Test-Particle Trajectories in a “Sheared” Stationary Field: Newton–Lorentz and First Order Drift Numerical Simulations1

We study a magnetic field distribution that is nonuniform and sheared like in tangential discontinuities. This distribution is an input parameter for the numerical integration of the equations of motion of the test-particle and of its guiding center. Two different electric field distributions are alternatively tested. In the first case, the electric field is uniform and constant like the electric field prescribed in the large-scale, steady-state reconnection models. The numerical solution shows that in this case the test-particle is trapped within the discontinuity into a region where (i) B goes to zero or (ii) the magnetic vector becomes exactly parallel to the electric field. In the second case, we consider an electric field, which is nonuniform. Its components are computed such that the zero order (or electric) drift is everywhere perpendicular to the discontinuity surface and its value is conserved throughout the simulation. In this case the numerically integrated trajectory of the test-particle penetrates the discontinuity for any angle of shear of B. Direct comparison between exact (Newton–Lorentz) and approximated (first order drift) numerical solutions shows that the mathematical singularities of the latter do not correspond to any physical singularity of the exact equation of motion of the particle.     

弯曲平板的电磁散射特性分析

根据弯曲导体平板的特点,将电流在水平与竖直向分别进行离散,由电流连续性方程获得电荷离散公式,得到电场积分方程（EFIE）的离散形式。用泰勒展开消除格林函数积分中的奇异值,并通过积分近似求解,给出了一种改进的双共轭梯度迭代法（CGS）快速求解大型线性方程组。仿真结果表明：与原双共轭梯度迭代法相比,该法的收敛速度更快、精度更高。     

Excitation and propagation of an electromagnetic pulse in magnetized plasma in the low-hybrid frequency range

We analyze specific features of slow quasi-static waves excited in the low-hybrid frequency band by a source whose dimensions are much smaller than electromagnetic wavelength. Main attention in this paper is given to an analysis of emission of harmonic signals by a dipole source in pulsed mode. First, the issue of influence of electromagnetic, thermal, and collision corrections in the dispersion equation on the field structure has been studied. Second, the structure of electric and magnetic fields near the resonant cone has been analyzed: in particular, effects of group delay and anomalous spreading of signals are considered. Thus constructed theory explains results of the OEDIPUS-C experiment, in which, for example, already at distances of order of ten wavelengths a signal delay of approximately 10^?4 s was observed. Finally, we have studied some aspects of the inverse problem of electrodynamics: the role played in field formation by smoothness of charge distribution over antenna is demonstrated, and a class of smooth distributions of charge on antenna is found that form a preset field structure.     

多项式逼近在介质柱宽角ＲＣＳ快速计算中的应用

基于多项式函数逼近（ＰＡＯＦ）技术和矩量法（ＭＯＭ），快速预测任意形状非均匀介质柱体的单站转达散射截面（ＲＣＳ）方向图。首先采用ＭＯＭ求解介质柱的电场积分方程及其有关角度导数方程，得到介质柱在某一给定方向入射波照射下的极化电流及其有关角度导数的极化电流，然后利用ＰＡＯＦ技术，将任一角度入射波照射下的极化电流表示为纱数待定的多项式幂级数形式，并根据函数的泰勒展开确定级数的等定系数，由此可获得介质柱在任一角度入射波照射下的极化电流，进而计算出ＲＣＳ方向图。计算结果表明，ＰＡＯＦ完全能逼近ＭＯＭ精确计算的曲线。     

Hydrodynamic Approach to Modeling the Thermal Plasma Distribution around a Moving Charged Satellite

The electric field distribution around a charged satellite in a rarefied magnetospheric plasma influences greatly the densities and trajectories of particles measured by onboard instruments. The simulation of macroparameters of thermal plasma near the moving charged satellite, which is necessary for correction of experimental measurements, encounters considerable computational difficulties. In this work, two three-dimensional models of the electric field distribution around the satellite are considered under the conditions when the Debye length is comparable to the geometrical size of the spacecraft. In the first model a system of hydrodynamic equations of continuity and motion was used, which was solved jointly with the Poisson equation. In the second model the hydrodynamic equation of motion was used for analyzing the motion of large particles by means of the method of particles in a cell. The numerical algorithms and the results of calculations of the potential near the satellite, as well as the distributions of densities of electrons and ions and of volume charge, are considered. The results of test calculations for some situations in the ambient plasma are presented, and the influence of the spatial electric field distribution on the thermal plasma measurements is considered.     

空间材料深层充放电效应试验研究

利用电子枪发射的单能电子束、以及放射源发射的能谱结构接近空间电子环境的β射线电子,模拟试验了几种常用空间介质材料和某卫星部件的深层充电过程;结合对放电电流脉冲和电场脉冲的测量,观测了深层放电脉冲信号及其对试验电路的影响。试验结果表明,在类似实际空间强度的pA量级电子束辐照下,介质材料可以累积大量电荷,其表面电位可以达到近万V;随后发生的介质材料放电可产生高强度的放电电流脉冲和电场脉冲,放电脉冲对试验电路造成较强的干扰。     

一种用于分析旋转对称天线的扩展矩量法

为提高旋转对称天线的计算精度,在等效矩量法(MOM)的基础上,对旋转对称天线表面电流作离散处理,根据伽列金法给出了天线表面的电场积分方程(EFIE),用朱兰成公式求得天线远场。对某旋转对称天线不同频率处的方向图计算结果表明,与等效MOM相比,该法的精度更高。     

Spherical Probes for Measurements of Electric Fields on the INTERBALL-2 Satellite in the IESP-2M Instrument

The reliability and precision of satellite measurements of electric fields are significantly determined by the performance of probes used for these purposes. For measurements of the vector of the constant electric field and three components of the variable electric field in the frequency band from 0.1 Hz to 20 kHz on the INTERBALL-2 satellite, the method of a double probe and the scheme of three pairs of sensors are used. In manufacturing the sensitive units of the probes, an original Bulgarian technology for glass-carbon coating on their spherical surfaces was used. The results of measurements (by the Siesmann–Kelvin method) of variations of electron work function from the surface of the spherical probes with glass-carbon coating have shown mean statistical variations W < 0.006 eV. To minimize the errors in measuring electric fields, a construction of the probes as monoblocks with balancing and guarding electrodes was developed and used. The guarding electrodes are under a bias voltage in the limits from 0 to 12 V to decrease the influence of currents caused by photoelectrons emitted by different units of the satellite construction. The value of this bias was determined by choosing the working point of the voltage–current characteristic. The optimum value of the bias current for the auroral area was in the limits 70–100 nA. Output signals from the sensors of the IESP-2M instrument were used in measuring electric fields by the MEMO and NVK-ONCh instruments included in the wave complex.     

脉冲等离子体推力器等效电路模型分析

脉冲等离子体推力器(PPT)的放电电流与推力器性能有密切关系。为了分析影响脉冲等离子体推力器放电电流的因素,建立了推力器放电过程中的等效电路模型,分析了等效电路中电感及电阻的分量,并对简化的等效电路模型进行解耦,得到了放电电流的3种状态。通过实验以及方程解耦,得到了实际电路中的等效电感及等效电阻值,研究了等效电感及电阻中影响推力器性能的因素。结果表明,推力器的间距和放电能量改变了等离子体的电感及电阻值,从而改变了放电电流曲线,影响了推力器的电磁加速性能。设计PPT时,应尽量减小电极的寄生电感和电阻,采用内感和内阻较小的放电电容,获得较高的PPT效率。     

Disturbance of the Electric Field in the Ionosphere by Sea Storms and Typhoons

The results of detecting quasi-stationary electric fields onboard the Kosmos-1809 satellite and observing sea storms and typhoons are analyzed jointly. We have detected an amplification of the electric field in the low-latitude ionosphere that is related to the preparatory stage and development of tropical storms and typhoons. In this case, the electric field strength can reach 20 mV/m, an anomalously high value for the low-latitude and near-equatorial ionosphere. High-accuracy estimates of the electric field strength are made on the basis of a model of its origination as a result of the generation of an extraneous electric current in the disturbed region of the lower atmosphere and the impact of these currents on the global atmosphere–ionosphere system of currents.     

Peculiarities of the formation of a thin current sheet in the Earth’s magnetosphere

We investigate the process of the self-consistent formation of a thin current sheet with a thickness close to the ion Larmor gyroradius in the presence of decreasing magnetic field’s normal component B_n. This behavior is typical of the current sheet of the Earth’s magnetospheric tail during geomagnetic substorms. It has been shown that, in a numerical model of the current sheet, based on the particle-in-cell method, the appearance of self-consistent electric field component E_y in the current sheet vicinity can lead to its significant thinning and, eventually, to the formation of a multiscale configuration with a thin current sheet (TCS) in the central region supported by transient particles. The structure of the resulting equilibrium is determined by the initial parameters of the model and by the particle dynamics during the sheet thinning. Under certain conditions, the particle drift in the crossed electric and magnetic fields leads to a significant portion of ions becoming trapped near the neutral sheet and, in this way, to the formation of a wider configuration with an embedded thin current sheet. The population of trapped particles produces diamagnetic negative currents that manifest in the form of negative wings at the periphery of the sheet. Correspondingly, in the direction perpendicular to the sheet, a nonmonotonic coordinate dependence of the magnetic field appears. The mechanisms of the evolution of the current sheet in the Earth’s magnetotail and the formation of a multiscale structure are discussed.     

行星际空间质子引起介质深层充电的GEANT4模拟研究

高通量的空间质子是导致行星际航天器深层充电的主要原因,基于辐射诱导电导率模 型（RIC）和粒子输运模拟工具GEANT4对介质材料在质子辐照条件下的深层充电问题进行了 预估。利用GEANT4-RIC充电计算方法,首先计算出10MeV质子在Kapton和Teflon中的注量和 剂量沉积曲线,进而根据电流连续性方程、泊松方程和电荷俘获方程组成的辐射诱导电导率 模型（RIC）求解出介质内电荷和电场分布,与介质击穿电场阈值对比作为其是否发生放电 的依据。模拟结果证实了对10MeV质子,在质子注量为3×10 12 ／cm 2时Kapton会发 生放电,而Teflon则不会发生放电的一般性试验结论。验证了GEANT4-RIC方法用于行星际航 天器介质材料质子充放电评价的可行性,为此类问题的解决奠定了基础。
     

CRYOGENIC TECHNOLOGY TO IMPROVE ELECTRIC THRUSTERS

This paper analyzes superconducting (SC) coils technology to improve satellite electric propulsion. SC magnets can generate very high magnetic fields with extremely low ohmic losses, low electric power and PCU weight. Moreover, the weight of SC magnet coils is quite low compared with conventional or permanent magnets capable of producing the same field strength. For instance, to obtain a 0.4 T magnetic field strength, typical of applied field magnetoplasmadynamic thrusters (AF-MPD), based on the Lorentz force, and with thrust in the range of 1 N, this paper shows that only a 40 g coil SC weight is needed, whereas an equivalent field copper winding would weigh about 36 kg. Using SC technology it is shown that the limited magnetic induction provided by a permanent magnet may be raised and also that it is possible to obtain high magnetic fields (of order of several Tesla) with fewer turns, drastically reducing coil volume, weight and complexity compared to conventional winding.

Superconductivity at low temperature (LTSC) requires liquid helium at 4.2 K to produce very high current densities: the thermal analysis in this paper shows that, depending on satellite and thruster, high temperature superconductors (HTSC) wires are sometimes better than LTSC because these can support lower current densities but with a critical superconductivity temperature higher than for LHe, requiring LN₂ at 77 K, easier to maintain during the whole mission.

Finally, this paper shows that implementing SC cryogenic technology on a satellite can be achieved with current active coolers technology.     

A performance comparison of ultrasonically aided electric propulsion extractor configurations

As a novel propulsion technology, ultrasonically aided electric propulsion (UAEP) offers a high specific impulse and a high thrust density. In this paper, the effects of extractor grid configuration on performance of a UAEP thruster have been investigated by both experimental studies and numerical simulation. Relationships between spray current and operation parameters, including applied voltage, propellant flow rate, and vibration power and frequency, are explored for different extractor mesh sizes and shapes. Numerical simulation is also carried out for a better understanding of the formation of capillary standing waves as well as the electric field distribution in the acceleration zone. Experimental results show that compared with a circular shaped extractor, a reticular shaped extractor is able to produce a higher spray current. The current density increases with a denser mesh, which agrees well with the numerical simulation results. This phenomenon indicates that optimizing extractors with appropriate shapes and sizes can be an effective way to improve the performance of a UAEP system. A performance evaluation based on hydrodynamic and electrostatic calculations indicates that the present UAEP system can produce a thrust competitive to that of the colloid thruster with an emitter array.     

Vibrations of micro-beams actuated by an electric field via Parameter Expansion Method

This paper presents a new asymptotic procedure to predict the nonlinear vibrational behavior of micro-beams pre-deformed by an electric field. The nonlinear equation of motion includes both even and odd nonlinearities. A powerful analytical method called Parameter Expansion Method (PEM) is employed to obtain the approximated solution and frequency–amplitude relationship. It is demonstrated that the first two terms in series expansions are sufficient to produce an acceptable solution of mentioned system. The obtained results from numerical methods verify the soundness of the analytical procedure. Finally, the influences of basic parameters on pull-in instability and natural frequency are investigated.     

双星计划太阳电池壳降低磁场干扰的改进措施

文章通过试验和计算阐明“探测一号”卫星的周期性磁场干扰信号是来源于太阳电池壳,由于壳内表面的电流布线所致。通过对太阳电池壳背面电流走线方式进行改进,使改进后的“探测二号”卫星太阳电池壳的周期性变化磁场干扰有了很大程度的改善,达到了技术指标要求,保证了卫星飞行任务的圆满完成。     

航天服材料的静电吸附效应地面试验研究

航天员在轨出舱作业时，其穿戴的航天服面临空间尘粒污染的静电吸附增强效应问题，空间尘粒污染会对航天员的健康及仪器设备的安全稳定运行造成威胁。文章分析了空间站–航天服静电起电模型，研究了污染物粒子带电机理及带电尘粒在电场作用下的静电吸附过程；在此基础上搭建空间站–航天服电场的静电吸附效应地面模拟装置，并开展了4种航天服表面典型材料对空间中尘埃粒子的静电吸附效应试验验证。通过对试验结果的分析，提出后续应在航天员出舱活动中设计静电消除装置、处理航天服主体材料表面保持航天服洁净等建议。     

用于微波无线能量传输的无衍射电磁超表面设计

微波无线能量传输作为一种远距离能量传输技术受到广泛关注,但是电场随着距离增加会快速衰减。为了减缓电场衰减趋势,提高接收端功率,文章推导出了用于产生无衍射波束的相位计算表达式。另外,设计了一款相位覆盖360°,传输系数优于-3dB的相位控制单元,并利用该单元设计了一个口径为500mm的超表面。仿真和实测数据显示,在加载电磁超表面后,电场明显增强,能量更加集中。微波无线传输实验结果表明,在发射总功率为36dBm时,相较于无电磁超表面情况下,接收端接收的能量最大可以提升9倍之多,证明了设计出的电磁超表面助于提高微波传能系统的传输效率。     

The Structure of Substorm Activations in the Quasi-Trapping Region

Based on a large number of measurements of the magnetic field and energetic particles onboard the CRRES satellite and on ground-based measurements we describe the fine structure of the first several minutes of the expansion activation of a substorm. The main result is that we have found a fast enhancement of the flux of energetic ions immediately before the beginning of substorm dipolization of the magnetic field. This effect was not known earlier, and the enhancement is invisible from the ground during auroras. We suggest that the appearance of an excess flux of energetic ions has a triggering effect on the local expansion activation of a substorm. The model of a current meander is put forward, which explains the generation of an inductance electric field, current wedge, and other effects of the explosive onset of a substorm.     

20cm口径离子推力器性能建模与仿真

为了分析国内首台通过在轨飞行测试的20cm离子推力器栅极系统束流离子运行特性和推力器性能,针对该推力器栅极系统建立了束流引出二维数值仿真计算模型,利用PIC/MCC数值仿真计算方法,模拟束流引出过程中带电粒子在电场作用下的加速、聚焦与引出、带电粒子与中性原子之间的相互作用、电场和等离子体流场之间的相互耦合等过程。数值计算结果显示,屏栅截获的离子电流约为1.71×10 -4 A,加速栅截获的电流和CEX离子电流分别为0 A和9.11×10 -7 A,因此,加速栅电流的主要来源是冲击到其表面的CEX离子,证明了加速栅电流的主要来源是冲击到其表面的CEX离子,计算的加速栅截获电流与束流电流之比约为0.114%。试验测得推力器运行4000h期间,电子反流极限电压始终为75~90〖KG*9〗V,其变化幅度很小,这意味着中和器发射的电子在栅极系统中的反流不会导致其发生失效。理论计算结果与试验测试值相比,误差约为1.08%。〖JP〗