实现海洋测高卫星厘米级定轨精度的策略分析

基于对多种飞机的机载GPS测量实践,提出我国海洋二号（HY-2）卫星实现厘米级精度的星载GPS定轨测量的基本要求：1）选择适合天线,捕获多颗在视GPS卫星;2）注重天线安装位置,减弱多路径效应影响;3）选用适合的GPS信号接收机,确保星载GPS测量数据优质。     

利用GPS实现返回式卫星的高精度定轨

探讨利用GPS系统实现卫星定轨的原理及方法。分析表明根据星载GPS接收机接收的信号进行伪距测量和载波相位测量,可获得百米级的定轨精度,并可对姿态角进行精化。     

基于星载GPS的资源三号卫星精密定轨

资源三号卫星是我国首颗民用立体测图卫星,于2012年1月9日发射。卫星上配备有国产双频GPS接收机。利用非差双频GPS数据,基于卫星动力学原理和事后批处理定轨模式,采用30小时弧段（重叠弧长为 6小时） 对资源三号卫星进行了精密定轨,卫星位置重叠弧段精度平均为4.95cm。利用卫星激光测距（SLR）观测数据对星载GPS定轨结果进行了检核,检核精度优于4cm,无明显系统偏差。结果表明,该定轨精度完全能够满足资源三号卫星任务的要求。     

低轨道卫星GPS精密定轨动力学方法的研究

结合低轨卫星简化动力学定轨算法,以及不同几何信息精度条件下的纯几何定轨和动力定轨精度比较,定量分析星载双频GPS实现精密定轨过程中的主要因素,得到星载GPS接收机性能设计所需的关键技术指标,为卫星精密定轨系统的顶层设计提供了科学合理的参考依据。     

“嫦娥”卫星绕月飞行的星载激光定轨法

依据地月激光测距的成功实践和我们对卫星激光定轨的基础研究,笔者提出用地面对"嫦娥"卫星作激光测距的方法,高精度地测定"嫦娥"卫星绕月飞行时的实时轨道参数。为此,需要:a.给"嫦娥"卫星装备无电功耗需求的激光后向反射镜阵列,以便对它进行星载激光定轨测量;b.给"嫦娥"卫星装备 GPS 信号接收机,实现离地环行轨道米级精度的自主定轨,确保"嫦娥"卫星准确进入地月转移轨道,并为星载激光定轨提供初始值。     

基于先验动力学轨道的星载双频GPS数据预处理

针对星载双频GPS数据预处理中的野值剔除和周跳检测问题,提出了基于先验动力学轨道的星载双频GPS数据预处理方法。与传统GPS数据预处理方法在数据利用上局限于GPS原始观测数据本身不同,该方法还利用了动力学定轨产生的先验轨道信息以及GPS卫星精密轨道、钟差数据,并构造接收机钟差估计量和接收机钟差差分值估计量来剔除野值和探测周跳,提高了野值剔除和小周跳探测能力。对CHAMP卫星在轨实测数据的处理分析表明,该方法可以探测出1周甚至0.5周的周跳,可为高精度定轨提供更“干净”的数据源。     

实施卫星激光定轨的建议

随着卫星对地观测分辨率的不断提高 ,对卫星在轨位置精度的要求也越来越高。采用星载激光后向反射镜阵列与卫星激光测距定轨方法 ,可以获得厘米级的定轨精度。文中针对我国国情 ,建议我国的导航卫星和对地观测卫星采用激光定轨技术 ,并提出了创立卫星激光定轨条件的实施建议。     

HY-2卫星DORIS厘米级精密定轨

"海洋二号"(HY-2)卫星搭载了新一代DORIS接收机,可提供双频相位和伪距测量数据。针对HY-2卫星的RINEX 3.0格式的相位测量数据,研究了一种区别于传统相位观测数据处理的历元间差分处理方法,将相位观测数据转换为距离变化率观测数据,并进行相关误差修正,建立了HY-2卫星的宏表面力和经验力等摄动模型,基于动力学定轨原理实现了基于DORIS相位观测数据的精密定轨。利用HY-2卫星的DORIS实测数据进行定轨,初步计算结果表明,径向轨道误差优于2cm、三维位置误差约10cm,满足HY-2卫星应用的厘米级轨道精度需求。     

利用GPS非差观测值的GRACE卫星精密定轨

参照GPS精密单点定位（PPP，Precise Point Positioning）模型设计了一种新的卫星定轨方法一组合星载加速度计测量数据和IGS提供的GPS精密星历及精密钟差数据进行低轨卫星的精密定轨。利用星载加速度计提高卫星受力模型准确性，使动力法定轨精度和可靠性都得到提升。同时，采用多种改正技术提高GPS非差观测值测量精度，保证最终高精度卫星定轨。本文建立了卫星定轨的轨道滤波模型，得出了有益的结论，即采用星载加速度计测量卫星非保守力可提高卫星定轨精度，在ITRF2000参考系下三轴精度优于18cm。这种方法不需要在全球建市基准观测站．定轨设备简单．费用低廉．     

基于动力学轨道外推的星载辅助GPS快速搜索方法

星载GPS接收机广泛应用于卫星实时导航定位、定时。只要捕获到至少4颗可见GPS卫星,GPS接收机就能完成一次定位。但由于星载GPS接收机处于高动态运动状态,无法接收外界辅助信息,因此大部分星载GPS接收机仍然采用轮询搜索方法对所有GPS卫星进行捕获,导致定位时间长。在此背景下,提出一种星载辅助GPS(AGPS)快速搜索方法,通过减少捕获次数来缩短定位时间。方法以卫星轨道运动规律为辅助信息,基于动力学轨道外推预测星载GPS接收机的概略位置,然后通过计算俯仰角实时判断GPS卫星对星载GPS接收机是否可见。星载GPS接收机可以优先捕获可见的GPS卫星,从而减少捕获次数,缩短定位时间。仿真结果表明,相比于轮询搜索、决策树搜索方法,为搜索到相同颗可见GPS卫星,星载辅助GPS快速搜索方法需要的捕获次数最少;并且,随着轨道高度增加,星载辅助GPS方法需要的捕获次数增加得最慢。     

32颗GPS卫星星座空间覆盖特性建模与仿真

GPS卫星要准确完成定位功能可见卫星数应不少于4颗.通过建立针对低轨、中高轨和大椭圆轨道目标卫星的GPS信号空间几何覆盖模型,利用Matlab计算针对低轨、中高轨和大椭圆轨道的可见卫星数,对目前美国32颗GPS卫星星座的空间覆盖特性进行仿真.仿真结果显示,32颗GPS卫星星座不仅可以对低轨目标实现全轨道覆盖,而且对中高轨和大椭圆轨道也有所覆盖,大大扩展了24颗GPS卫星星座的空间应用.     

基于单频GPS接收机的低轨卫星准实时定轨算法研究

研究在不依赖于GPS差分基准站的情况下,利用单频GPS接收机对低轨卫星进行定轨的算法。文章先对影响卫星定轨的各种误差进行简要的分析,根据分析的结果对传统载波相位平滑伪距观测方程进行适当修正,然后,再利用修正的方程对伪距观测进行平滑,最后利用单点定位法进行轨道解算。仿真结果表明,在只需给定少数几个历元数据的情况下,利用单频接收机可以达到米级的定轨精度。     

基于全球网和区域网SLR数据的低轨卫星定轨精度分析

卫星激光测距(SLR)是目前低轨卫星常用的定轨手段之一.文章以贾森-1(Jason-1)和"环境卫星"(EN VISAT)实测数据为例,讨论了不同弧段长度(1天、3天和7天)的全球网SLR数据对低轨卫星定轨精度的影响,分析了基于美国网、欧洲网和亚洲网等区域网SLR数据的低轨卫星精密定轨精度.检验定轨精度的参考轨道来自美...     

基于伪随机脉冲估计的简化动力学卫星定轨方法

采用简化动力学模型和星载GPS非差观测值,通过在确定性卫星运动方程中引入伪随机脉冲参数,将确定性参数和伪随机脉冲参数一起估计,对CHAMP卫星进行精密定轨.定轨软件采用自行研制的CASMORD精密定轨软件,定轨结果与GFZ事后定轨结果以及SLR结果进行了比较与分析.结果表明,采用简化动力学方法对CHAMP卫星定轨,在X、Y、Z三个方向的均方根误差(RMS)基本一致,轨道位置精度优于10cm,与SLR比较,测距精度优于5cm,定轨结果可靠,验证了算法的可行性和软件的定轨精度.     

Determination of kinematic state of an orbiting multibody using GNSS signals

Precise attitude determination of the members of a free-flying multibody system is a not so immediate task, due essentially to the large motion of its appendages coupled with their relevant flexibility effects. In fact, sensors used to this aim in current projects, such as optical encoders usually positioned near the joints of each arm, are almost blind to these effects, and clusters of specific redundant sensors should, therefore, be required in order to reconstruct both elastic deformations and rigid motion.Satellite navigation systems (GNSS) offer a suitable and reliable solution to this problem. To exploit the phase of the signal, instead of the traditional pseudo random code, ensures a very high accuracy of the order of magnitude of centimeter. Such a process requires the solution of an initial ambiguity problem, related to the number of integer wavelength included in the length of the member.The aim of the paper is to investigate the capability of this GNSS based technique to reconstruct the kinematics of a flexible multibody system orbiting around the Earth. This analysis requires a simulation including both the multibody dynamics and the navigation system constellation to define the satellites lines-of-sight at each time step.Concerning multibody equations of motion, a Newtonian formulation is adopted in this work. A special attention is required about the choice of the state variables. As the internal forces are associated to the relative displacements between the bodies, which are small fractions of the distance of the multibody spacecraft from the center of the Earth, the task of obtaining these forces from inertial coordinates could be impossible from a numerical point of view. So, the problem is reformulated in such a way that the equation of motion of the system contains global equations, with no internal forces, and local equations, with internal forces. In the latter, only quantities of the same order of the spacecraft dimensions are present.Accuracies achievable in LEO orbit with current GPS and upcoming Galileo systems are evaluated to show the interest of the proposed technique.     

GPS-based relative navigation for the Proba-3 formation flying mission

The primary objective of the Proba-3 mission is to build a solar coronagraph composed of two satellites flying in close formation on a high elliptical orbit and tightly controlled at apogee. Both spacecraft will embark a low-cost GPS receiver, originally designed for low-Earth orbits, to support the mission operations and planning during the perigee passage, when the GPS constellation is visible. The paper demonstrates the possibility of extending the utilization range of the GPS-based navigation system to serve as sensor for formation acquisition and coarse formation keeping. The results presented in the paper aim at achieving an unprecedented degree of realism using a high-fidelity simulation environment with hardware-in-the-loop capabilities. A modified version of the flight-proven PRISMA navigation system, composed of two single-frequency Phoenix GPS receivers and an advanced real-time onboard navigation filter, has been retained for this analysis. For several-day long simulations, the GPS receivers are replaced by software emulation to accelerate the simulation process. Special attention has been paid to the receiver link budget and to the selection of a proper attitude profile. Overall the paper demonstrates that, despite a limited GPS tracking time, the onboard navigation filter gets enough measurements to perform a relative orbit determination accurate at the centimeter level at perigee. Afterwards, the orbit prediction performance depends mainly on the quality of the onboard modeling of the differential solar radiation pressure acting on the satellites. When not taken into account, this perturbation is responsible for relative navigation errors at apogee up to 50 m. The errors can be reduced to only 10 m if the navigation filter is able to model this disturbance with 70% fidelity.