深空探测器热控系统设计方法研究

针对国外深空探测器热控系统设计方法进行了调研和综述,并在此基础上提出了深空探测器的热控系统设计特点,为我国深空探测器热控系统的设计提供参考。     

火星探测器减速着陆技术特点

针对火星上的稀薄大气环境和火星探测器的着陆要求,对火星探测器减速着陆技术进行了系统的分析,探讨了火星探测器减速着陆系统、气动外形、降落伞和着陆缓冲等相关环节的技术特点,为未来火星探测器减速着陆系统的设计提供参考。     

深空探测对航天器热控技术的推动

工程热物理学广泛应用于航天领域,一方面解决了具体航天工程问题,另一方面逐步发展成为交叉学科——空间热物理。随着我国在深空探测领域不断拓展,以深空探测器研制中的工程热物理问题为需求背景,推动着航天器热控制技术、防热技术等取得新的发展。文章在介绍深空探测器技术体系的基础上,分析了热设计、热分析、热试验、热控硬件、防热等方面的技术进步,并就深空探测领域进一步拓展对工程热物理发展的牵引进行了展望,分析了工程热物理学与航天技术间相互促进、相互推动的关系。     

可展开气动减速与热防护结构技术顺利通过结题验收

<正>随着航天技术和活动的不断发展,再入、减速与着陆技术的作用也将越来越重要。尤其是近年来,我国深空探测项目正在有计划地开展,相应地,深空探测飞行器再入地球的任务将越来越频繁和迫切,必须研发适合新形势和新技术要求的、先进的再入减速技术。2019年7月4日,北京空间机电研究所承担的载人航天预先研究项目"可展开气动减速与热防护结构技术",顺利通过结题验收评审。     

航天器非地球轨道热环境模拟技术探讨

月球、火星探测器等非地球轨道航天器与地球轨道航天器对热控的要求有很大的不同,为验证热控设计的合理性,必须在地面做好充分的热环境模拟试验.国内绝大部分空间环模设备都是以模拟地球轨道航天器在轨环境为目的建设的,显然不能满足深空探测需要.文章针对航天器非地球轨道深空热环境模拟技术进行探讨.     

深空探测器的自主运行技术研究

综述了深空探测器自主运行技术发展的现状,分析了实现深空探测器自主运行的关键技术,主要包括自主任务规划技术、自主导航技术、自主故障诊断与重构技术,以及支撑实现上述功能的航天器智能信息技术。然后,重点介绍了这四方面技术的发展现状及面临的主要技术问题。最后,结合深空探测后续任务实施和技术发展需求,提出了未来深空探测器自主运行技术发展的几点建议。     

考虑变形影响的棱台式柔性外形气动力/热环境研究

文章首先根据机械可展开式再入/进入技术的结构形式建立了棱台式柔性外形简化模型;然后通过流-固耦合分析研究了该外形在气动力作用下的变形规律,获取其迎风面具有"下凹"的变形特征;并根据该变形特征修正了气动面模型,应用修正后的模型再分析,得出了气动力和气动热沿径向分布及气动热随时间变化的规律。研究发现:考虑变形影响的棱台式柔性外形在棱边附近处出现了气动力/热集中现象,全流域气动热环境变化趋势与刚性回转体外形基本一致。此研究结果不仅可为机械可展开式再入/进入技术的气动力/热特性研究奠定基础,还能为其他柔性外形的气动研究提供借鉴。     

半刚性机械展开式气动减速技术机构与热防护研究

针对半刚性机械展开式气动减速技术特点,文章首先选取了八棱台气动外形,分析了考虑柔性面变形影响的气动环境特征,然后开展了连杆机构原理设计和柔性防热结构设计,最后进行了机构构型稳定性仿真分析、柔性防热材料风洞试验验证、柔性防热结构套装及气动面展开性能验证。研究显示:八棱台外形棱边处气动热整体上大于柔性面区域且在棱边靠近边缘处出现最大值;棱边处和柔性面区域的气动压力随径向距离变化不大且两处的气动压力水平相当,而气动剪力随径向距离变化明显且棱边处的气动剪力明显大于柔性面区域;整个连杆机构在气动力作用下不发生结构破坏和失稳,能够保证气动面构型稳定性;新研的柔性防热材料经风洞试验考核能够耐受规定的气动力热环境,并能保证气动面背温在机构正常使用范围内;经原理样机验证,机构运动性能及柔性防热结构可折叠性能良好。     

高超声速气流非结构化网格DSMC算法研究

高超声速气动热力学环境的研究是直接涉及飞行器轨道控制、热防护设计的关键问题之一。文章通过研究稀薄气体热化学非平衡态中的热力学环境,采用非结构化DSMC程序对“火星探路者号”（Mars Pathfinder）探测器的Ballute减速装置在地球大气层和火星大气层中的高超声速飞行进行了数值模拟,计算得到了流场的温度分布、探测器壁面的热流密度分布,分析表明稀薄气体热化学非平衡态对飞行器流场有影响。将仿真结果与NASA兰利研究中心的计算结果作了比较,二者吻合很好。研究结果可用于飞行器热防护设计。     

嫦娥一号卫星热控系统及其特点

对嫦娥一号卫星热控系统的设计进行了论述，并在此基础上提出了嫦娥一号卫星热控系统的设计特点，可为我国后续深空探测器热控系统的设计提供借鉴。     

Aerobraking at Venus: A science and technology enabler

Venus remains one of the great unexplored planets in our solar system, with key questions remaining on the evolution of its atmosphere and climate, its volatile cycles, and the thermal and magmatic evolution of its surface. One potential approach toward answering these questions is to fly a reconnaissance mission that uses a multi-mode radar in a near-circular, low-altitude orbit of ∼400 km and 60–70° inclination. This type of mission profile results in a total mission delta-V of ∼4.4 km/s. Aerobraking could provide a significant portion, potentially up to half, of this energy transfer, thereby permitting more mass to be allocated to the spacecraft and science payload or facilitating the use of smaller, cheaper launch vehicles.Aerobraking at Venus also provides additional science benefits through the measurement of upper atmospheric density (recovered from accelerometer data) and temperature values, especially near the terminator where temperature changes are abrupt and constant pressure levels drop dramatically in altitude from day to night.Scientifically rich, Venus is also an ideal location for implementing aerobraking techniques. Its thick lower atmosphere and slow planet rotation result in relatively more predictable atmospheric densities than Mars. The upper atmosphere (aerobraking altitudes) of Venus has a density variation of 8% compared to Mars' 30% variability. In general, most aerobraking missions try to minimize the duration of the aerobraking phase to keep costs down. These short phases have limited margin to account for contingencies. It is the stable and predictive nature of Venus' atmosphere that provides safer aerobraking opportunities.The nature of aerobraking at Venus provides ideal opportunities to demonstrate aerobraking enhancements and techniques yet to be used at Mars, such as flying a temperature corridor (versus a heat-rate corridor) and using a thermal-response surface algorithm and autonomous aerobraking, shifting many daily ground activities to onboard the spacecraft. A defined aerobraking temperature corridor, based on spacecraft component maximum temperatures, can be employed on a spacecraft specifically designed for aerobraking, and will predict subsequent aerobraking orbits and prescribe apoapsis propulsive maneuvers to maintain the spacecraft within its specified temperature limits. A spacecraft specifically designed for aerobraking in the Venus environment can provide a cost-effective platform for achieving these expanded science and technology goals.This paper discusses the scientific merits of a low-altitude, near-circular orbit at Venus, highlights the differences in aerobraking at Venus versus Mars, and presents design data using a flight system specifically designed for an aerobraking mission at Venus. Using aerobraking to achieve a low altitude orbit at Venus may pave the way for various technology demonstrations, such as autonomous aerobraking techniques and/or new science measurements like a multi-mode, synthetic aperture radar capable of altimetry and radiometry with performance that is significantly more capable than Magellan.     

利用载人航天器进行热控涂层舱外搭载试验研究

为了解空间环境对热控涂层性能的影响,文章设计了舱外热控涂层搭载试验方案,包括试验件配置、在轨试验和回收方法。试验件在轨试验期间安放在载人航天器密封舱前舱门外,暴露于空间环境中;在实现对接、建立组合体后,航天员不需太空行走即可实施对搭载试验件的回收及再次安装等操作。该方案若成功应用并回收试验件至地面,我国将首次获得热控涂层空间飞行试验数据。     

Autonomous aerobraking for low-cost interplanetary missions

Aerobraking has previously been used to reduce the propellant required to deliver an orbiter to its desired final orbit. In principle, aerobraking should be possible around any target planet or moon having sufficient atmosphere to permit atmospheric drag to provide a portion of the mission ΔV, in lieu of supplying all of the required ΔV propulsively. The spacecraft is flown through the upper atmosphere of the target using multiple passes, ensuring that the dynamic pressure and thermal loads remain within the spacecraft's design parameters. NASA has successfully conducted aerobraking operations four times, once at Venus and three times at Mars. While aerobraking reduces the fuel required, it does so at the expense of time (typically 3–6 months), continuous Deep Space Network (DSN) coverage, and a large ground staff. These factors can result in aerobraking being a very expensive operational phase of the mission. However, aerobraking has matured to the point that much of the daily operation could potentially be performed autonomously onboard the spacecraft, thereby reducing the required ground support and attendant aerobraking related costs. To facilitate a lower-risk transition from ground processing to an autonomous capability, the NASA Engineering and Safety Center (NESC) has assembled a team of experts in aerobraking and interplanetary guidance and control to develop a high-fidelity, flight-like simulation. This simulation will be used to demonstrate the overall feasibility while exploring the potential for staff and DSN coverage reductions that autonomous aerobraking might provide. This paper reviews the various elements of autonomous aerobraking and presents an overview of the various models and algorithms that must be transformed from the current ground processing methodology to a flight-like environment. Additionally the high-fidelity flight software test bed, being developed from models used in a recent interplanetary mission, will be summarized.     

Characterization of the optimal mass problem for aerobraking tethers

In the aerobraking tether concept, a probe, connected to an orbiter by a long, thin tether, passes through the atmosphere of a target planet to provide a desired velocity change, while keeping the orbiter above the sensible atmosphere. In earlier work, simple analytic models have been developed which accurately describe the characteristics of the mass-optimal tether. In this paper these models are generalized so that design of the spacecraft and the aerobraking maneuver can be completely characterized by four independent parameters. By comparing the tether mass (e.g. for aerocapture) with the propellant mass required to capture the orbiter, we show that aerobraking tethers have a clear advantage for a wide range of maneuvers.     

深空探测VLBI技术综述及我国的现状和发展

甚长基线干涉测量（VLBI）技术是近年来深空探测研究领域中的研究热点之一。VLBI技术具有测量精度高,作用距离远等优点,这些优点使其在当前及未来的深空探测项目中具有广泛的应用前景。通过对数十篇相关文献的调研,重点阐述了深空探测VLBI技术的基本原理、研究现状,并对该技术的关键技术及未来发展趋势进行了分析和研究,最后介绍了我国深空探测用VLBI技术现状及发展。     

发展X-37B空间飞机的背后动因分析

文章通过对X-37B飞行器的飞行试验任务分析,指出了X-37B飞行器不是空天飞机,也不是全球快速打击平台,而是一种低成本太空进入能力的飞行验证器,它的作用定位在空间而不是在空中。通过飞行试验和验证试验,旨在打造一个可重复使用的轨道转移运载器。将美国2010年航天战略的重大调整、国际空间站的运行延期和航天飞机退役等事件结合起来,对X-37B发展的背后动因进行分析,有助于了解美国航天发展的未来趋势。经过动因的详尽分析,指出要特别关注美国航天战略调整的两个重心转向,尤其是两个转向背后的动机。如何正确地认识国际空间站的作用定位,对于审视载人航天的未来发展有重要意义。美国航天战略的调整使载人航天的重心回到近地轨道上。基于中国目前的能力现实,建议中国的载人航天重心放在地球轨道上,做好各种能力的建设,并利用这些能力把地球轨道上的事做得更好。     

航天器公用空间搭载试验平台设计

我国航天器搭载试验包括空间材料实验、航天医学实验和航天新技术验证试验,具有数据量大、需要实时传输、工作模式多样等特点。文章根据试验项目的需求,设计了应用于低轨道航天器的支持各类空间搭载试验项目的公用试验平台。地面测试验证和在轨运行情况表明,该平台在不影响飞行器平台安全的同时,满足了对试验项目的工作控制、遥测监视及试验数据传输管理的任务要求。     

CCSDS标准在军用航天任务中的应用

空间数据系统咨询委员会(CCSDS)标准已经在民用航天任务中得到广泛应用,然而对其是否也同时适用于军用航天任务,仍存在着许多的疑虑和争论。文章通过对军用航天任务采用CCSDS标准现状的调研,分析了其实现途径和可行性,提出了在军用航天任务中采用CCSDS标准的措施和建议。     

一种可伸缩空间机械臂及其应用分析

介绍一种能够完成多关节型空间机械臂所能承担的大部分空间任务 ,而且应用更简便的可伸缩空间机械臂 ,对其空间应用做出了一些设想 ,简单讨论了其应用的一些相关问题 ,肯定了其可行性和实用性。