Tether satellite system collision study

A study was performed to determine the probability of collision with resident space objects and untrackable debris for the tether component of the Tethered Satellite System (TSS) after it broke away from the space shuttle orbiter (mission STS-75) in February 1996. Both an analytical and a numerical approach were used in this study, and the results obtained with these two methods were found to be in good agreement. These results show that the deployed tether is expected to have been impacted by several particles 0.1 mm or larger in size. The probability of collision with objects 10 cm in size or larger was on the order of 10⁻³ per month. Since the severed tether reentered within one month after deployment, the collision hazard to other objects while in orbit was small. The analytical methods used in this study are general and can be applied to future tether collision evaluations.     

Tether Satellite System Collision Study

A study was performed to determine the probability of collision with resident space objects and untrackable debris for the tether component of the Tethered Satellite System (TSS) after it broke away from the Space Shuttle orbiter (mission STS-75) in February 1996. Both an analytical and a numerical approach were used in this study, and the results obtained with these two methods were found to be in good agreement. These results show that the deployed tether is expected to have been impacted by several particles 0.1mm or larger in size. The probability of collision with objects 10cm in size or larger was on the order of 10^–3 per month. Since the severed tether reentered within one month after deployment, the collision hazard to other objects while in orbit was small. The analytical methods used in this study are useful for tether collision evaluations in general.     

Electromagnetic shielding of thermal protection system for hypersonic vehicles

The numerical simulation and the measurement of electromagnetic shielding at microwave frequencies of thermal protection system for hypersonic vehicles is presented using nested reverberation chamber. An example of a possible thermal protection system for a re-entry vehicle is presented. This system based on carbon material is electromagnetically characterized. The characterization takes into account not only the materials but also the final assembly configuration of the thermal protection system. The frequency range is 2–8 GHz. The results of measurements and simulations show that the microwave shielding effectiveness of carbon materials is above 60 dB for a single tile and that the tile inter-distance is able to downgrade the shielding effectiveness on the average to about 40 dB.     

再论空间系绳在回收容器返回中的应用

在已有的研究结果的基础上，对空间系绳在回收容器回中的应用，作了进一步分析，包括从回收容器离开空间站至回收容器从系绳上脱落的系绳伸展运动，（２）从系绳脱落的回收容器的返回运动，（３）释放容器后的系绳的收回运动。对回收容器的动态释放，除了两阶段指数型伸展程序外，还提出了另外两种导致系绳后摆的方式。对静态释放与动态释放，不仅对系绳长度，而且对系绳张力作了计算与分析。为了系绳收回过程的稳定，不仅要施加张力     

再入弹头非对称气动力研究

本文通过六自由度弹道方程数值模拟了再入弹头非对称气动力和非对称静、动导数对弹头滚转异常的影响;阐述了非对称气动力及非对称静、动导数产生的机理。本文利用作者建立的近似计算和数值计算方法,计算了典型的非对称再入弹头的气动力,定性分析了非对称气动力随弹头几何参数的变化规律,对再入弹头设计有重要的参考价值。     

卫星内部三维屏蔽计算模型

研究中构建了一些常用设备的形状模式,用来计算从不同位置、不同方向入射的粒子在设备中运行的径迹长度；另外构建了各种常见形态的卫星整体模式,可以计算不同位置上卫星舱壁和结构件所产生的屏蔽作用。这些模式构成了一个较为完整的模块,可以计算由卫星舱壁和仪器设备相互屏蔽所形成的屏蔽效果。已经利用这一软件计算了某卫星舱内某仪器内部关键元件的屏蔽情况,计算中涉及到了复杂的卫星舱壁、分布在不同位置的其他仪器、仪器盒、仪器内部的线路板等,取得了较好的效果。     

The solution of a model problem of the atmospheric entry of a small meteoroid

Direct simulation Monte Carlo modeling (DSMC) is used to solve the problem of the entry into the Earth’s atmosphere of a small meteoroid. The main aspects of the physical theory of meteors, such as mass loss (ablation) and effects of aerodynamic and thermal shielding, are considered based on the numerical solution of the model problem of the atmospheric entry of an iron meteoroid. The DSMC makes it possible to obtain insight into the structure of the disturbed area around the meteoroid (coma) and trace its evolution depending on entry velocity and height (Knudsen number) in a transitional flow regime where calculation methods used for free molecular and continuum regimes are inapplicable.     

地球内辐射带核心区环境特征分析及质子屏蔽的蒙特卡罗模拟

辐射带粒子是近地空间卫星总剂量辐射的主要来源。文章分析了内辐射带不同高度轨道的辐射环境特性;并利用Geant4程序,针对内辐射带质子环境进行不同材料的屏蔽效能计算。结果表明:虽然传统的低?高?低原子序数材料三明治屏蔽结构对电子具有较高的屏蔽效能,却并不适用于以质子环境为主的轨道;对于工作在3000 km圆轨道、5年寿命的卫星,若要将总剂量降至30 krad(Si)以下,使用PE屏蔽材料可比Al屏蔽减重28%。     

化学非平衡效应对返回舱气动特性的影响分析

航天器返回舱再入过程中,高马赫数造成激波层内气体温度急剧升高,由此导致的化学非平衡效应对返回舱气动特性将产生显著影响。而飞行高度和速度的变化影响着化学非平衡过程,进而改变对飞行器气动特性的影响程度。文章通过求解三维Navier-Stokes流体动力学方程,利用耦合化学反应动力学模型对返回舱再入开展数值研究与机理分析,获得量热完全气体模型和化学非平衡气体模型的气动力预测值,分析飞行条件变化时化学非平衡效应对气动特性的影响规律。根据Apollo返回舱的AS-202飞行试验数据验证了计算模型与数值方法。对返回舱的模拟结果表明,高度不变、马赫数增大时,完全气体模型的气动特性预测值不变,化学非平衡效应影响下的轴向力系数、法向力系数和俯仰力矩系数与完全气体预测值的偏差均增大,化学非平衡效应增强;马赫数不变、高度增大时,化学非平衡效应造成的气动力预测值偏差也增大,配平攻角差值略有增加,化学非平衡效应同样增强。机理分析发现,飞行条件变化所造成的化学非平衡流场和压力分布变化是影响气动力变化的主要原因。     

降低亚轨道飞行器再入法向过载峰值的攻角设计方法

针对亚轨道飞行器再入中的大过载问题,提出一种通过保持法向过载动态平衡以大幅降低法向过载峰值的攻角设计方法。该方法基于再入飞行中过载演化特性,通过自主分段、预测反馈及迭代修正对再入攻角进行设计,使攻角变化率与法向过载的期望平衡值相适应,并可经过重复计算及收敛实现法向过载峰值最小化。仿真计算的结果表明,该方法能够大幅降低亚轨道飞行器再入中的法向过载,且按照该方法设计所获攻角策略可有效用于亚轨道飞行器再入任务规划、再入轨迹和制导律设计。
     

Space radiation concerns for manned exploration.

Spaceflight exposes astronaut crews to natural ionizing radiation. To date, exposures in manned spaceflight have been well below the career limits recommended to NASA by the National Council of Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP). This will not be the case for long-duration exploratory class missions. Additionally. International Space Station (ISS) crews will receive higher doses than earlier flight crews. Uncertainties in our understanding of long-term bioeffects, as well as updated analyses of the Hiroshima. Nagasaki and Chernobyl tumorigenesis data, have prompted the NCRP to recommend further reductions by 30-50% for career dose limit guidelines. Intelligent spacecraft design and material selection can provide a shielding strategy capable of maintaining crew exposures within recommended guidelines. Current studies on newer radioprotectant compounds may find combinations of agents which further diminish the risk of radiation-induced bioeffects to the crew.     

在轨物体接近算法研究

根据NORAD公布的在轨物体(空间碎片或航天器) 的轨道数据,给出了计算在轨物体两两间发生接近事件的方法。该方法结合了计算在轨物体 接近的运动学筛选法和相对距离函数法,以提高计算效率。以该方法为基础,提出了特定航 天器与全体在轨物体间的接近事件算法。算法采用了改进后的几何筛选法。该方法并不求解 两轨道的最近点,而是求解包含最近点的时间窗口,从而解决了原方法漏报接近事件的问题 。该方法在理论上可以检测到所有的接近事件,数值仿真验证支持了该结论。在计算效率 上新方法相对于原算法也有约10倍的提高。     

非零初末角速度约束下的卫星实时姿态机动规划

针对存在初末角速度非零约束的卫星姿态机动任务,提出了一种基于旋转分解的实时解析规划算法。该方法通过将卫星三维旋转分解为多个绕固定轴的一维欧拉旋转,使非线性规划问题转换为多个一维空间上的线性规划问题,再将各个线性规划的结果通过四元数运算融合为最终的姿态机动规划结果。与过去针对此类问题经常采用的非线性规划方法相比,该规划算法可以通过解析的形式给出,因此不需要通过多次数值迭代得到可行解,运算量少,可以实时进行计算,适合实际在轨应用。     

Radiation transport modeling and assessment to better predict radiation exposure, dose, and toxicological effects to human organs on long duration space flights.

NASA is very interested in improving its ability to monitor and forecast the radiation levels that pose a health risk to space-walking astronauts as they construct the International Space Station and astronauts that will participate in long-term and deep-space missions. Human exploratory missions to the moon and Mars within the next quarter century, will expose crews to transient radiation from solar particle events which include high-energy galactic cosmic rays and high-energy protons. Because the radiation levels in space are high and solar activity is presently unpredictable, adequate shielding is needed to minimize the deleterious health effects of exposure to radiation. Today, numerous models have been developed and used to predict radiation exposure. Such a model is the Space Environment Information Systems (SPENVIS) modeling program, developed by the Belgian Institute for Space Aeronautics. SPENVIS, which has been assessed to be an excellent tool in characterizing the radiation environment for microelectronics and investigating orbital debris, is being evaluated for its usefulness with determining the dose and dose-equivalent for human exposure. Thus far. the calculations for dose-depth relations under varying shielding conditions have been in agreement with calculations done using HZETRN and PDOSE, which are well-known and widely used models for characterizing the environments for human exploratory missions. There is disagreement when assessing the impact of secondary radiation particles since SPENVIS does a crude estimation of the secondary radiation particles when calculating LET versus Flux. SPENVIS was used to model dose-depth relations for the blood-forming organs. Radiation sickness and cancer are life-threatening consequences resulting from radiation exposure. In space. exposure to radiation generally includes all of the critical organs. Biological and toxicological impacts have been included for discussion along with alternative risk mitigation methods--shielding and anti-carcinogens.     

磁窗的一种理论模型

本文简要地回顾了“磁窗”减轻再入通讯中断的机理。推导出线极化波,园极化波穿透磁等离子体薄层时,场量的传输矩阵。给出了功率反射系数及透射系数表达式。通过这种磁窗理论模型,模拟算出了为减轻或消除再入通讯中断所需要的磁场强度。并通过激波管上进行的磁窗模拟试验,证实了这一结论。     

基于形状的火卫一重力场研究

介绍基于形状对不规则小天体重力场建模的原理和方法,并通过解析法和数值法对火卫一的重力场进行正演建模。相比之前的重力场模型,基于解析算法获得的17阶次球谐展开形式重力场模型,在分辨率上有显著提高。进一步结合火卫一动力学参数,分析了火卫一表面加速度。结果显示,火卫一因其轨道十分接近火星,导致表面离心力和潮汐力十分显著,在某些区域与自引力相当,造成火卫一的特殊表面重力环境。这些结果可为未来的火卫一探测和科学研究提供基本输入物理场模型,也可为其他小天体探测中的类似问题提供方法参考。     

飞船舱间连接部件的烧蚀分析与试验

突起在神舟飞船防热层表面的舱间连接部件要求在再入时尽早烧去,同时又要求具有足够的厚度,这在设计上造成较大困难,为此研制了一套地面试验和分析计算相互配合、反复迭代的设计方法,从而确定了该连接部件的材料与尺寸,并准确地预示了实际飞行的烧蚀现象。神舟飞船的历次飞行结果表明,该部件的性能与设计要求完全相符,从而为所用方法做了飞行验证。     

高超声速滑翔飞行器倾侧角影响分析

针对高超声速滑翔飞行器，利用理论推导和数值仿真的方法分析经典控制律中倾侧角对飞行速度、飞行高度、过程约束的影响。在平衡滑翔条件下，通过理论推导得出飞行速度、飞行高度、过程约束与倾侧角之间的解析式。仿真结果表明，理论推导的解析式具有较高的精度，解析解可以表征飞行速度、飞行高度和过程约束的变化规律。初始速度相同时，倾侧角越大，飞行速度、飞行高度、热流密度下降越快，动压和过载越大。在跳跃滑翔条件下，初始速度相同时，倾侧角越大，飞行速度下降越快，飞行高度和过程约束的波动变化幅度越小。     

高超声速飞行器热防护结构参数优化及对比分析

高超声速飞行器对结构性能、热防护性能以及结构重量有很高的要求。为了获得最小的结构重量,文章从热防护的角度进行了优化分析:分别选择铝合金和先进复合材料作为蒙皮,在不同的热载荷条件下,对多种热防护结构（TPS）建立一维传热模型,并进行了结构尺寸优化,得到了单位面积TPS的最小重量;分析飞行器再入过程中的温度载荷、再入时间以及蒙皮材料可承受的最高温度对热防护结构最小重量的影响。ANSYS仿真分析结果表明:温度对TPS的单位面积最小重量有显著影响,LI900刚性陶瓷隔热瓦和先进金属蜂窝夹层防热结构有重量优势;采用复合材料蒙皮的TPS可使重量大幅减轻;飞行器再入时间和再入初始温度对刚性陶瓷隔热瓦重量的影响大于对金属盖板式隔热结构。     

Space nuclear power and the UN: A growing fiasco

The work of the UN Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space was intensified following the accidental re-entry of the Soviet Cosmos 954 nuclear-powered satellite in 1978. But anyone thinking the purpose of the Committee's activity was to prevent the recurrence of such an accident will have been disabused by the USA's recent repudiation of the guidelines for the safe use of nuclear power supplies. The UN is good for political manoeuvring, argues the author of this Viewpoint, but real progress towards the safer use of nuclear power in space will originate elsewhere.