月球表面水冰探测进展

月球水冰探测对未来载人月球探测以及构建月球基地意义重大。在继＂克莱门汀＂（Clementine）、＂月球勘探者＂（Lunar Prospector）和＂智能一号＂（SMART-1）等月球探测器的探测后,美国的＂月球勘测轨道器＂（LRO）和＂月球环形山观测与遥感卫星＂（LCROSS）实施了月球极区永久阴影区撞击和观测,初步验证了水冰资源的存在。文章通过系统分析月球水冰的重要性、可能来源、探测历程和探测手段,初步提出我国开展月球水冰探测的载荷初步配置。     

月球测绘学分类及应用展望

根据月球测绘的研究现状及发展趋势,对月球测绘学的概念进行了溯源与拓展。在分析月球测绘学与地球测绘学主要差异基础上,从传统测绘学科分类角度出发,综合考虑月球测绘学特殊性,重新梳理出月球测绘学主要学科专业分类,并详细介绍了每个学科专业的定义及国内外研究现状,给出了月球测绘学的五个主要应用领域及其应用展望。我国应尽早开展月球测绘理论与技术研究,形成完整的月球测绘学科体系,能够有力地促进我国空间科学技术的发展,保障后续探月工程的顺利实施。     

深空生活的未来堡垒

2010年。美国总统奥巴马中止重返月球的“星座计划”．提出把载人探测瞄向登陆小行星。而执行一次登陆小行星任务,要历时数十甚至数百天,因此,如何保障在深空飞行中长期生活,成为人们关注的热点,载人深空居住舱（DSH）的概念也开始浮出水面。     

一种综合式载人月球基地总体方案及建造规划设想

构建载人月球基地是实现对月球资源深度开发和利用的重要手段之一,文章提出了刚性舱、刚性＋柔性结构以及建造式等三种典型结构的载人月球基地方案,并对三种典型方案的优缺点进行对比分析,在此基础上提出了一种综合式载人月球基地方案设想,基地内部主体创新性地采用充气式柔性连接的方式,外部主体包括月壤防护层、植物密封舱和应急救生飞船,活动系统包括月球车和月球机器人。围绕该方案并结合文章提出的载人月球基地主要技术指标,并对载人月球基地选址、结构设计和构建、空间辐射防护、热管理、能源、通信与导航、生命保障和应急救生技术等关键技术方案进行了分析,为中国未来建设载人月球基地提供了参考。     

月球探测技术--发展历程和特点

介绍了人类发射月球探测器进行的主要探月活动以及月球探测技术的发展和演变。分析了月球探测轨道设计与地球卫星的区别 ,给出了一些最基本的设计原则。最后 ,对探测器总体系统设计中的构型技术和各分系统的特点及其设计要求作了描述     

美两个探月器将为月球基地选址并撞击月球

继日本、中国和印度2007～2008年相继发射月球探测卫星之后．美国航空航天局（NASA）又在2009年6月18日一举发射两个月球探测器．其中一个要对月球进行猛烈撞击。这将使全球月球探测活动愈演愈烈。     

LRO和LCROSS探月计划：科学探测的分析与启示

简要阐述了美国的月球勘测轨道器（LRO）和月球坑观测与遥感卫星（LCROSS）两个月球探测器的任务概况,并重点分析了其科学目标、有效载荷与探测任务,总结了LRO和LCROSS的初步探测成果,提出了对未来月球探测的几点启示：①月球南极是探月竞争的战略制高点;②高分辨地形测绘是探月重点;③月球上的水是热点科学问题;④月面环...     

月球探测器轨道和构形设计

简要描述月球探测的意义以及国外无人月球探测器的发展历史和现状,着重介绍和分析月球探测器设计中的轨道设计和构形设计,提出我国发展月球探测器的设想和建议。     

月球卫星的冻结轨道

地球（及其它行星）、月球的卫星由于引力场的南北不对称性都存在冻结     

月球探测器着陆冲击试验及关键技术研究

中国正在开展月球探测活动,下一步将发射月球着陆器并实现月面软着陆。为确保着陆器在月面着陆时的稳定性和可靠性,发射前需在地球表面进行着陆冲击试验。对会影响月球着陆器着陆性能的月貌和月壤进行了详细的叙述,以便在试验过程中进行相应环境特征的模拟。用图表详尽阐述了三种月球重力场模拟器的原理和装置,并对各自的优缺点进行了评述。根据试验模型的不同,将月球着陆器着陆冲击试验分为原尺寸试验（模拟的月球重力场下）和1/6模型试验（地球重力场下）两类,分别介绍了两类模型的结构以及试验模型与着陆器原型机之间缩放关系。分别给出了原尺寸试验和1/6模型试验的试验平台和试验步骤,以及初始试验参数的给定方法。根据试验研究的需要以及月球探测器在月球表面着陆时的真实情况,给出了在地球上进行着陆模式模拟的方法。研究表明两种试验结果之间有良好的一致性,但是这两种试验的花费很高,且对试验场地有较高的要求。再者,由于在试验中对月壤没有太好的模拟方法,试验数据与真实着陆时数据存在一定差异。     

Space optical payloads, new application area for high temperature composites

High temperature composites have been extensively developed in order to produce thermal protection systems of reusable re-entry vehicles and launchers. This development effort covers all aspects including sizing, design, manufacturing processes characterization, non destructive inspection, and all industrial facilities which have also been installed. Strong interest recently appeared for these materials to meet requirements for different space applications. In particularly, for more stringent optical payloads, new materials with high performance requirements have appeared. In the field of high dimensionally stable structures for telescopes, materials have to meet severe requirements, such as low coefficients of thermal expansion, good specific modulus, long-term stability (moisture and chemical insensitivity), etc. Carbon/carbon (C/C) composites can meet these specifications. To demonstrate this capability a structure has been designed, manufactured and will be submitted for complete testing (work supported by ESA/ESTEC). The main available results (part feasibility, characterizations, analysis and stability performance budgets) are presented. For future telescope mirrors, silicon carbide is already known as a good candidate. However, an innovative concept based on silicon carbide sandwich honeycomb technology, which allows optimized design, has been developed. The first characterization results and manufacturing capabilities are presented.     

Composites for large space structures

A preliminary study of advanced composites and truss-type designs for application to large space structures is discussed. The benefits of advanced composite materials for large space structures and examples of large space structure design concepts and construction techniques are presented. Criteria are developed to guide the selection of structural elements, joints, and on-orbit fabrication techniques for truss-type structures and a ranking of candidate on-orbit fabrication techniques is accomplished in accordance with the criteria developed. On the basis of study results, recommended research and development goals for design, construction, and on-orbit fabrication of large space structures are established.     

Recent developments in micrometeoroid simulation

In the first part the state of the art of the most advanced micrometeoroid simulation techniques is reviewed. Then a new accelerator is described, which was developed jointly by the Technische Universität München and the N.A.S.A. George C. Marshall Space Flight Center. Finally the use of this new technique is indicated for basic research in fields other than astronautics.     

Fragmentation of hypervelocity aluminum projectiles on fabrics

This paper presents work performed for a study investigating the ability of different flexible materials to induce fragmentation of a hypervelocity projectile. Samples were chosen to represent a wide range of industrially available types of flexible materials like ceramic, aramid and carbon fabrics as well as a thin metallic mesh. Impact conditions and areal density were kept constant for all targets. Betacloth and multi-layer insulation (B-MLI) are mounted onto the targets to account for thermal system engineering requirements. All tests were performed using the Space light-gas gun facility (SLGG) of the Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics, Ernst-Mach-Institut, EMI. Projectiles were aluminum spheres with 5 mm diameter impacting at approximately 6.3 km/s. Fragmentation was evaluated using a witness plate behind the target. An aramid and a ceramic fabric lead the ranking of fabrics with the best projectile fragmentation and debris cloud dispersion performance. A comparison with an equal-density rigid aluminum plate is presented. The work presented can be applied to optimize the micrometeoroid and space debris (MM/SD) shielding structure of inflatable modules.     

火星全向气囊的着陆缓冲特性研究

全向气囊是一种适应性较强的着陆缓冲装置,能在火星着陆过程中有效保护着陆器的安全。文章针对某一种全向气囊与着陆器构型方案,首先建立了气囊和着陆器结构的数学有限元模型,并对全向气囊的着陆缓冲过程进行了动力学仿真,获取重要结构部位的缓冲过载。其次利用全向气囊原理样机,按照仿真时的工况进行了投放试验,测量了相应结构部位的缓冲过载。研究结果表明,理论分析与试验结果基本一致,可为将来火星全向气囊的工程应用研究提供一定的参考。     

Critical conditions of condensation of metal working medium of electric propulsion on spacecraft surfaces

An experimental method for determination of critical conditions of condensation of metal propellants of electric jet engines (EJEs) on the surfaces of materials of spacecraft thermoregulating covers is presented. When the critical conditions are reached, the irreversible process of condensation and formation of thin metal films begins on spacecraft surfaces. A rather high accuracy and universality of the method for metal working media and for various surface materials are based on measurements of the intensity of a light beam generated by a stabilized source and reflected from the surface. The working capacity of the method is demonstrated for measurements carried out for four different materials of the surfaces of thermoregulating covers and cesium vapors.     

航天器卷筒式伸杆机构的发展与展望

从概念、构成特点、应用范围与使用方式等方面阐述了卷筒式伸杆机构。从卷筒式伸杆机构成形原理探索、数值模拟、成形工艺、产品测试等方面综述了卷筒式伸杆机构的研究进展；介绍了卷筒式伸杆机构在航天器上的应用状况；指出了航天器卷筒式伸杆机构小型化、轻量化、大收纳比和高精度的发展趋势；提出了航天器卷筒式伸杆机构结构材料、成形工艺和性能评价方面亟需攻克的关键技术,旨在为航天器卷筒式伸杆机构创新发展提供参考。     

面向3D打印的设计制造一体化探索

紧密围绕航天结构未来发展需求,以增材制造复杂产品研发为研究对象,对实现设计制造一体化的技术路线和关键技术进行分析。把设计、仿真和制造有机统一起来,把工艺设计纳入结构设计流程,通过仿真驱动设计来提高产品质量、降低制造成本。研究成果可应用于航天领域增材制造产品研发,对传统设计制造模式向智能制造转型具有积极探索意义。     

An Improved United Trajectory Optimization Approach in Boost-phase Considering Attitude Control Ability

This paper covers the trajectory optimization design problem of a class of demonstration flight test vehicles. Different from the traditional "once downward" movement principle of negative attack angle, the "twice downward" lower trajectory is proposed based on a SQP algorithm to meet the requirement for validating thermal protection materials. Furthermore, an important advantage of this presented method, compared to the traditional method, is that both trajectory constraints and attitude control constraints are considered. An engineering example is also given to show the advantage and effectiveness of this method.     

梯度功能材料的研究进展及展望

梯度功能材料是一种新型的功能复合材料，它的两侧由不同性能的材料组成，中间部分的组成和结构连续地呈梯度变化，从而使材料的性质和功能也沿厚度方向呈梯度变化，克服了不同材料结合的性能不匹配因素，使两种材料的优势都得到充分发挥。文中介绍了梯度功能材料的概念及开发背景，着重评述了梯度功能材料在制备方法、性能评价和应用等方面研究的新进展及功能梯度材料在国内外的研究成果，并展望了其未来的发展前景。