影响星载微波部件微放电阈值的Furman模型研究

星载微波部件的微放电效应是影响航天器微波传输系统独特的瓶颈问题之一。以星载微波部件微放电阈值仿真中广泛使用的Furman模型为研究对象，以平行平板传输线为例，研究并获得了Furman模型中本征二次电子、弹性散射电子、非弹性散射电子3类电子的模型参量对微放电阈值的影响规律，并通过对总二次电子发射系数的影响合理解释了微放电阈值的变化规律，为星载微波部件微放电阈值的精确仿真提供了规律指导。     

二次电子发射研究进展及其空间应用

由二次电子发射引发的微放电效应是严重影响星载微波部件性能和安全的瓶颈问题之一。针对星载微波部件微放电的研究及应用需求,对国内外二次电子发射的研究进展进行了系统梳理,介绍了二次电子发射模型、仿真分析方法、测试装置及实验研究,以及在微波射频器件及航天器充放电方面的应用研究,总结了主要的研究结论。在此基础上提出了发展建议,以期对国内的二次电子发射及微放电研究的推进提供参考。     

基于等效电路模型的介质材料二次电子发射系数研究

材料表面的二次电子发射过程是空间大功率微波射频器件微放电效应的触发与维持机制。微放电效应是限制空间大功率微波部件应用的关键问题之一。因此，对材料二次电子发射特性的研究与表征非常重要。为正确理解电子辐照下介质样品的充放电过程，文章提出一种基于等效电路模型的理论模型对二次电子发射特性进行表征。针对不同电导率样品进行仿真验证以证实该电路模型的有效性。仿真结果与理论分析结果相符。     

S波段无源部件微放电测试研究

微放电是发生在大功率卫星应用中的问题，微放电能够损坏射频部件或传输线，致使卫星转发器不能正常工作。本文介绍了射频部件的太空微放电现象和抑制措施，并给出了Ｓ波段５种被测件在真空环境下的微放电测试结果。分析指出，设计较大功率的星载微波部件应考虑避免微放电问题，采用合理的结构设计和加工工工艺，保证足够的微放电阈值，并保持部件洁净、防止污染。     

航天器大功率微波部件微放电测试研究进展

微放电效应是由真空条件下的微波部件在电磁场驱动电子运动碰撞部件产生二次电子倍增引起,发生时将引起噪声电平抬高、部件表面损坏、微波传输系统驻波比增大、甚至导致微波部件永久性失效,成为星载大功率微波部件研制的瓶颈问题之一.因此大功率微波部件在随卫星发射之前需要进行严格的微放电试验验证.本文介绍了常用的微放电检测方法,包括近载波噪声检测法、谐波检测法、正反向功率调零检测法,并对其做了分析比较.近年来,对微放电检测方法提出自动化、数字化和安全检测要求,文章还介绍了微放电自动调零检测技术,同时介绍了辐射源、电子枪、紫外光三种微放电测试种子电子源,并分析了其适用条件,为微放电检测试验提供了选择依据.     

欧洲空间标准化组织微放电研究进展及启示

航天器的工作离不开大功率信号的传输,而微放电效应是严重影响星载微波部件性能和安全的瓶颈问题之一,消除微放电效应可称得上是大功率设计的必经之路,因此大功率微波部件在随卫星发射之前需要进行严格的微放电测试验证。欧洲空间标准化组织在2003年的系列标准中首次添加了微放电检测部分,建立起微放电分析和检测的大纲雏形,经过数年的技术发展,微放电手册版本更新修订,不断完善分析检测方法,相关影响因素、操作流程及注意事项。以欧洲最新微放电手册为例,介绍了微放电相关技术的进展,列举了常用的微放电设计分析方法,微放电检测方法和测试流程,同时介绍了二次电子的检测部分,可为微放电相关研究提供参考借鉴。     

空间金属材料的二次电子发射系数测量研究

空间金属材料的二次电子发射系数是表征空间飞行器大功率微波部件微放电的重要参数,也是空间飞行器大功率微波部件的选材、分析与设计的重要依据。为了准确测量空间金属材料的二次电子发射系数,搭建了专门的测量平台。文章介绍了空间金属材料的二次电子发射系数测量原理、测量平台的结构组成,实验测量结果表明该测量平台能够准确的测量空间金属材料的二次电子发射系数。     

二硫化钼对二次电子倍增效应的抑制作用研究

基于镀银铝合金材料的微波部件在高真空及大功率工作时容易产生二次电子倍增效应,引起噪声电平抬高,输出功率下降,导致微波部件失效。有效抑制二次电子倍增效应,对于空间微波部件的正常运行极为重要。二硫化钼不仅具有与石墨烯类似的结构,而且其带隙可调,具有出色的电学、光学等性能。通过水热法制备了二硫化钼,并将其涂覆在镀银铝合金材料的表面,研究了复合材料的二次电子发射特性。结果表明,合成的二硫化钼具有花瓣状的纳米结构,并可以显著降低镀银铝合金表面的二次电子发射系数至0.63,原因是三维形态的纳米花瓣状二硫化钼可在微波部件表面构建无数个“微陷阱”,使得二次电子被捕获的几率增加,从而降低其逸出材料表面的概率。表面涂覆二硫化钼的镀银铝合金材料可望用于提高大功率微波部件的阈值功率。     

国外微放电设计与测试标准研究进展

微放电是航天器大功率微波部件不可避免的问题,为了满足航天器有效载荷发展任务需求,近年来航天器微波部件制造工艺、技术水平都得到大幅度提升,相应的验证测试也变得更为细致严谨,美国政府及航天工业联合建立了微放电检测标准,欧洲空间标准化组织修订其微放电检测标准,我国也建立了相关微放电检测标准。文章介绍了国外微放电设计与测试标准研究进展,主要介绍了与我国检测标准不同的部分,包括美国微放电检测标准中的最低微放电准则、微波部件分类及分析方法,欧洲微放电检测标准中的微波部件分类与微放电考核方法、多载波微放电测试方法,以期为国内微放电检测研究提供参考。     

一种星载巴特勒矩阵微放电特性的分析与验证

作为星载雷达发射微波功率合成的关键部件，巴特勒矩阵的微放电性能直接决定了雷达载荷的功率容量。因此，有必要对其微放电特性进行分析与验证。针对该需求，提出了一种用于大功率动态合成网络的星载巴特勒矩阵，并对其在真空条件下的微放电特性进行了分析与验证。第一，提出了一款用于星载雷达的大功率巴特勒矩阵，对其功率合成性能进行了分析。第二，为了对巴特勒矩阵微放电性能进行详细研究，对提出的巴特勒矩阵进行了微放电功率阈值仿真和自由电子分布分析。第三，为了验证分析结果的正确性，对该巴特勒矩阵进行了峰值功率14kW的真空微放电试验，验证了其在大功率真空环境下的微波传输功率容量。提出的巴特勒矩阵性能优良，为未来的星载雷达大功率微波部件提供了理论方法和关键技术支持。     

On the stability of the track of the space elevator

A string moving with geostationary angular velocity in its radial relative equilibrium configuration around the Earth, reaching from the surface of the Earth far beyond the geostationary height, could be used as track for an Earth to space elevator. This is an old dream of mankind, originating about 100 years ago in Russia. Besides the question of feasibility from a technological point of view also the question concerning the stability of such a configuration has not yet been completely solved. Under the assumption that a proper material (carbon nanotubes) is available, making the connection possible technologically, we address the question of existence and stability of the radial relative equilibrium of a tapered string on a circular geosynchronous trajectory around the Earth, reaching from the surface of the Earth far beyond the geostationary height.     

On the Possibility of the Existence of Volatile Compounds in the Region of the Scott Crater on the Moon

In this paper, we analyze the illumination conditions, the thermal regime, and the possibility of deposits of volatile compounds existing in the vicinity region (NSR S5 region) near the southern pole of the Moon. It has been found that there are no permanently shadowed zones near the Scott crater and the NSR S5 region, though the temperature conditions allow the of compounds such as CH₃OH, SO₂, NH₃, CO₂, H₂S, C₂H₄, and water to remain stable relative to evaporation for a long time (≥1 Gyr). It has been also shown that compounds like CO and CH₄ cannot stably exist in these regions.     

Estimation of the current density and analysis of the geometry of the current system surrounding the Earth

The results of an investigation of the distribution of plasma pressure, pressure gradients, and magnetic field near the equatorial plane in the plasma ring surrounding the Earth under magneto-quiet conditions are presented. Observational data obtained during the international THEMIS mission are used. The picture of the distribution of transverse-current density near the equatorial plane was obtained under assumption of observing the magnetostatic balance condition at geocentric distances from 6 to 12R _E. In estimating the integral transverse current it was accepted that in daytime sector the magnetic-field minima on magnetic field lines are not localized in the equatorial plane. Estimates of the integral transverse current were obtained, which demonstrate the possibility of closing nighttime transverse currents at geocentric distances of up to ～12R _E inside the magnetosphere, which form a high-latitudinal continuation of the ring current.     

对老年人体育锻炼负荷量监控方法的探讨

通过对老年人体育锻炼活动的情况进行相关调查，发现目前老年人体育锻炼中存在一些误区。因此本文针对这些现实情况提出，应根据实际情况运用一些简单易行的方法来对老年人体育锻炼实施医务监督，达到提高老年人体育锻炼的科学性。     

Estimating the accuracy of the technique of reconstructing the rotational motion of a satellite based on the measurements of its angular velocity and the magnetic field of the Earth

The paper has studied the accuracy of the technique that allows the rotational motion of the Earth artificial satellites (AES) to be reconstructed based on the data of onboard measurements of angular velocity vectors and the strength of the Earth magnetic field (EMF). The technique is based on kinematic equations of the rotational motion of a rigid body. Both types of measurement data collected over some time interval have been processed jointly. The angular velocity measurements have been approximated using convenient formulas, which are substituted into the kinematic differential equations for the quaternion that specifies the transition from the body-fixed coordinate system of a satellite to the inertial coordinate system. Thus obtained equations represent a kinematic model of the rotational motion of a satellite. The solution of these equations, which approximate real motion, has been found by the least-square method from the condition of best fitting between the data of measurements of the EMF strength vector and its calculated values. The accuracy of the technique has been estimated by processing the data obtained from the board of the service module of the International Space Station (ISS). The reconstruction of station motion using the aforementioned technique has been compared with the telemetry data on the actual motion of the station. The technique has allowed us to reconstruct the station motion in the orbital orientation mode with a maximum error less than 0.6° and the turns with a maximal error of less than 1.2°.     

实施“三位一体”教育模式 提高学生的综合素质

本文介绍了“三位一体”教育模式的内容,描述亍我们实施该模式所采取的措施及取得的成效。实践表明,“三位一体”教育模式能够提高学生的综合素质,为学生毕业后的发展打下坚实基础,对教育模式的改革具有一定的指导意义。     

从应变计现状看电阻式传感器的前景

电阻式传感器的核心部件——电阻应变计是目前最常用的应力分析的敏感元件。也常用于测量力、压力、扭矩和加速度等物理量。作者简要回顾了电阻应变计的发展历史，介绍了电阻应变计的结构、分类及现状，展望了电阻式传感器的前景。     

System of works on numerical modeling of the dynamics of the structure of the Space Radiotelescope in the RadioAstron project

The results of modeling the dynamics of the Space Radiotelescope are presented. The results of ground-based vibration-dynamic tests are used to validate the calculation models and estimate the damping levels. The dynamic distortions of the reflecting surface caused by the operation of the pointing mechanism of the high-gain antenna are estimated.     

Optimization of the trajectory of the spacecraft insertion into the system of heliocentric orbits

The possibility of the spacecraft insertion into the system of operational heliocentric orbits has been analyzed. It has been proposed to use a system of several operational heliocentric orbits. On each orbit, the spacecraft makes one or more revolutions around the Sun. These orbits are characterized by a relatively small perihelion radius and relatively high inclination, which allows one to investigate the polar regions of the Sun. The transition of the spacecraft from one orbit to another has been performed using an unpowered gravity assist maneuver near Venus and does not require the cruise propulsion operation. Each maneuver transfers the spacecraft into the sequence of operational heliocentric orbits. We have analyzed several systems of operational heliocentric orbits into which the spacecraft can be inserted by means of the considered transportation system with electric propulsion (EP). The mass of the spacecraft delivered to these systems of operational orbits has been estimated.     

火箭推进剂液体晃动关机响应的数值仿真

本文采用VOF方法对火箭发动机关机阶段所引起的液体晃动进行了数值仿真，以氧化剂贮箱为例，得到了贮箱无阻尼环和带阻尼环时的晃动仿真图和液体质心变化曲线，检验了VOF方法处理碎波的能力。