一种新的升力式再入投送系统轨道部署方法

针对天基再入投送系统与传统星座轨道部署问题的不同,建立了用于轨道部署覆盖性能仿真的星下点轨迹、覆盖条带计算模型和覆盖判别条件模型;针对传统部署方法的不均匀性,提出了一种新的升力式再入飞行器全球部署方法。该方法采用双倾角条带覆盖方式克服了传统部署方法的固有缺陷,既实现了全球覆盖又提高了重点区域的覆盖重数。仿真结果表明该部署方法的覆盖性能相对传统方法有明显提高,在满足全球100%覆盖的同时又对重点区域的覆盖重数提高了约20%,覆盖性能优异。     

采用改进非支配近邻免疫算法的低轨混合星座设计优化

针对低轨同构星座覆盖资源在纬度上分布不均匀的不足,提出采用低轨混合星座提升覆盖均匀性的设计方案,并推导了满足全球任意点平均每天覆盖一定次数的最小卫星规模估算公式。针对非支配近邻免疫算法（NNIA）约束处理方面的不足,提出基于约束支配的改进非支配近邻免疫算法（Modified NNIA）,并以此设计了一种低轨混合星座优化平台来优化带约束的星座设计问题。仿真结果表明,改进的NNIA算法在收敛速度和多样性上均优于非支配分层遗传算法（NSGA II）和多目标粒子群算法（MOPSO）,可大大提高星座设计的效率。同时优化结果也表明低轨混合星座可提高覆盖的均匀性和大部分区域的覆盖次数,进而减少特定覆盖要求所需的卫星数目。     

卫星星座区域覆盖问题的快速仿真算法

针对卫星星座对地面区域的覆盖性问题,提出一种快速求解方法—经度条带法.首先将全球划分为若干个经度条带,并得到一个地面区域所在的纬度区间,然后根据球面几何关系和卫星覆盖与几何形状计算卫星对每个条带的覆盖情况,最后再综合统计得到覆盖率.基于此方法,推导了星座瞬时性覆盖和时段总覆盖的计算公式.数值仿真实验表明,该算法计算结果精确,具有较好的稳定性,计算效率较高.     

偶数重连续覆盖的Walker星座设计方法

针对期望覆盖重数为偶数重时连续覆盖Walker星座的构型设计问题,提出一种基于覆盖带理论的构型设计方法。首先分析同轨道卫星组成覆盖带时的构型设计特例,随后将结论推广,改进了传统Walker星座的构型表征形式并提出覆盖带构型参数。基于轨道参数的相平面映射,给出了异轨卫星组成覆盖带时特征宽度的计算方法。通过分析相平面上覆盖带的拼接情况,给出了轨道倾角的优化策略和偶数重覆盖任意纬度的Walker星座设计步骤。所提出方法能显著提高构型枚举效率,且能满足不同纬度范围的覆盖需求。仿真表明,该方法能减少约10%覆盖所需的卫星数量,并能通过调整构型参数进一步优化轨道面数量。     

基于粒子群的非规则区域连续覆盖星座设计

针对非规则区域连续覆盖问题,采用回归轨道的共星下点轨迹星座方案,提出基于粒子群算法(PSO)求解单颗卫星轨道参数、解析法求解星座轨道参数的方法。首先,建立了回归轨道区域覆盖模型;其次,以非规则区域覆盖范围最大为性能指标,基于粒子群算法求解单颗卫星轨道参数;最后,根据共星下点轨迹星座约束关系,解析求解星座轨道参数。仿真表明,该方法可实现非规则区域100%的连续覆盖,星座轨道参数求解在5s以内,具有较好的工程应用价值。     

一种基于球面剖分的星座性能分析方法

在卫星星座优化设计与性能分析过程中,根据球面Delaunay三角网和Voronoi图的特性,首先研究了任意状态下星座空间几何构形划分方法,定义了卫星所属覆盖区域。然后,通过分析卫星星座和地面目标区域之间的几何关系,提出了星座对任意类型地面目标的最小观测仰角和平均观测仰角的确定性计算方法。在此基础上,分析了基于星座空间几何构形划分的卫星系统网络的时变特性,提出了星间通信链路快速建立方法。最后,以铱星系统为例,分析了该系统的对地覆盖能力和星间链路通信能力。实验结果表明该方法不仅可以准确、快速的评估卫星系统应用效能,同时能够为星座优化设计人员提供必要的决策支持。     

GNSS地面覆盖性仿真分析研究

GNSS对地面用户的应用价值取决于GNSS信号对地面的覆盖性能,这不仅取决于星载传感器的信号辐射角范围,还取决于用户自身的最小观测角。本文对GNSS地面覆盖性原理进行了分析,给出了判别依据,然后对北斗区域服务系统、北斗全球导航系统及其与其它GNSS组合共5种仿真方案的地面覆盖性进行了仿真。在实际应用中,可以根据仿真结果针对不同的应用任务选取不同的卫星星座或选取多星座互操作,以保证最大同时可见卫星数,从而更好地提升GNSS卫星星座的应用价值。     

红外低轨星座凝视传感器的空间覆盖性能分析

针对探测冷背景条件下的空间目标的红外低轨系统,分析了红外低轨星座中凝视传感器对空间目标的探测特点,建立了红外凝视传感器的几何观测模型,考虑其探测距离和范围的约束,提出了一种红外凝视传感器对空间区域的覆盖判定方法,并给了一组表征星座凝视传感器对空间区域覆盖性能的指标。基于点覆盖数值仿真方法,得到了典型红外低轨星座凝视传感器的多重覆盖空间高度分层分布、纬度带多重几何覆盖分布以及立体空间区域多重覆盖高度分布等方面的性能特征,可以体现星座对空间立体区域覆盖的差异性。仿真结果表明了覆盖判别方法和空间覆盖性能指标的有效性,结论可为红外低轨星座设计及其空间应用设计提供一定的参考依据。     

基于空间纬度区域优化的红外近地轨道星座设计

提出了描述红外低轨星座对空间观测性能的指标,依据纬度威胁分布特性,提出了纬度区域优化的加权星座观测性能评估方法。考虑空间多重覆盖性能、成本、无源定位精度及碰撞等因素,建立了优化目标函数,基于通用差异演化算法(GDE3)得到了一组Pareto解,在此基础上,利用一种适于多属性星座方案的折中选择策略,得到了对重点关注纬度区域有良好观测性能的红外低轨星座方案。最后,通过仿真验证了算法有效性,分析和对比了星座的空间观测性能,证明设计方法和星座方案的合理性,具有重大的现实意义和社会价值。     

32颗GPS卫星星座空间覆盖特性建模与仿真

GPS卫星要准确完成定位功能可见卫星数应不少于4颗.通过建立针对低轨、中高轨和大椭圆轨道目标卫星的GPS信号空间几何覆盖模型,利用Matlab计算针对低轨、中高轨和大椭圆轨道的可见卫星数,对目前美国32颗GPS卫星星座的空间覆盖特性进行仿真.仿真结果显示,32颗GPS卫星星座不仅可以对低轨目标实现全轨道覆盖,而且对中高轨和大椭圆轨道也有所覆盖,大大扩展了24颗GPS卫星星座的空间应用.     

一种低轨卫星星座覆盖性能通用评价准则

针对不同构形卫星星座的统一评价问题,提出了一种低轨星座覆盖性能的通用评价准则,可对不同构形和不同高度的星座对地覆盖性能进行统一评价。该准则将星座的对地仰角特性转化为具有相同覆盖能力的标准卫星数,以之同星座中实际卫星数的比值作为星座覆盖性能指数对星座实施评价。利用该评价准则,计算了Iridium、Globalstar、Celestri和NeLS四种星座构形覆盖性能的评价指数并提出了改进方法。     

A vector method for synthesis of orbits and the structure of satellite constellations for multiswath periodic coverage of the Earth

Single satellites and multisatellite constellations for the periodic coverage of the Earth are considered. The main feature is the use of several cameras with different swath widths. A vector method is proposed which makes it possible to find orbits minimizing the periodicities of coverage of a given area of Earth uniformly for all swaths. Their number is not limited, but the relative dimensions should satisfy the Fibonacci series or some new numerical sequences. The results apply to constellations of any number of satellites. Formulas were derived for calculating their structure, i.e., relative position in the constellation. Examples of orbits and the structure of constellations for the Earth’s multiswath coverage are presented.     

大型低轨航天器与星座卫星的碰撞风险研究

针对商业小卫星星座迅猛发展对航天器飞行安全造成潜在威胁的问题，以600 km高度星座和大型低轨航天器为研究对象，通过区域方法(BOX)和碰撞概率风险评估方法，分析了星座与大型低轨航天器的碰撞风险。根据星座轨道演化分析表明，整个星座卫星与大型低轨航天器可能发生碰撞的时间相对集中，持续时间约 1~ 2年。BOX方法计算结果表明，每颗卫星与大型低轨航天器交会，并进入红色预警门限的交会次数约10次左右。碰撞概率计算结果表明，约有5%的卫星进入红色预警门限，星座如果在寿命末期采取无控再入将对大型低轨航天器在1~2年内产生较大的威胁。     

卫星星座的相对几何和区域覆盖重复周期

研究了在设计δ星座或者由几个δ星座的某些卫星构成的星座时经常需要考虑的三个问题：任意两颗卫星是否在同一条星下点轨迹上，同一条星下点轨迹上的卫星通过某一区域的相对顺序和星座对某特定区域或地点覆盖重复周期的计算。首先对δ星座中卫星之间的相对几何关系做了详细的分析，给出了第一个问题的判断准则，并进一步导出了位于同一条星下点轨迹上的卫星通过某一指定地区的相对顺序以及相应的时间间隔的计算方法。在解决前两个问题的基础上，针对由一个或几个δ星座(或子星座)构成的设计星座，给出了计算其区域覆盖重复周期的方法。     

Evaluation of a satellite constellation for active debris removal

This paper analyzes an example of a three-dimensional constellation of debris removal satellites and proposes an effective constellation using a delta-V analysis that discusses the advisability of rendezvousing satellites with space debris. Lambert?s Equation was used to establish a means of analysis to construct a constellation of debris removal satellites, which has a limit of delta-V injection by evaluating the amount of space debris that can be rendezvoused by a certain number of removal satellite. Consequently, we determine a constellation of up to 38 removal satellites for debris removal, where the number of space debris rendezvoused by a single removal satellite is not more than 25, removing up to 584 pieces of debris total. Even if we prepare 38 removal satellites in their respective orbits, it is impossible to remove all of the space debris. Although many removal satellites, over 100 for example, can remove most of the space debris, this method is economically disproportionate. However, we can also see the removal satellites are distributed nearly evenly. Accordingly, we propose a practical two-stage strategy. The first stage is to implement emergent debris removal with the 38 removal satellites. When we find a very high probability of collision between a working satellite and space debris, one of the removal satellites in the constellation previously constructed in orbit initiates a maneuver of emergent debris removal. The second stage is a long-term space debris removal strategy to suppress the increase of space debris derived from collisions among the pieces of space debris. The constellation analyzed in this paper, which consists of the first 38 removal satellites, can remove half of the over 1000 dangerous space debris among others, and then the constellation increases the number of the following removal satellites in steps. At any rate, an adequate orbital configuration and constellation form is very important for both space debris removal and economic efficiency. Though the size of constellation of debris removal satellites would be small originally, such a constellation of satellites should be one of the initial constellations of removal satellites to ensure the safety of the future orbital environment.     

低轨大规模星座对空间碎片环境的影响及其应对措施（英文）

Large constellations have developed rapidly in recent years because of their unique advantages, but they will inevitably have a major negative impact on the space debris environment, leading to its deterioration. The key to mitigate the impact is the success rate and duration of the post-mission disposal(PMD) process. Aiming at solving this problem, this paper further studies the impact of large constellations on other space assets under different PMD strategies through simulation, and proposes corresponding strategies and suggestions for mitigation.According to OneWeb's large constellation launch plan, the dangerous intersection of the large constellation with existing space assets at different stages of the constellations life cycle is calculated by simulation. Based on this, the influence of the large constellation operation on existing space assets at different times and strategies of PMD is analyzed. The conclusion shows that in the PMD stage, large constellations have the greatest impact on existing space assets; the PMD duration and number of satellites performing PMD at the same time are key factors to the degree of negative impact. The faster the PMD is, the less threat it poses to other spacecraft. More results and conclusions are still being analyzed.     

玫瑰星座的优化设计方法

玫瑰星座是一种均匀分布的星座，常用于全球连续覆盖。本文对玫瑰星座的基本理论进行了论述，提出了玫瑰星座用于实现全球一重连续覆盖时的优化方法。用本文提出的方法对卫星总数多达３００的玫瑰星座进行了优化计算并给出了计算结果。     

Multiple continuous coverage of the earth based on multi-satellite systems with linear structure

A new and wider definition is given to multi-satellite systems with linear structure (SLS), and efficiency of their application to multiple continuous coverage of the Earth is substantiated. Owing to this widening, SLS have incorporated already well-recognized “polar systems” by L. Rider and W.S. Adams, “kinematically regular systems” by G.V. Mozhaev, and “delta-systems” by J.G. Walker, as well as “near-polar systems” by Yu.P. Ulybyshev, and some other satellite constellations unknown before. A universal method of SLS optimization is presented, valid for any values of coverage multiplicity and the number of satellites in a system. The method uses the criterion of minimum radius of a circle seen from a satellite on the surface of the globe. Among the best SLS found in this way there are both systems representing the well-known classes mentioned above and new orbit constellations of satellites.