美推出新版国家航天政策

<正>白宫6月28日推出了全新的美国国家航天政策。新政策旨在加强国际合作,并重申要在2025年前派宇航员造访一颗小行星。这份14页的航天政策文件不只涉及奥巴马总统2月份提出的NASA新设想,即把美国载人航天的目标从重返月球转向造访小行星和火星,还触及对地观测、空间碎片和空间安全方面的未来需求。     

美国的国家航天运输政策

美国的国家航天运输政策美国的航天项目对美国的国家安全、科学技术、商业和外交政策的目标都具有关键的作用。依靠美国的航天运输能力可靠地、充分地进入空间是美国航天计划的基本目标。为了达到这一目的，美国政府的政策是：１．为了将来的需要应利用现有的并开发现代化...     

美国新的国家航天政策

总统于2006年8月31日批准了一项新的国家航天政策,确立了用于管理美国航天活动行为的总体国家政策。这一政策取代1996年9月14日颁布的《国家航天政策》(《总统决策指令/NSC-49/NSTC-8》)。1.背景50年来,美国在空间探索与利用领域一直处于世界领先地位,并建立了牢固的民用、商业     

21世纪初主要国家的航天发展战略及其影响

论述了 2 1世纪初 ,世界主要航天国家 (如美国、欧洲、俄罗斯、日本和印度 )的航天发展战略与政策 ,包括航天计划、重点领域和投资情况 ;分析了上述国家航天政策调整对本国和对世界航天发展的影响 ,最后 ,对我国我国航天工业的发展提出了建议。     

美国航天基金会《2012年航天报告》

《2012年航天报告》是由美国航天基金会、独立的研究机构以及航天领域、航天政策、金融市场、科学、教育和技术方面的专家,通过收集、分析和综合公开的信息,包括从政府报告和国会纪录,到行业协会和私人研究公司提供的数据,进行广泛的研究得出的。数据来源还包括在主流商业界和工业界出版物上发表的文章。这份年度报告是对上一年航天产业活动、主要的产业收入来源、航天教育和培训的发展趋势、航天雇员、航天产业的政府投资以及航天产业的市场表现的评价。     

麻省理工学院研究报告——载人航天的未来（上）

麻省理工学院航天、政策与社会研究组2008年12月15日发表题为《载人航天的未来》的白皮书。这份报告号称是多年来对美国载人航天计划进行的一项最全面的独立评审。报告建议美国设定更高远的载人航天目标,集中开展更明确地针对这些目标的研究,并加强与他国和私营工业界的合作。研究小组称,在向有关方面做了初步介绍后,该报告已得到了政界领袖、国家研究委员会一个小组、奥巴马过渡班子和其它方面的积极认同。在阐述开展载人航天活动的理由时,报告提出将载人航天的目标分为主要目标和次要目标,令人耳目一新。＂主要目标＂包括探测、民族自豪感以及国际威望和领先地位,而科学、经济发展、技术发展、教育和激励作用都属于＂次要目标＂。作为主要结论之一,报告认为美国应在载人航天领域与包括中国在内的其它国家及私营火箭公司等商业企业开展更多的合作。现将该报告分期刊出,以供参考。     

美国发布新的国家航天政策

2006年8月31日，美国布什总统批准了一项新的国家航天政策，为美国航天活动建立了顶层指导方针。自1996年9月14日实施的“总统决策指示／国家科技委员会-8／国家安全委员会-49，国家空间政策”因此废止。现将2006年10月6日白宫发布的非密版航天新政策全文刊登如下。[编者按]     

美白宫发布新版《美国国家航天政策》

据中国航天科技信息网站2010年6月29日报道，6月28日白宫发布新版《美国国家航天政策》。新政策是总统对国家航天活动的指导；新的《国家航天政策》明确指出，总统将致力于振兴美国在太空中的领导地位，目的是为了维护太空环境的稳定与高效，供所有国家和平利用。     

美国航天基金会公布《2010年航天报告》

《2010年航天报告》是由美国航天基金会、独立研究机构以及航天领域、航天政策、金融市场、科学、教育和技术方面的专家,通过收集、分析和综合公开信息,包括从政府报告和国会纪录、行业协会以及私人研究公司提供的数据,进行广泛的研究得出的。数据来源还包括在主流商业界和工业界出版物上发表的文章。这份年度报告是对上一年航天产业活动、主要的产业收入来源、航天教育和培训的发展趋势、航天雇员、航天产业的政府投资以及航天产业的市场表现的评价。     

美总统下令全面评审美国航天政策

据《航天新闻》7月2日报道．作为一项彻底的评审工作的一部分．美国总统奥巴马已向其领导下的政府下令．要求在10月1日之前对美国现行的国家航天政策进行详细审查。这项评审有可能最终形成一项管理美国民用与军事航天活动的新战略。     

Summary of medical investigations in the U.S.S.R. manned space missions.

The results of biomedical investigations carried out in the U.S.S.R. manned space missions are discussed. Their basic result is well-documented evidence that man can perform space flights of long duration. The investigations have demonstrated no direct correlation between inflight or postflight physiological reactions of crewmembers and flight duration. In all likelihood, this can be attributed to the fact that special exercises done inflight efficiently prevented adverse effects of weightlessness. However, human reactions to weightlessness need further study. They include negative calcium balance and anemia as well as vestibulo-autonomic disorders shown by crewmembers at early stages of weightlessness. Attention should be given to psychological, social-psychological and ethical problems that may also limit further increase in flight duration.     

ADS-B在美国

美国是“广播式自动相关监视”(ADS-B)技术研究和应用的先行者之一。继1991年,瑞典首次成功利用飞行座舱显示器(CDTI)演示ADS-B功能之后,美国从1992年就开始在芝加哥的O’Hare机场开展ADS-B技术的早期应用研究。进入21世纪,美国首先在阿拉斯加地区通用航空飞机上推广应用ADS-B技术。2002年,美国联邦航空局FAA终于出台了ADS-B数据链发展政策以及支持ADS-B技术发展的规划蓝图。一、美国的AD S-B技术发展规划(一)近期规划:(2002年—2006年)(1)定义ADS-B最初发展阶段的国内技术系统底层结构;(2)允许“袖珍型”(不具备上行广播…     

U.S. biological experiments in space.

Past U.S. space biological experiments in space, using non-human specimens, are discussed and evaluated. Current plans for future experimentation in this field are also given.     

U.S. prebreathe protocol

This paper identifies and describes the prebreathe protocol currently used by the U.S. Space Shuttle Program to provide astronauts the capability to safely perform extravehicular activity. A comparison of planned vs actual prebreathe experience through the STS-37 Mission is also provided.     

Aquatic modules for bioregenerative life support systems based on the C.E.B.A.S. biotechnology

Most concepts for bioregenerative life support systems are based on edible higher land plants which create some problems with growth and seed generation under space conditions. Animal protein production is mostly neglected because of the tremendous waste management problems with tetrapods under reduced weightlessness. Therefore, the “Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System” (C.E.B.A.S.) was developed which represents an artificial aquatic ecosystem containing aquatic organisms which are adpated at all to “near weightlessness conditions” (fishes Xiphophorus helleri, water snails Biomphalaria glabrata, ammonia oxidizing bacteria and the rootless non-gravitropic edible water plant Ceratophyllum demersum). Basically the C.E.B.A.S. consists of 4 subsystems: a ZOOLOGICASL COMPONENT (animal aquarium), a BOTANICAL COMPONENT (aquatic plant bioreactor), a MICROBIAL COMPONENT (bacteria filter) and an ELECTRONICAL COMPONENT (data acquisition and control unit). Superficially, the function principle appears simple: the plants convert light energy into chemical energy via photosynthesis thus producing biomass and oxygen. The animals and microorganisms use the oxygen for respiration and produce the carbon dioxide which is essential for plant photosynthesis. The ammonia ions excreted by the animals are converted by the bacteria to nitrite and then to nitrate ions which serve as a nitrogen source for the plants. Other essential ions derive from biological degradation of animal waste products and dead organic matter. The C.E.B.A.S. exists in 2 basic versions: the original C.E.B.A.S. with a volume of 150 liters and a self-sustaining standing time of more than 13 month and the so-called C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE with a volume of about 8.5 liters. In the latter there is no closed food loop by reasons of available space so that animal food has to be provided via an automated feeder. This device was flown already successfully on the STS-89 and STS-90 spaceshuttle missions and the working hypothesis was verified that aquatic organisms are nearly not affected at all by space conditions, i . e. that the plants exhibited biomass production rates identical to the ground controls and that as well the reproductive, and the immune system as the the embryonic and ontogenic development of the animals remained undisturbed. Currently the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODLULE is prepared for a third spaceshuttle fligt (STS-107) in spring 2001. Based on the results of the space experiments a series of prototypes of aquatic food production modules for the implementation into BLSS were developed. This paper describes the scientific disposition of the STS-107 experiments and of open and closed aquaculture systems based on another aquatic plant species, the Lemnacean Wolffia arrhiza which is cultured as a vegetable in Southeastern Asia. This plant can be grown in suspension culture and several special bioreactors were developed for this purpose. W. arrhiza reproduces mainly vegetatively by buds but also sexually from time to time and is therefore especially suitable for genetic engineering, too. Therefore it was used, in addition, to optimize the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE to allow experiments with a duration of 4 month in the International Space Station the basic principle of which will be explained. In the context of aquaculture systems for BLSS the continuous replacement of removed fish biomass is an essential demand. Although fish reproduction seems not to be affected in the short-term space experiments with the C.E.B.A.S. MIMI MODULE a functional and reliable hatchery for the production of siblings under reduced weightlessness is connected with some serious problems. Therefore an automated “reproduction module” for the herbivorous fish Tilapia rendalli was developed as a laboratory prototype. It is concluded that aquatic modules of different degrees of complexity can optimize the productivity of BLSS based on higher land plants and that they offer an unique opportunity for the production of animal protein in lunar or planetary bases.     

DR.Q.SCIENCE QUEST

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A 6 D.O.F. opto-inertial tracker for virtual reality experiments in microgravity.

Gravity plays a role in many different levels of human motor behavior. It dictates the laws of motion of our body and limbs, as well as of the objects in the external world with which we wish to interact. The dynamic interaction of our body with the world is molded within gravity's constraints. The role played by gravity in the perception of visual stimuli and the elaboration of human movement is an active research theme in the field of Neurophysiology. Conditions of microgravity, coupled with techniques from the world of virtual reality, provide a unique opportunity to address these questions concerning the function of the human sensorimotor system. The ability to measure movements of the head and to update in real time the visual scene presented to the subject based on these measurements is a key element in producing a realistic virtual environment. A variety of head-tracking hardware exists on the market today, but none seem particularly well suited to the constraints of working with a space station environment. Nor can any of the existing commercial systems meet the more stringent requirements for physiological experimentation (high accuracy, high resolution, low jitter, low lag) in a wireless configuration. To this end, we have developed and tested a hybrid opto-inertial 6 degree-of-freedom tracker based on existing inertial technology. To confirm that the inertial components and algorithms will function properly, this system was tested in the microgravity conditions of parabolic flight. Here we present the design goals of this tracker, the system configuration and the results of 0g and 1g testing.