed to produce a manifest of the same quality as one produced `by committee.' Finally, a market-based system was experimentally applied to LightSAR science planning, a proposed joint NASA/Commercial RADAR mission. In this application, users were able to produce a conflict-free timeline of events remotely, of high science value, in about half the time required by more traditional methods.     

数控加工中切削用量的确定

数控加工在当今的冷加工中应用越来越多,其切削用量与普通机床有很大不同。本文对数控加工中切削用量的确定做了简要的分析,提供了一些选取原则和方法,并对应该注意的问题进行了分析,以供数控操作人员参考。     

Pricing competitively — a response to Jay Lightfoot

A recent paper in this journal criticized the two methods commonly used to allocate the costs of multi-payload launches, and proposed two new alternatives. The paper argued that ‘Shapley-value’ pricing and the ‘Independent Cost Proportional Scheme’ are immune to instability problems possible under the traditional mass-proportional approach, and reduce ‘subsidies’ paid to small payloads. This rejoinder shows that neither claim is true in general. It also questions whether new pricing formulas are truly needed — or even sustainable in today's competitive market.     

A Ticket pricing strategy for an oligopolistic space tourism market

It is important for any new launch system to develop a successful pricing strategy and to optimize launch system parameters to receive a high economic profit. A question arises, what will happen when an existing suborbital flight market (the first likely to be established in space) is interfered with by a new established orbital flight market for space tourism. There is a risk that the suborbital space tourism market could be almost instantly displaced when a product capable of reaching orbit was introduced. This is best discussed using the following three cases whose results are presented in this paper. Case A presents a ticket pricing strategy for a suborbital and orbital vehicle if the two vehicles do not compete in the same market. Case B shows the necessary ticket pricing strategy for a suborbital vehicle if there is competition from an orbital flight operator. However, the suborbital vehicle would not be able to keep up with a drop in ticket prices due to its obsolete characteristics. Thus, the suborbital vehicle would be forced to stop operation in the year when flight costs became higher than flight receipts as shown in case C.     

Structured methods for identifying and correcting potential human errors in space operations

Human performance plays a significant role in the development and operation of any complex system, and human errors are significant contributors to degraded performance, incidents, and accidents for technologies as diverse as medical systems, commercial aircraft, offshore oil platforms, nuclear power plants, and space systems. To date, serious accidents attributed to human error have fortunately been rare in space operations. However, as flight rates go up and the duration of space missions increases, the accident rate could increase unless proactive action is taken to identity and correct potential human errors in space operations. The Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) has developed and applied structured methods of human error analysis to identify potential human errors, assess their effects on system performance, and develop strategies to prevent the errors or mitigate their consequences. These methods are being applied in NASA-sponsored programs to the domain of commercial aviation, focusing on airplane maintenance and air traffic management. The application of human error analysis to space operations could contribute to minimize the risks associated with human error in the design and operation of future space systems.     

三元乙丙橡胶粘接工艺研究

通过粘接面处理、粘接压力、胶层厚度、胶层涂刷方式等方面对三元乙丙橡胶粘接性能进行了研究。结果表明,铝合金应喷砂后阳极化、三元乙丙橡胶生胶用乙酸乙脂擦拭、熟胶进行表面打磨;采用三次刷涂,胶层厚度控制在0.1～0.15mm;硫化压力5～10MPa是较好的粘接工艺方法。     

Coupling of system resource margins through the use of electric propulsion: Implications in preparing for the Dawn mission to Ceres and Vesta

The Dawn project is progressing toward its 2007 launch on a mission to orbit main belt asteroids (1) Ceres and (4) Vesta. Designed to provide insights into important questions about the evolution of the solar system, Dawn will spend more than 0.5 years in orbit about each of these bodies. This challenging mission is enabled by an ion propulsion system. In contrast to missions that use conventional chemical propulsion, the use of this system creates a strong coupling of allowable flight system mass and available power, thereby requiring different methods of managing these and other technical resources. Now that the project is nearing launch, the refinement of resource estimates allows the identification of excess margin, which is being applied in novel ways to benefit the project both in development and in operations.     

Competitiveness of commercial space transportation services

Competition between the providers of space transportation has become intense with the distinct possibility of governments providing both direct and indirect subsidies in order to influence transportation user choices. This bodes well for users of transportation services but has serious ramifications with regard to the future makeup of the international space transportation industry. This paper addresses the following key issues: selecting a launch service given a decision to establish a business to provide satellite communication services; establishing the price that should be bid by a launch provider in order to have a specified chance of being awarded the launch contract; and assessing the possibility that a launch provider is utilizing unfair or predatory pricing in order to increase the likelihood of winning launch contracts and thereby increasing market share. A method is developed and results presented based upon establishing ‘value in use’ pricing that explicitly takes into account the multiple attributes of alternative launch services. This leads to an assessment of ‘predatory’ pricing in terms of the value in use pricing.     

Methods to obtain the principal parameters of simple attitude control systems for small satellites

The present article deals with methods to determine the dynamical characteristics of satellites with passive and semipassive attitude control systems (ACS). On the basis of determined dynamical characteristics the principal parameters of ACS are obtained. The ACS interacting with the geomagnetic are considered here. It's reputed the ACS of such kind are wide used and simple one. Analytical relationships of these characteristics with the basic attitude control system parameters are presented, and the most important peculiarities of such systems that were found while carrying out satellite dynamics analysis are discussed. The results of system parameters optimization with certain criteria are also given where possible. The results presented may be applied at the preliminary design phase of satellite development.     

地面测发控系统中长电缆的屏蔽技术

阐述了地面测发控系统中箭地连接长电缆屏蔽技术对整个武器系统的重要性,分析屏蔽长电缆的原理及工程制作;分别用电流注入法和模拟场强法进行试验,比较试验方法,确定了该种电缆的屏蔽效能,得到了一些长电缆抗EMP试验数据和定量关系,为柔软型抗电磁脉冲电缆在武器系统中的全面应用提供了第一手试验数据。