一种深空天文测角导航中的星历误差抑制方法

以火星探测器为例，提出一种以星光角距/时间差分星光角距作为量测量的星历误差抑制方法，分析了火卫一星历误差对导航精度的影响，建立了火卫一时间差分星光角距的量测模型。通过将火星星光角距和火卫一星光角距相结合，发挥了两种量测的优势，实现了对火卫一星历误差的抑制。仿真结果表明，基于星光角距/时间差分星光角距天文导航方法的位置误差是传统基于星光角距天文导航方法的64%，是基于时间差分星光角距导航方法的58%。此外，还分析了导航恒星个数、火星敏感器精度、火卫一敏感器精度、星历误差大小和滤波周期对导航性能的影响。     

苏联的火星探测计划

苏联将在1988年7月向火星和火卫一发射两个“火卫一”探测器,探测器将贴近火卫一飞行,并向火卫一投放两个着陆器(见图1)。 1991～1994年,苏联将发射一些“科洛姆”(Colomb) 探测器。每个探测器将要向火星大气层投放一个气球。并向火星表面投放一个机动机器人“Marsokhod”(见图2)。     

苏联的火卫一探测器

苏联过去的火星探测成果不大,但现在已制定了一项宏伟的火星探测计划。据该计划,1988年7月将发射第一个火卫一探测器,探测和分析火卫一的表面结构。本文介绍了该探测器的构造、装载的仪器以及该探测器的探测项目和探测方法。     

俄罗斯“火卫－_土壤”计划（上）

1．引言 火卫一是火星的两颗天然卫星之一。1971年11～12月。美国的水手9号火星探测器最早拍摄了火卫一和火卫二的照片。火卫一的轮廓尺寸为26．6千米×22．2千米×18．6千米．形状有点儿像马铃薯（见图1）。它围绕距火星平均距离约6000千米的轨道运动。旋转一圈需要7小时39分钟。     

序列凸优化的小天体附着轨迹优化

针对小天体附着多约束轨迹优化问题，提出一种基于序列凸优化的轨迹优化方法。首先采用内球谐引力场模型对目标小天体附近的不规则引力场进行精确建模，内球谐引力场模型是对经典球谐系数法的改进，形式简单，计算量小，并且克服了经典球谐系数模型在形状不规则的小天体附近不收敛的问题。对于小天体附着多约束轨迹优化问题，通过约束松弛、线性化、离散化过程，转化为一个可以迭代求解的二阶锥规划问题（SOCP），进而采用内点法进行解算。数学仿真结果显示，优化结果符合各项约束条件，以零速度到达了目标着陆点，且符合燃耗最优的优化目标。利用序列凸优化算法进行小天体附着燃耗最优轨迹设计，推导简便，计算速度快，精度高，具有应用价值。     

俄将于明年10月把微生物送往火卫一

2008年10月14日,据俄罗斯国际文传电讯社报道,俄科学院宇宙空间研究所学术秘书亚历山大·扎哈罗夫宣布,在2009年10月实施“火卫-土壤”计划过程中,将首次有一批地球微生物被送往火卫一,之后,它们将会被返回地球。试验获取的结果将有助于验证有关地球生命可能来自外太空的理论,并为今后宇航员登陆火星表面积累必要的数据。     

卫星跟踪卫星应用于月球重力场探测的模拟研究

月球卫星跟踪卫星技术作为月球和行星重力场探测的一种解决方案已经初步研究和讨论。文章引入已有的解析方法在理论上分析卫星间精密测距与月球重力场信号的频率响应关系，并通过模拟计算，以分析月球卫星跟踪卫星方法应用于月球重力场探测的可行性和恢复重力场的能力。由于月球卫星跟踪卫星方法是目前解决远月面重力探测最有潜力的方法之一，且已为一些月球探测计划采用，而我国的月球探测计划也同样面，临远月面探测的难题，文章的研究成果可为我国月球和行星重力场的探测提供参考。     

串联模块式航天器基频分解技术研究

针对串联模块式卫星设计过程中整星频率指标难以分解为单个模块动力学特性指标的问题,基于瑞利商理论建立了3种极端状态下的理想模型,结合理论证明、解析计算和参数化建模仿真,提出了一种基于理想模型的串联模块式卫星一弯、扭转、纵向基频的分解方法,并给出了分解的具体步骤,经过卫星模型仿真验证,评估其误差约为15%。该方法可为优化卫星平台结构设计,降低设计成本和设计风险提供有效支持。     

基于视觉的含章动小天体运动状态估算方法

针对航天器在轨运行以及空间垃圾处理等任务中需要获得两个物体之间的相对位姿,由于测量距离较大且测量目标上不能装载对应的合作靶标,需要进行大视距非合作目标位姿测量的问题,文章在绕飞段深空探测器能够捕获到近距离高清晰的目标天体图像的基础上,提出了一种基于视觉的同步定位与建图(SLAM)的翻滚小天体相对位姿估算方法,将移动机器人视觉SLAM理论推广到"相机静止,目标运动"的空间翻滚小天体相对位姿测量中,经仿真验证,结果表明:此方法可以得出翻滚小天体的位姿信息,可为视觉估计小天体位姿提供参考。     

动能撞击偏转近地小天体研究进展

以近地小天体防御为背景,介绍了近地小天体的基本概念和物理特性,分析了超高速动能撞击偏转近地小天体的研究进展。讨论了超高速动能撞击近地小天体表面成坑形貌、相似律以及成坑过程中抛射物产生机制、演化过程和抛射物质量速度分布相似律。总结了基于结合点源假设、实验和数值模拟结果建立的超高速动能撞击小天体动量传递理论模型和相似律。分析了近地小天体的物理特性和撞击条件对动量传递系数的影响规律。归纳了超高速动能撞击偏转近地小天体研究中存在的问题,对超高速动能撞击防御小天体的发展趋势提出了若干建议。     

Trajectories for missions of low-thrust spacecraft aimed at delivery of soil samples from main belt asteroids and Phobos

Trajectories of spacecraft with electro-jet low-thrust engines are studied for missions planning to deliver samples of matter from small bodies of the Solar System: asteroids Vesta and Fortuna, and Martian moon Phobos. Flight trajectories are analyzed for the mission to Phobos, the limits of optimization of payload spacecraft mass delivered to it are determined, and an estimate is given to losses in the payload mass when a low-thrust engine with constant outflow velocity is used. The model of an engine with ideally regulated low thrust is demonstrated to be convenient for calculations and analysis of flight trajectories of a low-thrust spacecraft.     

火星及其环境

火星环境类似于地球,而探索其生命存在是重大的科学任务。在火星探测中,对火星及其环境的了解与研究是重要的任务目标,事关探测任务的成功实施。文章对国外火星探测已发布的成果进行收集和整理,其中包含大量的相关数据。这些知识和数据是火星探测任务设计的输入条件,可为我国火星探测计划的制定提供参考依据。     

Ballistics, navigation, and motion control for a spacecraft during its landing on the surface of Phobos

Basic concepts and algorithms laid as foundations of the scheme of landing on the Martian moon Phobos (developed for the Phobos-Grunt project) are presented. The conditions ensuring the landing are discussed. Algorithms of onboard navigation and control are described. The equations of spacecraft motion with respect to Phobos are considered, as well as their use for correction of the spacecraft motion. The algorithm of estimation of the spacecraft’s state vector using measurements with a laser altimeter and Doppler meter of velocity and distance is presented. A system for modeling the landing with a firmware complex including a prototype of the onboard computer is described.     

In situ measurements to determine if Phobos is layered

The complex system of linear features on Phobos—the inner moon of Mars—found by the Viking Orbiters in 1976, can be classified morphologically into three types according to their appearance as well as their geometrical distribution on the surface. One kind of grooves appears to form arcs of small circles normal to the Phobos-Mars direction. We propose that these grooves are the surface manifestation of layering within Phobos[4–6] which could have been formed when Phobos was a part of a much larger and geologically active parent planet.Here we suggest some measurements to observe whether Phobos has a layered structure or not. The suggestion contains remote sensing measurements (particularly determination of the magnetic field by magnetometer and by electron reflection method) by a spacecraft orbiting around Mars as well as surface measurements (active seismic reflection experiment) by a landing module on Phobos.     

Human locomotion and workload for simulated lunar and Martian environments

Human locomotion in simulated lunar and Martian environments is investigated. A unique human-rated underwater treadmill and an adjustable ballasting harness simulate partial gravity in order to better understand how gravity determines the biomechanics and energetics of human locomotion. This study has two research aspects, biomechanics and energetics. The fundamental biomechanics measurements are continuously recorded vertical forces as exerted by subjects of the treadmill which is instrumented with a force platform. Experimental results indicate that peak vertical force and stride frequency decrease as the gravity level is reduced. Foot contact time is independent of gravity level. Oxygen uptake measurements, VO2, constitute the energetics, or workload, data for this study. As theory predicts, locomotion energy requirements for lunar (1/6-g) and Martian (3/8-g) gravity levels are significantly less than at 1-g. The observed variation in workload with gravity level is nonmonotonic, however, in over half the subject population. The hypothesis is offered that energy expenditure increases for lunar, as compared with Martian, locomotion due to the subject "wasting energy" for stability and posture control in simulated lunar gravity. Biomechanics data could influence advanced spacesuit design and planetary habitat design, while workload data will help define oxygen requirements for planetary life support systems.     

All-propulsion design of the drag-free and attitude control of the European satellite GOCE

This paper concerns the drag-free and attitude control (DFAC) of the European Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer satellite (GOCE), during the science phase. GOCE aims to determine the Earth's gravity field with high accuracy and spatial resolution, through complementary space techniques such as gravity gradiometry and precise orbit determination. Both techniques rely on accurate attitude and drag-free control, especially in the gradiometer measurement bandwidth (5–100 mHz), where non-gravitational forces must be counteracted down to micronewton, and spacecraft attitude must track the local orbital reference frame with micro-radian accuracy. DFAC aims to enable the gravity gradiometer to operate so as to determine the Earth's gravity field especially in the so-called measurement bandwidth (5–100 mHz), making use of ion and micro-thruster actuators. The DFAC unit has been designed entirely on a simplified discrete-time model (Embedded Model) derived from the fine dynamics of the spacecraft and its environment; the relevant control algorithms are implemented and tuned around the Embedded Model, which is the core of the control unit. The DFAC has been tested against uncertainties in spacecraft and environment and its code has been the preliminary model for final code development. The DFAC assumes an all-propulsion command authority, partly abandoned by the actual GOCE control system because of electric micro-propulsion not being fully developed. Since all-propulsion authority is expected to be imperative for future scientific and observation missions, design and simulated results are believed to be of interest to the space community.     

Interaction of Phobos with the Solar Wind Plasma

The interaction of Phobos with the solar wind is considered both theoretically and using the experimental data of the FGMM magnetometer that were obtained in the course of the Phobos-2mission. It is demonstrated that the ions serving as a source of excitation of magnetosonic waves can be accumulated around Phobos. Examination of the magnetometer data has shown that the observed effects of a local decrease of the magnetic field near the Phobos orbit correspond to magnetosonic waves. Observation of these effects depends on the geometry of an experiment.     

Pressing Issues of the Day in Studying Deep Space

Two problems in studying deep space are discussed that are, in the author's opinion, the most important. The first is soil sampling from the smaller bodies of the Solar System, such as the Martian satellite Phobos and asteroids of groups C and S of the Main Asteroid Belt. This soil (so-called primordial substance) can help to elucidate some problems of the Solar System's formation; in particular, to construct a reliable model of the internal structure of the Earth. The second problem is to reveal all sufficiently large asteroids penetrating inside the Earth's orbit and to catalog those asteroids that are hazardous from the viewpoint of collision with the Earth. To this end, it is suggested to launch five or six Earth-orbiting spacecraft with telescopes capable of recording objects down to a brightness of 22– 25 ^m . It is pointed out that both problems can be solved in the near future using comparatively cheap standardized space vehicles launched into near-Earth orbits by the Soyuz carrier rocket and boosted further by electro-jet engines of small thrust.     

火星卫星的冻结轨道研究

冻结轨道是一种稳定的轨道,地球、火星、月球的卫星因引力场的南北不对称,都存在冻结轨道.由于主星体引力场的不同,它们卫星的冻结轨道也有不同的特性.地球卫星的冻结执道的偏心率非常小,对卫星遥感非常有利,国内外已有相当多的近地遥感卫星采用这种轨道.月球卫星的冻结轨道偏心率随轨道倾角的不同有很大的变化,对月球卫星冻结轨道的研究...     

Radiobiological risk and single event effects during manned space flights

Radiation hazard during previous manned space flights was not a critical problem as seen from monitoring on board MIR and the SHUTTLE. Future Martian and Lunar missions as well as flights on inclined or high altitude orbits around the Earth can be exposed to a large radiobiological risk and critical reliability losses can be expected, due to Single Event Effects on VLSI devices.

The mains characteristics of these hazards and some counter-measures to be provided for are given.