LEO-LEO微波掩星探测温度和水汽廓线研究进展

低地球轨道卫星间(LEO-LEO)微波掩星探测技术利用水汽吸收线附近信号,通过测量信号的折射和吸收作用,能够在没有辅助背景信息的情况下独立反演温度和水汽廓线,从而克服GNSS-LEO无线电掩星技术在大气中低对流层存在的"温度–水汽模糊"问题.目前,国内外还没有实现在轨的LEO-LEO掩星探测.为了促进我国LEO-LEO...     

基于GNSS掩星资料的风云卫星微波载荷产品质量验证与分析

聚焦新一代国产极轨气象卫星微波载荷和全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)掩星临边观测的探测机理,及其各自仪器的性能指标和在轨运行的特点,利用2019年1月1日到12月31日的全球数据,开展基于GNSS掩星资料的风云气象卫星微波观测亮温对比和反演廓线产品质量检验研究。在匹配数据时间分辨率为30 min和经纬度分辨率为0.5°的情况下,亮温偏差小于5 K,大气温湿度探测精度分别为1.92 K和22.8%,同时分析了2019年青藏高原地区大气温湿度的时空分布规律。结果表明:风云气象卫星微波辐射计具有全球全天候探测大气温湿度的功能,在近地面具有丰富的反演数据,而对于GNSS掩星探测资料,3 km以上探测精度优于微波湿度计,近地面数据较少,两者联合,既可以互相补充和验证,又能以青藏高原为例,分析长时间序列气象和气候数据,为后续的气候研究提供基础数据集。     

星载微波传感器大气温湿度物理反演算法研究

针对我国下一代静止轨道微波探测器资料应用的需求,对微波50~60GHz和183GHz的温湿遥感通道开展了不同大气条件下探测敏感高度的模拟,发现大气散射对微波探测影响明显,尤其是近地面通道,在未来数据应用时需加以注意。提出一种基于一维变分的大气温湿度廓线物理反演算法。以美国最新一代气象卫星Suomi NPP搭载的ATMS(Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder)获取的观测资料为研究对象,RTTOV(Radiative Transfer for TOVS)快速辐射传输模式为前向算子,利用一维变分算法开展了温湿度廓线反演单点试验。研究发现:地表参数对微波亮温,尤其是地面通道影响较大。同时,反演所需背景场对反演结果影响较明显,反演所得温度与背景场较接近。     

空间主动光电遥感现状及发展

空间主动光电遥感技术在空间对地观测和深空探测等领域具有广阔的应用前景,探测对象包括地球和地外天体三维地形、地球植被垂直分布、大气气溶胶与云的垂直分布、大气温湿廓线、大气风廓线和特殊气体浓度等。为系统梳理空间主动光电遥感技术,综合分析了国内外空间主动光电高程探测载荷和大气垂直廓线探测载荷的发展历史和现状,提出了未来我国在多波束单光子三维地形探测、高光谱分辨率激光大气探测、差分吸收激光大气探测、激光掩星大气探测和激光海洋探测领域开展更深入研究的建议。     

红外甚高光谱分辨率探测仪反演系统的设计与实现

文章基于"高分五号"卫星大气环境红外甚高光谱分辨率探测仪(AIUS)数据,采用最优化反演算法,建立了大气成分廓线反演的业务化处理系统,并对反演结果进行了精度验证。该系统采用分层设计思想和模块化设计思路,具有手动和自动业务化处理的功能。将系统反演结果与微波临边探测仪(MLS)的2级官方产品和先验数据进行对比分析,O_3反演产品在14～50km范围与MLS产品的相对偏差小于15%;H_2O反演产品在18～70km范围与MLS产品的相对偏差小于15%;HCl反演产品在14～40km范围与MLS产品的相对偏差小于10%;N_2O反演产品在10～35km范围与MLS产品的相对偏差小于10%;CO反演产品在14～55km范围与先验廓线的相对偏差小于15%。上述结果表明,反演系统具有良好的准确性和稳定性,能够为中国进行大气环境监测和全球气候变化研究提供算法和技术支持。     

机载GNSS掩星观测反演大气折射率廓线研究

作为星载掩星技术的推广,基于飞机平台的无线电掩星技术备受关注。为了将机栽掩星技术更好地应用到工程实践中,文章通过介绍机载掩星探测的基本原理和主要特点、模拟仿真,对机载掩星的反演算法进行了探讨,并给出模拟结果：包括利用STK仿真软件生成仿真场景;采用3维射线追踪技术模拟机载无线电掩星,预报掩星事件出现的时间、仰角,模拟信号传播特征;详细研究大气层内折射率反演技术并给出反演结果。研究结果表明,模拟仿真对机载掩星工程化实现是有益的。最后展望了机载掩星探测的发展趋势,提出了弱掩星信号的捕获跟踪、飞机平台的精度定位测速以及反射信号的抗干扰三项技术及工程化中需解决的技术难点。     

一体化微波成像探测技术发展和展望

介绍了微波成像探测技术的发展历程及趋势。阐述了将多种遥感目的和功能集于一体微波成像探测的优势和必要性。通过多频点大口径天馈、高灵敏度多通道接收及高稳定度长寿命转动机构等关键技术的突破,研制了一体化微波成像探测样机。与目前在轨的风云三号(FY-3)卫星微波成像仪相比,最高测量频段提高、细分通道数目增多、探测灵敏度及辐射测量精度提升,实现了大气温度廓线、大气湿度廓线和地表成像的一体化同源观测,在增强数据同化能力的同时提高了卫星的载荷效率,可同时获得全天时、全天候的海面风场,海面温度,海冰分布和雪覆盖,大气温湿度廓线,大气水汽和液态水分布等全球性气象资料。对一体化微波成像探测技术的高分辨率、高频率接收和全极化探测等发展方向进行了展望。     

FY-4A星GIIRS大气温度廓线反演模拟试验研究

结合全球大气晴空训练样本(CIMSS)数据,利用辐射传输模式,模拟获得干涉式大气垂直探测仪(GIIRS)亮温资料,结合人工神经网络反演方法,研究了风云四号(FY-4)卫星高光谱红外载荷大气温度反演方法,并研制了全圆盘和中国区域两套大气温度反演模型。反演试验结果表明:对流层大气温度反演精度明显高于平流层,以中国区域反演模型为例,对流层和平流层大气温度反演均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0.846,2.020K,平均误差分别为-0.003,0.024K;比较中国区域和全圆盘大气温度廓线反演精度,中国区域大气温度精度明显高于全圆盘,0~70km处大气温度反演的均方根误差分别为1.922,2.630K;与欧洲极轨卫星(Metop-A)IASI数据的温度廓线反演结果比较,FY-4A星GIIRS的温度反演精度在低层(500hPa)(RMSE=0.790 K)优于IASI(RMSE=0.976K),在高层(500hPa)(RMSE=1.803K)低于IASI(RMSE=0.899K)。研究对FY-4卫星GIIRS的大气温度廓线反演及其应用有重要的参考价值。     

电离层小尺度因素对无线电大气掩星弯曲角的影响

历经25年的发展,基于GNSS的无线电掩星技术已经成为一种有效的临近空间探测手段,但是在无线电大气掩星观测及数据处理过程中不可避免地会受到各种误差的影响,其中,电离层是重要误差源之一。由于电离层小尺度因素的存在,GNSS信号在穿越电离层过程中会受到影响,表现为振幅和相位上的振荡,并最终影响反演所得的大气弯曲角产品。文章基于COSMIC大气弯曲角数据,研究电离层小尺度因素中扩展E层（Es层）及F层不均匀体在中低纬地区对无线电大气掩星的影响,通过计算不同高度区间内的弯曲角偏差标准差统计研究电离层Es层及F层不均匀体发生率与大气弯曲角振荡的关系。结果表明,Es层及F层不均匀体能够引起大气弯曲角振荡,表现出弯曲角随纬度、磁地方时及季节变化的特性,且这些电离层小尺度因素能够影响到的高度区间为35～80 km。该研究有助于进一步认识电离层小尺度因素对GNSS无线电大气掩星探测技术的影响,以及后续提高大气掩星产品的数据质量。     

基于FY4A-AGRI反演东北地区云顶高度

云对全球的能量收支及大气循环系统具有不可替代的调节作用,是影响天气及气候变化的重要因子。云顶高度作为云的重要参数,有助于分析云在大气中的物理机制,对局部地区监测和预报具有实质性作用。基于多通道扫描辐射成像仪(AGRI)数据反演东北地区云顶高度,采用红外分裂窗查算表方法,并对不同季节和不同云类型建立查算表,探讨基于静止卫星反演中高纬度地区云顶高度的可行性。同时,引入主动式高精度仪器正交偏振云-气溶胶偏振雷达(CALIOP),结合11、12 通道亮温数据搭建云顶高度反演模型。分析结果表明:1) AGRI遥感的云顶高度与CALIPSO搭载的CALIOP云顶高度变化趋势一致,算法计算效率较高;2) 从4个季节的统计结果来看,均方根误差(RMSE)上都小于2.3 km,平均偏差在500 m左右,受季节的影响较小,反演结果与CALIOP探测结果具有较高的一致性;3) 利用该方法基于AGRI结果精度不亚于官方采用的CO2薄片法,该方法估算的RMSE和相对误差较小,并且该算法的反演模型只提取红外分裂窗区通道数据,无需大气廓线资料进行辅助计算,节省计算资源,提高计算效率。     

Radio Occultation Measurements of the Radio Wave Absorption and the Sulfuric Acid Vapor Content in the Atmosphere of Venus

The results of the determination of centimeter ( = 5 cm) radio waves absorption in the radio occultation experiments, carried out using the Venera-15and Venera-16spacecraft, are presented. The altitude distribution of the absorber substance is analyzed. The absorbing layer is shown to exist at altitudes of 64 to 58 km in the near-polar regions of the planet. At middle latitudes such an absorbing layer was not found. In the altitude range from 56 to 46 km the radio wave absorption by the sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) vapor is observed. The content of the sulfuric acid vapor is shown to increase with decreasing altitude: in the mid-latitude region at altitudes of 56.7 and 53 km it equals 5 and 20 ppm, respectively, and at polar latitudes the same content of H₂SO₄vapor is observed at altitudes of 51.2 and 47 km, respectively. A comparison of these results with the data of radio wave absorption in the = 13 cm band, obtained in the Pioneer Venus Orbiterradio occultation experiments, leads to the conclusion that the obtained values of the sulfuric acid vapor content well agree in the regions of overlap of the data.     

Exploration of Venus with the Venera-15 IR Fourier spectrometer and the Venus Express planetary Fourier spectrometer

The infrared spectrometry of Venus in the range 6–45 μm allows one to sound the middle atmosphere of Venus in the altitude range 55–100 km and its cloud layer. This experiment was carried out onboard the Soviet automatic interplanetary Venera-15 station, where the Fourier spectrometer for this spectral range was installed. The measurements have shown that the main component of the cloud layer at all measured latitudes in the northern hemisphere is concentrated sulfuric acid (75–85%). The vertical profiles of temperature and aerosol were reconstructed in a self-consistent manner: the three-dimensional fields of temperature and zonal wind in the altitude range 55–100 km and aerosol at altitudes 55–70 km have been obtained, as well as vertical SO₂ profiles and H₂O concentration in the upper cloud layer. The solar-related waves at isobaric levels in the fields of temperature, zonal wind, and aerosol were investigated. This experiment has shown the efficiency of the method for investigation of the Venusian atmosphere. The Planetary Fourier Spectrometer has the spectral interval 0.9–45 μm and a spectral resolution of 1.8 cm^?1. It will allow one to sound the middle atmosphere (55–100 km) of Venus and its cloud layer on the dayside, as well as the lower atmosphere and the planetary surface on the night side.     

Spectral analysis of ionospheric disturbances in the phase delay and radio signal amplitude at limb paths according to the <Emphasis Type="Italic">COSMIC</Emphasis> data in periods of solar activity

Based on more than 4500 sessions of radio transillumination of Earth’s atmosphere along the satellite–atmosphere–satellite path obtained in the COSMIC experiment, the distribution along latitude and over local time of the spatial spectra of variations in the ionospheric phase delay and signal amplitude has been analyzed. The spatial spectra have been calculated for two height ranges, i.e., 60–80 and 80–100 km. In the phase signal spectrum within the height range 80–100 km, the second maximum in the vicinity of a frequency of 7–8 rad/km is clearly seen. Its diurnal and latitudinal behavior and its decrease towards high latitudes in both hemispheres can also be seen. In the height range of 60–80 km, this maximum is hardly observed. Although solar flares can lead to substantial local changes in the electron concentration, no substantial difference in the behavior of the spectral densities of the amplitude and phase delay at long limb paths was observed within these two height ranges on days of active and quiet sun. The latter fact makes it possible to develop a united algorithm of optimal ionospheric correction of the radio occultation data independent of solar activity.     

Parameterization of surface temperature retrieval for remote sensing experiments

A simple parameterization has been developed for determining the actual surface temperature from the effective brightness temperature measured radiometrically in the 11 μm window region. This algorithm allows the computation of atmospheric correction without performing detailed radiative transfer calculations. Correction due to atmospheric water vapor is represented in terms of the integrated water vapor burden. Correction due to variation of surface emittance is represented in terms of its deviation from unity. Parameteric representation has also been developed for simultaneous variation of both parameters. The parameterization is based on model calculations performed with a line-by-line radiative transfer program. Sensitivity of the retrieved surface temperature to uncertainties of water vapor burden and surface emittance have also been examined.     

基于车载微波辐射计的地面观测试验方法

微波遥感具有全天时全天候的优点,并对云雾、雨雪和植被等有一定的穿透能力。地基微波辐射计以机动灵活的方式接收地表在微波波段的电磁辐射特性,被广泛用于土壤水分、冻融过程等微波遥感定量试验中。以车载多通道双极化微波辐射计(RPG-6CH-DP)为例,针对不同植被覆盖地表,在内蒙古多伦地区开展了为期3个月的野外观测试验,获得了L(1.4GHz)、C(6.925GHz)、X(10.65GHz)三个频率下的极化亮温观测数据。结果发现,L波段对植被的穿透能力最强,对土壤水分变化最敏感。微波辐射计观测地物的方位角、入射角均对观测亮温有直接影响。这为解译地物微波辐射传输过程及其相互作用机理、各种理论模型的发展和验证、地表参数反演算法的改进,以及相关地球观测卫星计划的载荷方案论证奠定了基础。     

Structure of the Venusian atmosphere from surface up to 100 km

The goal of this paper is to summarize the experimental data on the atmosphere of Venus obtained after 1985, when the VIRA (Venus International Reference Atmosphere) or COSPAR model was published. Among the most important results that have appeared since then are the following: measurements of the vertical temperature profile by the VEGA spacecraft with high precision and high altitude resolution; measurements made with balloons of the VEGA spacecraft; radio occultation measurements of Magellan, Venera-15, and Venera-16; and temperature profiles derived from the data of infrared spectrometry obtained by Venera-15. The new result as compared to VIRA is the creation of a model of the atmosphere in the altitude range 55 to 100 km dependent on local time. This model is presented in our paper in tabulated form.     

Remote sensing of precipitable water by a thermal infrared multichannel approach

The paper describes a fast, simple algorithm for determining an assessment of the low-level tropospheric moisture content in clear air from measurements in three infrared water vapor window channels. The simple difference ratio in radiometric measurements is found to be linearly decreasing with atmospheric precipitable water. The retrieved precipitable water presents an rms deviation of 0.32 g/cm² with respect to closely coincident water vapor obtained by radiosonde.