美国航天政策的演变与布什新太空计划

介绍了美国的四个空间力量思想学说，以此为线索归纳了美国航天政策的演变历史，认为美国的航天政策已经从庇护所学说逐渐发展到控制学说和高地学说，即控制空间并从空间使用武力。美国空间战略的主要目标是保持和强化美国在世界军事航天的霸主地位，控制太空制高点，保护美国在空间的国家利益以及确保美国绝对的国家安全。布什“新太空计划”的提出符合美国的长远空间战略目标，具有重要的近期和远期军事意义。     

沃尔夫条款与中美航天合作

随着国际航天事业的快速发展和诸如空间安全、空间碎片、轨道和频谱资源等问题的进一步凸显，航天领域的国际合作，特别是航天大国之间的合作，显得更加重要。然而，在中美航天合作方面，美国的航天政策和法律制度却设置了重重障碍，严重影响了中美航天合作的顺利开展。     

美国发布新的国家航天政策

2006年8月31日，美国布什总统批准了一项新的国家航天政策，为美国航天活动建立了顶层指导方针。自1996年9月14日实施的“总统决策指示／国家科技委员会-8／国家安全委员会-49，国家空间政策”因此废止。现将2006年10月6日白宫发布的非密版航天新政策全文刊登如下。[编者按]     

美国的国家航天运输政策

美国的国家航天运输政策美国的航天项目对美国的国家安全、科学技术、商业和外交政策的目标都具有关键的作用。依靠美国的航天运输能力可靠地、充分地进入空间是美国航天计划的基本目标。为了达到这一目的，美国政府的政策是：１．为了将来的需要应利用现有的并开发现代化...     

美国公布新的国家航天政策

美国总统布什已批准了一份全新的国家航天政策(全文另发),为用于管理美国航天活动行为的一项总体国家政策开了绿灯。这份新政策不仅支持探索月球、火星和更遥远太空的安排,还对“9·11”恐怖袭击后的世界局势做出反应,如指出了对美国国内外情报搜集的需求。这份新的航天政策称,     

美国新的国家航天政策

总统于2006年8月31日批准了一项新的国家航天政策,确立了用于管理美国航天活动行为的总体国家政策。这一政策取代1996年9月14日颁布的《国家航天政策》(《总统决策指令/NSC-49/NSTC-8》)。1.背景50年来,美国在空间探索与利用领域一直处于世界领先地位,并建立了牢固的民用、商业     

“朗日点”上的载人深空前哨

2010年4月15日美国总统奥巴马在肯尼迪航天中心提出了新的航天政策,计划在2025年开始执行载人小行星探测任务。随后在2035年左右执行载人环绕火星任务。奥巴马的航天计划将使用SLS重型运载火箭发射MPCV多用途飞船,外加深空居住舱、低温推进级／电推推进级、多功能探索载具等部分。共同执行载人深空探索任务。     

聚焦未来空间作战,北约参加“施里弗-2012”演习

北京时间2012年4月20—4月27日,美军在美国内华达州的内利斯空军基地(Nellis AFB)举行"施里弗-2012"(Schriever 2012)太空战演习。这是美国自2001年以来的第7次"施里弗"系列演习,是自2010年陆续发布新版《国家航天政策》、《国家安全空间战略》以及《国防战略指南》以来的首次"施里弗"演习,也是首次有北约正式参与的太空战演习。本次演习验证了美国近期军事航天战略转变的具体举措,检验了多国联合空间作战能力,对美国和北约军事航天力量组织和运用具有重要的指导意义,很大程度上反映了美欧未来一段时期军事航天领域发     

美国反卫星武器技术发展途径与进展

美国政府2006年10月公布的新版<国家航天政策>强调,美国要不受阻碍地在空间或通过空间开展操作以及"拒止敌方利用与美国国家利益相抵触的空间能力".这一政策隐含了发展和在必要时使用包括反卫星武器在内的空间对抗武器的内容,为美国继续发展反卫星武器技术提供了政策依据.     

加拿大的航天政策

本文概述了航天强国的元老之一——加拿大自50年代以来的航天活动和项目,及国家航天计划的情况。加拿大航天政策的重点是:利用空间活动发展加拿大的工业;鼓励实现空间商业化活动和奉行国际合作。此外,该文还介绍了加拿大政府鼓励地方政府参与航天活动和进行集中管理的情况。     

ADS-B在美国

美国是“广播式自动相关监视”(ADS-B)技术研究和应用的先行者之一。继1991年,瑞典首次成功利用飞行座舱显示器(CDTI)演示ADS-B功能之后,美国从1992年就开始在芝加哥的O’Hare机场开展ADS-B技术的早期应用研究。进入21世纪,美国首先在阿拉斯加地区通用航空飞机上推广应用ADS-B技术。2002年,美国联邦航空局FAA终于出台了ADS-B数据链发展政策以及支持ADS-B技术发展的规划蓝图。一、美国的AD S-B技术发展规划(一)近期规划:(2002年—2006年)(1)定义ADS-B最初发展阶段的国内技术系统底层结构;(2)允许“袖珍型”(不具备上行广播…     

Summary of medical investigations in the U.S.S.R. manned space missions.

The results of biomedical investigations carried out in the U.S.S.R. manned space missions are discussed. Their basic result is well-documented evidence that man can perform space flights of long duration. The investigations have demonstrated no direct correlation between inflight or postflight physiological reactions of crewmembers and flight duration. In all likelihood, this can be attributed to the fact that special exercises done inflight efficiently prevented adverse effects of weightlessness. However, human reactions to weightlessness need further study. They include negative calcium balance and anemia as well as vestibulo-autonomic disorders shown by crewmembers at early stages of weightlessness. Attention should be given to psychological, social-psychological and ethical problems that may also limit further increase in flight duration.     

U.S. biological experiments in space.

Past U.S. space biological experiments in space, using non-human specimens, are discussed and evaluated. Current plans for future experimentation in this field are also given.     

U.S. prebreathe protocol

This paper identifies and describes the prebreathe protocol currently used by the U.S. Space Shuttle Program to provide astronauts the capability to safely perform extravehicular activity. A comparison of planned vs actual prebreathe experience through the STS-37 Mission is also provided.     

Aquatic modules for bioregenerative life support systems based on the C.E.B.A.S. biotechnology

Most concepts for bioregenerative life support systems are based on edible higher land plants which create some problems with growth and seed generation under space conditions. Animal protein production is mostly neglected because of the tremendous waste management problems with tetrapods under reduced weightlessness. Therefore, the “Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System” (C.E.B.A.S.) was developed which represents an artificial aquatic ecosystem containing aquatic organisms which are adpated at all to “near weightlessness conditions” (fishes Xiphophorus helleri, water snails Biomphalaria glabrata, ammonia oxidizing bacteria and the rootless non-gravitropic edible water plant Ceratophyllum demersum). Basically the C.E.B.A.S. consists of 4 subsystems: a ZOOLOGICASL COMPONENT (animal aquarium), a BOTANICAL COMPONENT (aquatic plant bioreactor), a MICROBIAL COMPONENT (bacteria filter) and an ELECTRONICAL COMPONENT (data acquisition and control unit). Superficially, the function principle appears simple: the plants convert light energy into chemical energy via photosynthesis thus producing biomass and oxygen. The animals and microorganisms use the oxygen for respiration and produce the carbon dioxide which is essential for plant photosynthesis. The ammonia ions excreted by the animals are converted by the bacteria to nitrite and then to nitrate ions which serve as a nitrogen source for the plants. Other essential ions derive from biological degradation of animal waste products and dead organic matter. The C.E.B.A.S. exists in 2 basic versions: the original C.E.B.A.S. with a volume of 150 liters and a self-sustaining standing time of more than 13 month and the so-called C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE with a volume of about 8.5 liters. In the latter there is no closed food loop by reasons of available space so that animal food has to be provided via an automated feeder. This device was flown already successfully on the STS-89 and STS-90 spaceshuttle missions and the working hypothesis was verified that aquatic organisms are nearly not affected at all by space conditions, i . e. that the plants exhibited biomass production rates identical to the ground controls and that as well the reproductive, and the immune system as the the embryonic and ontogenic development of the animals remained undisturbed. Currently the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODLULE is prepared for a third spaceshuttle fligt (STS-107) in spring 2001. Based on the results of the space experiments a series of prototypes of aquatic food production modules for the implementation into BLSS were developed. This paper describes the scientific disposition of the STS-107 experiments and of open and closed aquaculture systems based on another aquatic plant species, the Lemnacean Wolffia arrhiza which is cultured as a vegetable in Southeastern Asia. This plant can be grown in suspension culture and several special bioreactors were developed for this purpose. W. arrhiza reproduces mainly vegetatively by buds but also sexually from time to time and is therefore especially suitable for genetic engineering, too. Therefore it was used, in addition, to optimize the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE to allow experiments with a duration of 4 month in the International Space Station the basic principle of which will be explained. In the context of aquaculture systems for BLSS the continuous replacement of removed fish biomass is an essential demand. Although fish reproduction seems not to be affected in the short-term space experiments with the C.E.B.A.S. MIMI MODULE a functional and reliable hatchery for the production of siblings under reduced weightlessness is connected with some serious problems. Therefore an automated “reproduction module” for the herbivorous fish Tilapia rendalli was developed as a laboratory prototype. It is concluded that aquatic modules of different degrees of complexity can optimize the productivity of BLSS based on higher land plants and that they offer an unique opportunity for the production of animal protein in lunar or planetary bases.     

DR.Q.SCIENCE QUEST

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A 6 D.O.F. opto-inertial tracker for virtual reality experiments in microgravity.

Gravity plays a role in many different levels of human motor behavior. It dictates the laws of motion of our body and limbs, as well as of the objects in the external world with which we wish to interact. The dynamic interaction of our body with the world is molded within gravity's constraints. The role played by gravity in the perception of visual stimuli and the elaboration of human movement is an active research theme in the field of Neurophysiology. Conditions of microgravity, coupled with techniques from the world of virtual reality, provide a unique opportunity to address these questions concerning the function of the human sensorimotor system. The ability to measure movements of the head and to update in real time the visual scene presented to the subject based on these measurements is a key element in producing a realistic virtual environment. A variety of head-tracking hardware exists on the market today, but none seem particularly well suited to the constraints of working with a space station environment. Nor can any of the existing commercial systems meet the more stringent requirements for physiological experimentation (high accuracy, high resolution, low jitter, low lag) in a wireless configuration. To this end, we have developed and tested a hybrid opto-inertial 6 degree-of-freedom tracker based on existing inertial technology. To confirm that the inertial components and algorithms will function properly, this system was tested in the microgravity conditions of parabolic flight. Here we present the design goals of this tracker, the system configuration and the results of 0g and 1g testing.     

美国未来国家空域系统规划

美国的空域范围与我国空域范围大致相同，但美国空域内飞行量却是我国的几十倍，因此，认真分析和研究美国空域系统的规划、建设与发展，将对提高我国空域使用率，系统建设与空中飞行相配套的设施设备，促进军民航空中飞行安全快速发展起到积极的推动作用。本文就美国未来国家空域系统规划（1998—2015）的主要内容提要奉献给读者，希望大家能得到启示。