卫星星敏感器结构强电磁耦合效应仿真及实验研究

作为姿态测量器件安装在GEO卫星星表的星敏感器易受空间严酷带电环境影响,在强电磁脉冲干扰下出现在轨异常。文章通过数值模拟仿真和测试实验对星敏感器结构在电磁脉冲形成的强电磁场作用下的耦合效应进行研究,仿真计算强电磁场下星敏感器内部的耦合场分布和结构的电磁屏蔽效能,并进行相应的屏蔽效能验证实验。结果表明:强电磁场的高频部分通过星敏感器的光学窗口耦合进入星敏内部后将形成较强的电磁场,在谐振频点还会产生场强增强效应,使结构的屏蔽效能显著下降,内部的电子学器件受到干扰,需要采取相应的防护措施。以上结果可用于星敏感器的强电磁环境防护及相应的在轨异常分析。     

空间CCD图像传感器辐射损伤评估方法

CCD图像传感器作为高灵敏度光电集成部件,易受空间辐射的影响而发生性能退化和工作异常。开展其辐射效应评价研究并制定相应的防护对策,是保证其在空间可靠应用的前提。文章通过地面模拟试验和辐射屏蔽计算,对空间用CCD图像传感器电离辐射损伤与位移损伤效应开展评估方法研究,为CCD抗辐射加固设计与地面评估试验提供参考。该方法也可用于其他光电器件和材料辐射效应评价。     

卫星空间辐射效应及防护技术飞行试验初步设想

文章分析了国内外卫星空间辐射效应飞行试验的现状和发展趋势,根据我国卫星空间辐射效应及防护技术的具体情况,对卫星空间辐射效应及防护技术空间飞行试验的开展提出了建议。     

空间光学遥感器天然辐射效应数据库研究

空间环境是诱发卫星异常和故障的主要原因之一。光学遥感器作为卫星最重要的有效载荷之一，在空间会受到空间辐射环境的影响。因此在研制光学遥感器的同时，需要同时考虑空间辐射环境因素，文章就空间光学遥感器天然辐射效应数据库的设计和应用进行了介绍。     

空间光学遥感器天然辐射效应数据库研究

空间环境是诱发卫星异常和故障的主要原因之一。光学遥感器作为卫星最重要的有效载荷之一,在空间会受到空间辐射环境的影响。因此在研制光学遥感器的同时,需要同时考虑空间辐射环境因素,文章就空间光学遥感器天然辐射效应数据库的设计和应用进行了介绍。     

光学遥感器光电信号处理系统的空间辐射效应研究

文章针对光学遥感器光电信号处理系统,描述了空间辐射效应研究的方法和途径。首先介绍了光学遥感器常用运行轨道的空间辐射环境,然后选择光学遥感器的光电信号处理系统作为分析模型,介绍了光电信号处理系统的电路组成和主要元器件,从器件级、电路级到系统级对空间辐射效应的危害性进行分析,并且结合元器件的抗辐射性能现状,归纳了辐射效应的薄弱环节及主要元器件需要进行的辐照试验。最后对空间辐射效应研究的方法和步骤进行了总结。     

一种GEO卫星星敏感器热控设计

为解决目前地球静止轨道(GEO)卫星星敏感器热控设计复杂、实施难度大的问题,提出了一种辐射小舱式星敏感器热控设计方案。以东方红-4(DFH-4)平台GEO卫星星敏感器采用辐射小舱式热控设计方案为实例,利用热分析软件TMG建模进行了热分析验证,并根据分析结果对其布局进行了优化。优化结果表明:采用辐射小舱式热控设计方案时,星敏感器的在轨预示温度范围在-26.2～+22.2℃,能很好地满足其温度指标要求,设计方案合理可行,可为GEO卫星上同类设备的热控设计提供参考。     

环月轨道一体式星敏感器热设计及仿真验证

文章提出了一种适用于环月轨道条件下的一体式星敏感器的复合热设计方案。一体式星敏感器自身热耗集中,在环月轨道条件下受太阳辐射和月球红外辐射共同影响,散热条件恶劣。利用热管、热控涂层、多层和电加热器等热控措施相结合的方法,解决了环月轨道条件下的一体式星敏感器的散热问题。通过仿真分析,星敏感器最高温度36.7℃,满足单机温度要求。     

航天器空间辐射效应分析技术现状与思考

文章梳理了面向航天器总体设计的空间辐射效应分析技术现状,重点归纳了航天器空间辐射效应分析中需关注的总剂量效应、位移损伤效应、单粒子效应分析的要素、分析方法及软件工具,并结合近年来国际上空间辐射环境模型的最新进展,就辐射环境动态变化认知、在轨辐射风险表征、陌生轨道区域辐射环境影响分析等方面提出国内空间辐射效应分析技术的不足及后续发展建议。     

深空辐射环境及其效应的分析与比较

深空辐射环境对深空探测活动将带来严重的威胁。文章首先对深空辐射环境及效应进行了分析,接着对月球、火星、木星和土星等不同星体的辐射环境及效应进行了详细的探讨及比较。文章得到的结论可为深空探测器的设计和航天员的防护设计提供重要的指导与帮助。     

夜气辉对天基光学碎片探测的影响分析

设计并完成了夜气辉背景下的天基碎片观测试验，获取了综合谱段的观测数据。基于观测数据进行夜气辉的辐射特性及其对天基碎片探测的影响分析。结果表明，夜气辉辐射随纬度和高度呈现一定的分布特点，这些特点均符合夜气辉的理论分布规律。在约90 km处辐射最强，亮度可达到单位积分时间每平方角秒近15星等，这对恒星及碎片提取概率影响较大，其中，13等星的提取概率仅为40.5%。     

Ionizing radiation and life

Ionizing radiation is a ubiquitous feature of the Cosmos, from exogenous cosmic rays (CR) to the intrinsic mineral radioactivity of a habitable world, and its influences on the emergence and persistence of life are wide-ranging and profound. Much attention has already been focused on the deleterious effects of ionizing radiation on organisms and the complex molecules of life, but ionizing radiation also performs many crucial functions in the generation of habitable planetary environments and the origins of life. This review surveys the role of CR and mineral radioactivity in star formation, generation of biogenic elements, and the synthesis of organic molecules and driving of prebiotic chemistry. Another major theme is the multiple layers of shielding of planetary surfaces from the flux of cosmic radiation and the various effects on a biosphere of violent but rare astrophysical events such as supernovae and gamma-ray bursts. The influences of CR can also be duplicitous, such as limiting the survival of surface life on Mars while potentially supporting a subsurface biosphere in the ocean of Europa. This review highlights the common thread that ionizing radiation forms between the disparate component disciplines of astrobiology.     

M stars as targets for terrestrial exoplanet searches and biosignature detection

The changing view of planets orbiting low mass stars, M stars, as potentially hospitable worlds for life and its remote detection was motivated by several factors, including the demonstration of viable atmospheres and oceans on tidally locked planets, normal incidence of dust disks, including debris disks, detection of planets with masses in the 5-20 M() range, and predictions of unusually strong spectral biosignatures. We present a critical discussion of M star properties that are relevant for the long- and short-term thermal, dynamical, geological, and environmental stability of conventional liquid water habitable zone (HZ) M star planets, and the advantages and disadvantages of M stars as targets in searches for terrestrial HZ planets using various detection techniques. Biological viability seems supported by unmatched very long-term stability conferred by tidal locking, small HZ size, an apparent short-fall of gas giant planet perturbers, immunity to large astrosphere compressions, and several other factors, assuming incidence and evolutionary rate of life benefit from lack of variability. Tectonic regulation of climate and dynamo generation of a protective magnetic field, especially for a planet in synchronous rotation, are important unresolved questions that must await improved geodynamic models, though they both probably impose constraints on the planet mass. M star HZ terrestrial planets must survive a number of early trials in order to enjoy their many Gyr of stability. Their formation may be jeopardized by an insufficient initial disk supply of solids, resulting in the formation of objects too small and/or dry for habitability. The small empirical gas giant fraction for M stars reduces the risk of formation suppression or orbit disruption from either migrating or nonmigrating giant planets, but effects of perturbations from lower mass planets in these systems are uncertain. During the first approximately 1 Gyr, atmospheric retention is at peril because of intense and frequent stellar flares and sporadic energetic particle events, and impact erosion, both enhanced, the former dramatically, for M star HZ semimajor axes. Loss of atmosphere by interactions with energetic particles is likely unless the planetary magnetic moment is sufficiently large. For the smallest stellar masses a period of high planetary surface temperature, while the parent star approaches the main sequence, must be endured. The formation and retention of a thick atmosphere and a strong magnetic field as buffers for a sufficiently massive planet emerge as prerequisites for an M star planet to enter a long period of stability with its habitability intact. However, the star will then be subjected to short-term fluctuations with consequences including frequent unpredictable variation in atmospheric chemistry and surficial radiation field. After a review of evidence concerning disks and planets associated with M stars, we evaluate M stars as targets for future HZ planet search programs. Strong advantages of M stars for most approaches to HZ detection are offset by their faintness, leading to severe constraints due to accessible sample size, stellar crowding (transits), or angular size of the HZ (direct imaging). Gravitational lensing is unlikely to detect HZ M star planets because the HZ size decreases with mass faster than the Einstein ring size to which the method is sensitive. M star Earth-twin planets are predicted to exhibit surprisingly strong bands of nitrous oxide, methyl chloride, and methane, and work on signatures for other climate categories is summarized. The rest of the paper is devoted to an examination of evidence and implications of the unusual radiation and particle environments for atmospheric chemistry and surface radiation doses, and is summarized in the Synopsis. We conclude that attempts at remote sensing of biosignatures and nonbiological markers from M star planets are important, not as tests of any quantitative theories or rational arguments, but instead because they offer an inspection of the residues from a Gyr-long biochemistry experiment in the presence of extreme environmental fluctuations. A detection or repeated nondetections could provide a unique opportunity to partially answer a fundamental and recurrent question about the relation between stability and complexity, one that is not addressed by remote detection from a planet orbiting a solar-like star, and can only be studied on Earth using restricted microbial systems in serial evolution experiments or in artificial life simulations. This proposal requires a planet that has retained its atmosphere and a water supply. The discussion given here suggests that observations of M star exoplanets can decide this latter question with only slight modifications to plans already in place for direct imaging terrestrial exoplanet missions.     

基于交叠视场亮度优选算法的导航星库构建方法

星敏感器导航星库直接影响星图识别效率和姿态解算精度。分析了参与姿态解算的星颗数和亮度对姿态精度影响,在此基础上,提出了一种基于交叠视场亮度优选算法的星敏感器导航星库构建方法。将精度较高的Hipparcos星表作为基础星表,分析了星等、双星、自行、变星等对姿态精度的影响,将星库筛选成一个备选星库,生成覆盖全天球的交叠视场。每个拥有较多星的视场,都按照亮度优先原则从视场内的扇形区域中选择导航星,从而得到分布均匀的导航星库。结果表明:该方法能有效减小星敏感器导航星库规模,实现导航星在全天球和局部天区的均匀分布。     

基于CMOS APS的星敏感器光学系统参数确定

基于CMOS APS图象传感器的星敏感器是适应航天技术的发展而产生的新一代姿态敏感器。确定光斑形状和大小、光学系统有效通光孔径、视场和焦距等参数是进行星敏感器光学设计的前提。本文基于选定的CMOS APS图象传感器分别对这些参数进行了分析和计算。确定光斑形状和大小的依据是，减小由于探测器像元对光斑能量分布的采样导致点扩散函数变形，从而引起的利用亚像元技术求星像中心的计算误差。光学系统的有效通光孔径与星敏感器所能探测到的极限星等有关，通过从目标辐射特性直到探测器响应的能量计算可以确定孔径的大小。确定视场和焦距首先要满足星敏感器实现全天自主星图识别所需的导航星捕获概率，其次要考虑与之相关的误差。     

A search of the IRAS database for evidence of Dyson Spheres

One of the forms of astroengineering activity that a very advanced civilization could possibly carry on is the constructions of huge “buildings” in space around the central star. Historically such constructions are called Dyson Spheres. We would like to introduce a new name — Astroengineering Constructions (AC) — to mean a more general type of construction not necessarily related to any specific star. AC absorb energy from different types of activity and re-emit it as infrared radiation, i.e. radiation lying in the submillimeter and millimeter range. Further, AC are expect to have spectra similar to the black-body spectra because they re-emit all the energy that they absorb, although in the infrared range, as already mentioned. Thus, the effective temperature of these Planckian distributions is expected to lie between 3–300 K with the spectrum peaking between 10 μm and 10 mm. We have analyzed the IRAS database and extracted a catalog of sources whose spectra are similar to the black-body emission. The catalog of these sources and their preliminary parameters are discussed. The distribution of the color temperatures of IRAS sources and the sky distribution of sources are also considered. The possibility of the distinction of AC from thick circumstellar dust shells around red giant stars is discussed.     

Biomarker response to galactic cosmic ray-induced NOx and the methane greenhouse effect in the atmosphere of an Earth-like planet orbiting an M dwarf star

Planets orbiting in the habitable zone of M dwarf stars are subject to high levels of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs), which produce nitrogen oxides (NOx) in Earth-like atmospheres. We investigate to what extent these NO(Mx) species may modify biomarker compounds such as ozone (O3) and nitrous oxide (N2O), as well as related compounds such as water (H2O) (essential for life) and methane (CH4) (which has both abiotic and biotic sources). Our model results suggest that such signals are robust, changing in the M star world atmospheric column due to GCR NOx effects by up to 20% compared to an M star run without GCR effects, and can therefore survive at least the effects of GCRs. We have not, however, investigated stellar cosmic rays here. CH4 levels are about 10 times higher on M star worlds than on Earth because of a lowering in hydroxyl (OH) in response to changes in the ultraviolet. The higher levels of CH4 are less than reported in previous studies. This difference arose partly because we used different biogenic input. For example, we employed 23% lower CH4 fluxes compared to those studies. Unlike on Earth, relatively modest changes in these fluxes can lead to larger changes in the concentrations of biomarker and related species on the M star world. We calculate a CH4 greenhouse heating effect of up to 4K. O3 photochemistry in terms of the smog mechanism and the catalytic loss cycles on the M star world differs considerably compared with that of Earth.     

星敏感器杂光抑制分析

介绍了用蒙特卡洛法进行星敏感器杂光分析的基本思想、数学模型以及表面热辐射概率模型 ,对典型卫星星敏感器的杂光传递进行了模拟。在复杂的杂光环境下 ,建立杂光传递模型 ,获得了星敏感器杂光环境的定量杂光贡献 ,并对大衰减比遮光罩及光学系统内的杂光传递进行了跟踪 ,给出了遮光罩的消杂光能力     

What makes a planet habitable, and how to search for habitable planets in other solar systems

The availability of liquid water is the most important factor that makes a planet habitable, because water is a very effective polar molecule and hence an excellent solvent and facilitator for the complex chemistry of life. Its presence presupposes a planet with a significant mass that guarantees the presence of a substantial atmosphere, and a reasonable spinning rate to avoid overheating. It also implies that the planet is at moderate distances from its central star, a range that is called the Ecosphere or the Habitable Zone. Since the evolution of life to high intelligence seems to take billions of years, it requires also that the central star must be neither too massive, that will produce a lot of lethal UV radiation and will have too short a life-span to allow life to evolve, nor of very small mass which will be producing too feeble a radiation to sustain life. The detection of free Oxygen in the atmosphere of a planet is a very strong evidence for the presence of life, because Oxygen is highly reactive and would rapidly disappear by combining with other elements, unless it is continuously replenished by life as the by-product of the process of photosynthesis that builds food for life (sugars) from CO2 and H2O.     

Influence on photosynthesis of starlight, moonlight, planetlight, and light pollution (reflections on photosynthetically active radiation in the universe)

Photosynthesis on Earth can occur in a diversity of organisms in the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) range of 10 nmol of photons m(-2) s(-1) to 8 mmol of photons m(-2) s(-1). Similar considerations would probably apply to photosynthetic organisms on Earth-like planets (ELPs) in the continuously habitable zone of other stars. On Earth, starlight PAR is inadequate for photosynthetically supported growth. An increase in starlight even to reach the minimum theoretical levels to allow for photosynthesis would require a universe that was approximately ten million times older, or with a ten million times greater density of stars, than is the case for the present universe. Photosynthesis on an ELP using PAR reflected from a natural satellite with the same size as our Moon, but at the Roche limit, could support a low rate of photosynthesis at full Moon. Photosynthesis on an ELP-like satellite of a Jupiter-sized planet using light reflected from the planet could be almost 1% of the rate in full sunlight on Earth when the planet was full. These potential contributions to photosynthesis require that the contribution is compared with the rate of photosynthesis driven by direct radiation from the star. Light pollution on Earth only energizes photosynthesis by organisms that are very close to the light source. However, effects of light pollution on photosynthesis can be more widespread if the photosynthetic canopy is retained for more of the year, caused by effects on photoperiodism, with implications for the influence of civilizations on photosynthesis.