IPS转移轨道设计技术

行星际高速公路（IPS）在未来深空探测中有着重要作用,转移轨道设计技术是IPS设计理论的关键技术之一。在系统综述和总结前人研究成果的基础上,首先分析了IPS的理论基础,然后从不变流形理论出发,研究了IPS转移轨道设计问题,重点分析了不变流形与出发天体停泊轨道不能相交的情况下,转移轨道的设计与优化方法。最后将IPS返回轨道分解为大气层外飞行段和大气层内飞行段分别优化,讨论了IPS返回转移轨道设计问题。     

星际探测新时代面临预算压力

从现在开始，世界各国将迎来一个行星际探测新时代的到来。到2005年，按计划各国共将向各大行星及其卫星、香星和小行星发射约20颗探测器，而1989年时在研的星际探测器只有5颗。与以往由美国和俄罗斯唱主角不同，欧洲和日本现在也在牵头搞一些星际探索项目。此外，美国航宇局还     

“中国嫦娥”千万里我追寻着你(上)——嫦娥二号卫星留在星际间靓丽轨迹回眸

此刻,在遥远的星际空间,嫦娥二号正奋力向前翱翔.作为我国第二颗月球探测器,嫦娥二号卫星在圆满完成既定任务的同时,取得了大量的科学和技术试验验证成果,突破了一批核心和关键技术,开创了我国深空探测任务新模式,系统性推进了相关领域的技术发展,成为具有国际水准与特色的深空多目标、多任务探测器和我国第一个行星际探测器,中国也成为国际上第三个飞入拉格朗日点、第四个开展小行星探测的国家,完成了我国深空探测创造性的跨越,将中国深空探测的臂膀伸向了遥远的星际空间.     

深空1号启程远行

行星际探测器一般都是充分利用最新技术进展的高性能航天器。但另一方面，由于飞行次数很有限和高昂的费用，有关部门对采用未经过验证的新技术和新设备又感到不甚放心。为了让未来的空间科学卫星能放心大胆地使用新的技术装备，美国航宇局专门设立了一项技术计划，称为新...     

知识资料窗

空间探测器空间探测器就是对月球和月球以远的天体和空间进行探测的无人航天器，又称深空探测器。空间探测器包括月球探测器、行星和行星际探测器。空间探测器是深空探测的主要工具。深空探测主要包括月球探测、行星探测和行星际探测。探测的主要目的是：了解太阳系的起源...     

空间因特网与空间测控

空间因特网的建立是空间数据系统发展的必然趋势,CCSDS提出在2020年建立行星际因特网,全世界各国空间组织的技术专家们已展开对下一代空间因特网的研究。文章从空礼数据系统现状出发,分析了建立空间因特网需要解决的问题,并探讨了空间因特网的实现将对空间测控带来的影响。     

行星际空间环境对探测器可靠性影响分析

空间环境是影响航天器可靠性的重要因素。与地球轨道航天器相比,行星际探测任务可能会遭受更加恶劣的空间环境,例如极端温度环境,辐射环境,腐蚀性大气环境、宇宙尘等,再加上行星际任务寿命长,采用先进的器件和材料,空间环境对行星际探测器的可靠性构成严重的威胁,直接关系到探测目标能否实现。因此考虑空间环境对行星际探测器的影响,开展相关的预先研究无论是对于制定行星际空间探测计划,还是搭载仪器的设计都具有非常重要的意义。文章分析了极端温度、辐射环境和行星表面综合环境对探测器的影响,并对开展相关研究提出了建议。     

基于形状的行星际小推力转移轨道初始设计方法

初始设计问题是行星际小推力转移轨道设计中的难点。本文在对逆多项式逼近方法进行改进基础上,提出一种星际小推力转移轨道初始设计方法。首先,通过分析逆多项式逼近轨道的动力学特性,推导了关键系数的可行取值范围;然后,基于改进的逆多项式逼近理论,通过对加速度约束进行处理,建立了一种简单有效的星际小推力轨道设计模型;最后,为高效可靠的获得最优设计参数,采用微分进化算法对轨道设计模型进行了寻优计算。该方法不仅避免了传统逆多项式逼近遗漏可行轨道的缺陷,并且设计参数少,能够为精确设计提供一组可靠的初始设计参数。仿真计算验证了该方法的有效性。     

行星际空间质子引起介质深层充电的GEANT4模拟研究

高通量的空间质子是导致行星际航天器深层充电的主要原因,基于辐射诱导电导率模 型（RIC）和粒子输运模拟工具GEANT4对介质材料在质子辐照条件下的深层充电问题进行了 预估。利用GEANT4-RIC充电计算方法,首先计算出10MeV质子在Kapton和Teflon中的注量和 剂量沉积曲线,进而根据电流连续性方程、泊松方程和电荷俘获方程组成的辐射诱导电导率 模型（RIC）求解出介质内电荷和电场分布,与介质击穿电场阈值对比作为其是否发生放电 的依据。模拟结果证实了对10MeV质子,在质子注量为3×10 12 ／cm 2时Kapton会发 生放电,而Teflon则不会发生放电的一般性试验结论。验证了GEANT4-RIC方法用于行星际航 天器介质材料质子充放电评价的可行性,为此类问题的解决奠定了基础。
     

深空探测通信技术发展趋势及思考

阐述了深空探测通信的重要地位和意义，就深空探测通信中的主要问题和特点开展论述，分析了深空探测通信的国内外研究现状。提出了利用地球静止轨道卫星编队的方法构建我国自主的天基连续测控和通信系统的构想，并以月球为中继、利用地月系统内的拉格朗日点开展深空探测。建议当前开展深空探测通信中星际互联网络体系结构、高效信道编码技术和空间协议研究的构想。     

Optimization of Flights between the Orbits of Artificial Satellites of Two Planets Using a Combination of High and Low Thrusts

The problem of optimization of the trajectory of an interplanetary flight of a multistaged spacecraft using jet engines with high and low thrust is considered. The issues concerning the problem of choosing the main design parameters of a multistage spacecraft are touched upon. A mathematical model of start-to-finish optimization of all segments of the interplanetary flight trajectory is proposed. Using this model the specific features of flights to the orbits of satellites of Jupiter and Mars are studied.     

Optimization of interplanetary trajectories for spacecraft with ideally regulated engines using the continuation method

The problem of optimization of interplanetary trajectories is considered for spacecraft with a small-thrust ideally regulated engine. When the maximum principle is used, determination of the optimal trajectory is reduced to solution of a two-point boundary value problem for a system of ordinary differential equations. In order to solve this boundary value problem, the method of continuation in parameter is used, and with the help of it the formal reduction of the boundary value problem to a Cauchy problem is performed. Different variants of the continuation method are considered, including the method of continuation in the gravitational parameter which allows one to find extreme trajectories with a preset angular distance. The issues of numerical realization of the continuation method are discussed, and numerical examples of its use for solving the problems of optimization of interplanetary trajectories are presented.     

Influence of the interplanetary magnetic field on ULF oscillations of the ionospheric resonator

A weak but statistically reliable dependence of the diurnal activity of oscillations in the ionospheric Alfvén resonator on orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field ahead of the magnetospheric front has been detected based on observations of ULF oscillations at Sayan solar observatory Mondy of the Institute of Solar–Terrestrial Physics. The interpretation of the result has been proposed. The essence is that the electromagnetic fluctuations penetrate into the magnetosphere from the interplanetary environment and influence the ionospheric resonator. The formulation of the problem and the method of solving it are part of the broad program of the experimental and theoretical study of the influence of the interplanetary magnetic field on the oscillation regime of ULF oscillations of the magnetosphere.     

NEOs as stepping stones to Mars and main-belt asteroids

Human interplanetary missions are constrained by the problem of astronaut exposure to galactic cosmic radiation. This paper surveys the existing on-line near-Earth object (NEO) data base in an effort to identify NEOs that cross both Earth's ad Mars’ orbits and could be used as cosmic ray shields by interplanetary voyagers. The search concentrated on low-inclination Mars-crossing NEOs that approach Earth, Mars, and main-belt asteroids in the 2020–2100 time frame. Both outbound and return transfers were searched for. Several candidates for Earth–Mars, Mars–Earth, and Earth–Vesta transfers have been found from the very incomplete August 2008 data base. Other aspects of this interplanetary transfer option are considered.     

Design of Interplanetary Transfers with Passive Gravity Assists and Deep Space Maneuvers

In the paper, the problem of designing interplanetary trajectories with several swing-bys and deep-space maneuvers is solved using the method of virtual trajectories developed by the authors. The algorithms for the calculation of both heliocentric and planetocentric trajectory arcs are presented, including the case of resonant trajectories. The results of applying the method of virtual trajectories to the problem of designing an interplanetary transfer to Jupiter are given and compared with the baseline trajectories for the Juno, Europa Clipper, and Laplace missions.     

太阳系行星及行星际大气环境特性研究

研究了行星及行星际大气环境特性。为了克服用玻耳兹曼公式（BF）计算行星大气总分子数时出现的发散困难，在玻耳兹曼公式中引入新的归一化函数g（r），得到了新的行星大气分布律公式（RBF），探讨了归一化函数的物理意义。和Jeans的理论进行了比较。用RBF计算了太阳系中木星、土星、天王星、海王星和土卫六的大气密度随高度的分布。这些结果对于开展行星探测工作有一定的指导意义。     

Theory of type III radio bursts in the interplanetary space: I. Derivation of permittivity tensor for the system consisting of electron beam and solar wind plasma

The tensor of permittivity for the system “electron beam - plasma of the interplanetary space” is derived in the approximation of geometrical optics. The problem is one-dimensional; all parameters such as density of the beam and of the solar wind plasma, and the induction of the interplanetary magnetic field are assumed to be dependent only on the distance to the Sun. The beam is generated by an active region during a solar flare, and it is a source of radio bursts of type III in the interplanetary space. The tensor of permittivity was obtained to close field equations by a material equation. On the basis of these equations it becomes possible to study theoretically the amplitude-frequency characteristics of the radio bursts as disturbances of the above-described beam-plasma system.     

An exploration of the effectiveness of artificial mini-magnetospheres as a potential solar storm shelter for long term human space missions

If mankind is to explore the solar system beyond the confines of our Earth and Moon the problem of radiation protection must be addressed. Galactic cosmic rays and highly variable energetic solar particles are an ever-present hazard in interplanetary space.     

How we will go to Mars

This article studies the efficiency of ejecting waste generated by the life support system (LSS) of a manned spacecraft to reduce initial mass on low earth orbit. The spacecraft is used for a long-duration interplanetary mission and is equipped with either a chemical or a nuclear-thermal propulsion system. For this study we simulate an optimal control problem for a given spacecraft maneuver. An impulsive approximation of the optimal interplanetary spacecraft trajectory is assumed, which allows us to reduce the general optimal control problem to hierarchic structure of 'outer' and 'inner' subproblems. This structure is analyzed using the Pontryagin's Maximum principle. Numerical results, illustrating the efficiency of waste ejection are shown for typical Earth-Mars transfer trajectories. This results confirm in theory that using a waste ejection system makes an early manned Mars mission possible without having to design and build new, advanced biological LSS.     

Trajectory of spacecraft with photonic laser propulsion in the two-body problem

The photonic laser propulsion (PLP) system can produce continuous and constant thrust. This paper reviews its basics and then studies its application in the two-body interplanetary trajectory. This study also derives the equations of motion (EOM) for a spacecraft in an inertial frame and rotational frame for the two-body problem, and uses the Jacobi integral to investigate the spatial restrictions on trajectory. This study proposes a constraint on the smallest thrust at the launching stage, and finds the in-plane and out-of-plane equilibria. Numerical simulations confirm the validity of the derivations. The results of this paper are directly applicable to future PLP thrust missions, and particularly interplanetary travel.