印发射雷达侦察卫星

印度于当地时间4月20日在萨迪什．达万航天中心采用“极轨卫星运载器”（PSLV）CA型火箭发射了“雷达成像卫星”（RISAT）2侦察卫星以及安娜大学的“安娜大学星”（ANUSAT）小卫星。“雷达成像卫星”2重约300公斤,有效载荷为X波段合成孔径雷达．配备有抛物面形雷达天线．寿命为3年。它不受光线和天气条件影响,能透过黑夜、云层和伪装进行侦察。卫星轨道高度约为550公里,倾角41度。据报道．卫星研制工作得到了以色列航空航天工业公司的帮助。     

《航天返回与遥感》1994年总目次

返回技术物一伞系统运动稳定性判据质心偏轴旋成体高超声速气动特胜工程计算方法利用简易再入舱从轨道系统_L回收小有效载荷航天器最优再入轨迹的近似解先进运载系统当配先进回收技术光进运载火箭的先进回收系统工993年国外气动力减速器研制动向航天飞机最优再入轨迹的近似解析解及分析弹道一升力式返回器伞舱盖弹射地面试验准则空间邮件回收系统设计方案遥感技术用小卫星进行遥感印度第二代国家卫星系统用的甚高分·辨率辐射计欧洲极轨平台上的中分辨率成像光谱仪一种用于火星研究的成像光谱仪肮天飞机大辐面相机摄影术与资源管理用航空遥…     

卫星有效载荷用小型化技术

为适应世界卫星制造业“快、好、省”的发展趋势，卫星有效载荷器件小型化、模块化势在必行。简要介绍了卫星有效载荷小型化采用的几种先进技术，并给出了星上的一些应用实例。     

美国DARPA领导团队拟演示验证“凤凰”项目

据美国Aviationweek网站2012年8月20日消息,美国国防部近期启动“凤凰”项目（Phoenix）,旨在重新利用在轨退役卫星的有价值的零部件来组建新航天器,以削减成本、降低风险。Phoenix计划的小卫星Satlets能够获取在轨退役卫星的有价值的零部件（如大型天线等）,并可将其放人一个有效载荷在轨交付系统（PODS）中,以作为新组建卫星的有效载荷而搭载发射;在轨机器人将与PODS交会,利用机械臂将PODS内存放的卫星零部件集成新卫星,然后将新卫星送入静止轨道内新的轨道位置。     

战术应用卫星成像系统

战术成像显示试验系统（ＴＩＤＥＳ）的目标在于研制由战场指挥官控制、根据需要以合理成本发射的小型战术应用成像卫星。其成像有效载荷为两台改进型施密特相机，采用线性ＣＣＤ，在７００ｋｍ的极地太阳同步轨道上分辨率可达到５ｍ。实验表明，应用一些新技术，如采用新研制的编码本处理芯片（ＣＰＣ）的矢量量化（ＶＱ）技术将有能力在获取高质量图像的同时把图像压缩１２：１或更高，这就可减小从卫星到地面的数据传输带宽、星载     

“实践九号”A卫星图像的直接解调成像方法

“实践九号”（SJ-9）卫星是中国新技术试验卫星系列规划中的首发星,其中A星搭载的光学成像有效载荷技术试验项目为高分辨率多光谱相机,其图像数据将应用于国土资源调查与监测、农林业、环境保护、防灾减灾等领域,满足用户对高分辨率数据的需求。目前,遥感数据地面处理主要使用美国学者提出的调制传递函数补偿方法,而该文使用了中国科学家自主提出的直接解调成像方法处理“实践九号”A卫星全色谱段的遥感图像。通过分析处理前后的敦煌靶标和法国靶标的调制传递函数（Modulation Transfer Function,MTF）和点扩散函数,认为经直接解调成像方法处理后的图像清晰度和MTF有明显提高,达到了国际上同类遥感图像处理方法的先进水平。     

基于微波等离子推力器的地球同步轨道卫星任务优化计算

将微波等离子推力器（MPT）应用于“东方红三号”（DFH-3）卫星的推进子系统，完成其轨道转移和南-北位置保持任务。建立了卫星任务和系统优化计算模型，采用遗传算法对卫星轨道转移和位置保持任务进行优化模拟计算，讨论了推力弧段和推力等对卫星变轨时间、MPT累积工作时间、卫星干质量和有效载荷的影响，结果表明，采用MPT可大大减少推进剂工质消耗，增加有效载荷，变轨时间明显大于化学推进，但小于相同电功率的其他电推进。     

姿态对地指向不断变化成像时的偏流角分析

 针对敏捷卫星在三轴姿态机动过程中同时进行推扫成像的偏流角问题,基于线阵TDICCD推扫成像原理,分析了动态成像过程中的偏流原理,通过速度矢量法推导出动态成像方式下的偏流角数学解析表达式。数值仿真分析表明：当相机推扫速度方向与星下点速度方向的夹角η为0°（沿航迹方向推扫成像）或180°（沿航迹反方向推扫成像）,偏流是由地球自转产生的,数值较小;当夹角为0°＜η＜180°时,偏流是地球自转和轨道运动共同产生的,偏流角数值较大;当夹角η=90°（垂直于航迹方向推扫成像）时,偏流角随地理纬度的增大而增大。基于以上结论,采用姿态偏航控制对偏流角进行调整,可以实现在三轴姿态机动过程中开启光学有效载荷进行推扫成像的动态成像技术。     

卫星微波侦察技术现状、趋势和发展对策

未来高技术条件下的局部战争将是一场信息战。海湾战争、波黑行动、科索沃战争都充分证明卫星已成为高技术条件下局部战争中直接支持战场作战行动的重要支援保障系统,具有不可替代的作用,其中卫星成像侦察、电子侦察、海洋监视占有重要地位。本文介绍了卫星微波成像侦察、电子侦察、海洋监视技术的应用现状,重点介绍了卫星系统和星上有效载荷技术的现状和发展趋势,初步探讨了适应未来信息战,发展我国卫星侦察监视有效载荷技术的途径和需要尽快发展的一些关键技术及对策。     

印度遥感卫星家族

2012年4月26日5时47分,印度用极轨卫星运载火箭-XL成功发射了首颗国产雷达成像卫星——雷达成像卫星-1。卫星运行在高609千米、倾角97°的太阳同步轨道,设计寿命5年。卫星重约1858千克,其中自主研发的星载C频段合成孔径雷达等有效载荷质量约950千克,此星载合成孔径雷达采用5种扫描模式和多种极化系统设计,分辨率为2米～50米、幅宽30千米～240千米。卫星能够穿透云雾,     

Evaluation of spontaneous baroreflex response after 28 days head down tilt bedrest

The spontaneous baroreflex response was evaluated during supine rest and head up tilt (60 degrees) before and immediately after a 28 day 6 degrees HDT bedrest in 6 healthy adult men (age 30-42 years). Sequences of 3 or more beats where RR-interval and systolic blood pressure changed in the same direction were used to evaluate baroreflex response slope (BRS). Prior to bedrest, the mean BRS and RR-interval were 18.0 +/- 3.9 ms/mm Hg and 926 +/- 61 ms at rest and 10.5 +/- 2.5 ms/mm Hg and 772 +/- 63 ms during the first 10 min of 60 degrees tilt. Following bedrest, these values changed to 15.6 +/- 2.7 ms/mm Hg and 780 +/- 53 ms at rest, and to 6.5 +/- 1.2 ms/mm Hg and 636 +/- 44 ms during tilt. Thus, (1) the spontaneous baroreflex can be evaluated in human subjects during experiments of orthostatic stress; (2) the baroreflex slope was reduced on going from supine to the head up tilt position; and (3) 28 days of bedrest reduced the spontaneous baroreflex slope.     

Carotenoid analysis of halophilic archaea by resonance Raman spectroscopy

Recently, halite and sulfate evaporate rocks have been discovered on Mars by the NASA rovers, Spirit and Opportunity. It is reasonable to propose that halophilic microorganisms could have potentially flourished in these settings. If so, biomolecules found in microorganisms adapted to high salinity and basic pH environments on Earth may be reliable biomarkers for detecting life on Mars. Therefore, we investigated the potential of Resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy to detect biomarkers derived from microorganisms adapted to hypersaline environments. RR spectra were acquired using 488.0 and 514.5 nm excitation from a variety of halophilic archaea, including Halobacterium salinarum NRC-1, Halococcus morrhuae, and Natrinema pallidum. It was clearly demonstrated that RR spectra enhance the chromophore carotenoid molecules in the cell membrane with respect to the various protein and lipid cellular components. RR spectra acquired from all halophilic archaea investigated contained major features at approximately 1000, 1152, and 1505 cm(-1). The bands at 1505 cm(-1) and 1152 cm(-1) are due to in-phase C=C (nu(1) ) and C-C stretching ( nu(2) ) vibrations of the polyene chain in carotenoids. Additionally, in-plane rocking modes of CH(3) groups attached to the polyene chain coupled with C-C bonds occur in the 1000 cm(-1) region. We also investigated the RR spectral differences between bacterioruberin and bacteriorhodopsin as another potential biomarker for hypersaline environments. By comparison, the RR spectrum acquired from bacteriorhodopsin is much more complex and contains modes that can be divided into four groups: the C=C stretches (1600-1500 cm(-1)), the CCH in-plane rocks (1400-1250 cm(-1)), the C-C stretches (1250-1100 cm(-1)), and the hydrogen out-of-plane wags (1000-700 cm(-1)). RR spectroscopy was shown to be a useful tool for the analysis and remote in situ detection of carotenoids from halophilic archaea without the need for large sample sizes and complicated extractions, which are required by analytical techniques such as high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry.     

Clinical effects of thigh cuffs during a 7-day 6 degrees head-down bed rest.

Thigh cuffs are used by Russian cosmonauts to limit the fluid shift induced by space flight. A ground simulation using the head-down bed rest (HDBR) model was performed to assess the effects of thigh cuffs on clinical tolerance and orthostatic adaptation. 8 male healthy volunteers (32.4 +/- 1.9 years) participated twice in a 7-day HDBR--one time with thigh cuffs (worn daily from 9 am to 7 pm) (TC) and one time without (WTC). Orthostatic tolerance was assessed by a 10 minute stand test and by a LBNP test (5 min at -15, -30, -45 mmHg) before (BDC-1) and at the end of the HDBR period (R+1). Plasma volume was measured before and at the end of HDBR by the Evans blue dye dilution technique. Thigh cuffs limits headache due to fluid shift, as well as the loss in plasma volume (TC: -5.85 +/- 0.95%; WTC: -9.09 +/- 0.82%, p<0.05). The mean duration of the stand test (R+1) did not differ in the two group (TC 7.1 +/- 1.3 min; WTC 7.0 +/- 1.0 min). The increase in HR and decrease in diastolic blood pressure were slightly but significantly larger without thigh cuffs. Duration of the LBNP tests did not differ with thigh cuffs. Thigh cuffs limit the symptoms due to fluid shift and the loss in plasma volume. They partly reduced the increase in HR during orthostatic stress but had no effect on duration of orthostatic stress tests.     

光学遥感器星上定标的新进展

文中简要阐述了光学遥感器星上定标的重要性,分析了光学遥感器星上定标的现状,重点介绍了增强型主题绘图仪(ETM)、中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS-N)、中分辨率成像光谱仪(MERIS)、可见/红外成像辐射计(VIRI)和红外多光谱扫描仪(IRMSS)等几个光学遥感器上的几种新的、典型的星上定标系统。最后,对星上定标的发展趋势进行了概括。     

Implications of subzero metabolic activity on long-term microbial survival in terrestrial and extraterrestrial permafrost

The survival of microorganisms over extended time frames in frozen subsurface environments may be limited by chemical (i.e., via hydrolysis and oxidation) and ionizing radiation-induced damage to chromosomal DNA. In an effort to improve estimates for the survival of bacteria in icy terrestrial and extraterrestrial environments, we determined rates of macromolecular synthesis at temperatures down to -15°C in bacteria isolated from Siberian permafrost (Psychrobacter cryohalolentis K5 and P. arcticus 273-4) and the sensitivity of P. cryohalolentis to ionizing radiation. Based on experiments conducted over ≈400 days at -15°C, the rates of protein and DNA synthesis in P. cryohalolentis were <1 to 16 proteins cell(-1) d(-1) and 83 to 150 base pairs (bp) cell(-1) d(-1), respectively; P. arcticus synthesized DNA at rates of 20 to 1625?bp cell(-1) d(-1) at -15°C under the conditions tested. The dose of ionizing radiation at which 37% of the cells survive (D(37)) of frozen suspensions of P. cryohalolentis was 136?Gy, which was ～2-fold higher (71?Gy) than identical samples exposed as liquid suspensions. Laboratory measurements of [(3)H]thymidine incorporation demonstrate the physiological potential for DNA metabolism at -15°C and suggest a sufficient activity is possible to offset chromosomal damage incurred in near-subsurface terrestrial and martian permafrost. Thus, our data imply that the longevity of microorganisms actively metabolizing within permafrost environments is not constrained by chromosomal DNA damage resulting from ionizing radiation or entropic degradation over geological time.     

UV photochemistry of DNA in vitro and in Bacillus subtilis spores at earth-ambient and low atmospheric pressure: implications for spore survival on other planets or moons in the solar system

Two major parameters influencing the survival of Bacillus subtilis spores in space and on bodies within the Solar System are UV radiation and vacuum, both of which induce inactivating damage to DNA. To date, however, spore survival and DNA photochemistry have been explored only at the extremes of Earth-normal atmospheric pressure (101.3 kPa) and at simulated space vacuum (10(-3)-10(-6) Pa). In this study, wild-type spores, mutant spores lacking alpha/beta-type small, acid-soluble spore proteins (SASP), naked DNA, and complexes between SASP SspC and DNA were exposed simultaneously to UV (254 nm) at intermediate pressure (1-2 Pa), and the UV photoproducts cis,syn-thymine-thymine cyclobutane dimer (c,sTT), trans,syn-thymine-thymine cyclobutane dimer (t,sTT), and "spore photoproduct" (SP) were quantified. At 101.3 kPa, UV-treated wild-type spores accumulated only SP, but spores treated with UV radiation at 1-2 Pa exhibited a spectrum of DNA damage similar to that of spores treated at 10(-6) Pa, with accumulation of SP, c,sTT, and t,sTT. The presence or absence of alpha/beta-type SASP in spores was partly responsible for the shift observed between levels of SP and c,sTT, but not t,sTT. The changes observed in spore DNA photochemistry at 1-2 Pa in vivo were not reproduced by irradiation of naked DNA or SspC:DNA complexes in vitro, suggesting that factors other than SASP are involved in spore DNA photochemistry at low pressure.     

Comparative survival analysis of Deinococcus radiodurans and the haloarchaea Natrialba magadii and Haloferax volcanii exposed to vacuum ultraviolet irradiation

The haloarchaea Natrialba magadii and Haloferax volcanii, as well as the radiation-resistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans, were exposed to vacuum UV (VUV) radiation at the Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory. Cell monolayers (containing 10(5) to 10(6) cells per sample) were prepared over polycarbonate filters and irradiated under high vacuum (10(-5) Pa) with polychromatic synchrotron radiation. N. magadii was remarkably resistant to high vacuum with a survival fraction of (3.77±0.76)×10(-2), which was larger than that of D. radiodurans (1.13±0.23)×10(-2). The survival fraction of the haloarchaea H. volcanii, of (3.60±1.80)×10(-4), was much smaller. Radiation resistance profiles were similar between the haloarchaea and D. radiodurans for fluences up to 150?J m(-2). For fluences larger than 150?J m(-2), there was a significant decrease in the survival of haloarchaea, and in particular H. volcanii did not survive. Survival for D. radiodurans was 1% after exposure to the higher VUV fluence (1350?J m(-2)), while N. magadii had a survival lower than 0.1%. Such survival fractions are discussed regarding the possibility of interplanetary transfer of viable microorganisms and the possible existence of microbial life in extraterrestrial salty environments such as the planet Mars and Jupiter's moon Europa. This is the first work to report survival of haloarchaea under simulated interplanetary conditions.     

微小卫星平台公共总线技术——CAN网络应用

对局域控制网络(CAN)协议在“清华一号”微小卫星平台上的应用作了描述。提出了微小卫星对平台公共总线的要求,介绍了CAN网络的特点,阐述了CAN协议的帧结构,并在此基础上提出了针对卫星子系统数据通讯所作的改进协议。还给出了微小卫星星载计算机子系统的CAN节点硬件设计结构和软件控制流程。     

LANDSAT-7卫星的有效载荷ETM

LANDSAT-7卫星的主要有效载荷——改进型主题测绘仪(Enhanced Thematic Map-per Plus)ETM 是在landsat-4和Landsat-5卫星的主要有效载荷主题测绘仪(Thematic Map-per)的基础上改进的。ETM 相对TM的主要不同之处在于它增加了1个金色谱段和2个增益区域,增加了太阳定标器,并提高了红外谱段的分辨率,文章简要介绍ETM 的性能和主要组件。     

R3DE: Radiation Risk Radiometer-Dosimeter on the International Space Station--optical radiation data recorded during 18 months of EXPOSE-E exposure to open space

Radiation Risk Radiometer-Dosimeter E (R3DE) served as a device for measuring ionizing and non-ionizing radiation as well as cosmic radiation reaching biological samples located on the EXPOSE platform EXPOSE-E. The duration of the mission was almost 1.5 years (2008-2009). With four channels, R3DE detected the wavelength ranges of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, 400-700?nm), UVA (315-400?nm), UVB (280-315?nm), and UVC (<280?nm). In addition, the temperature was recorded. Cosmic ionizing radiation was assessed with a 256-channel spectrometer dosimeter (see separate report in this issue). The light and UV sensors of the device were calibrated with spectral measurement data obtained by the Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) satellite as standard. The data were corrected with respect to the cosine error of the diodes. Measurement frequency was 0.1?Hz. Due to errors in data transmission or temporary termination of EXPOSE power, not all data could be acquired. Radiation was not constant during the mission. At regular intervals of about 2 months, low or almost no radiation was encountered. The radiation dose during the mission was 1823.98 MJ m(-2) for PAR, 269.03 MJ m(-2) for UVA, 45.73 MJ m(-2) for UVB, or 18.28 MJ m(-2) for UVC. Registered sunshine duration during the mission was about 152 days (about 27% of mission time).The surface of EXPOSE was most likely turned away from the Sun for considerably longer. R3DE played a crucial role on EXPOSE-EuTEF (EuTEF, European Technology Exposure Facility), because evaluation of the astrobiology experiments depended on reliability of the data collected by the device. Observed effects in the samples were weighted by radiation doses measured by R3DE.