加热温度及淬火组织对45钢开裂倾向的影响

45钢淬火开裂倾向很大。参考有关文献资料,对淬火加热温度,组织和硬度与开裂倾向的关系进行了分析和试验。结果表明,合理地选择加热温度,控制淬火组织及硬度,并对回火温度进行适当的调整,可在不降低使用性能的情况下,有效地避免或减少淬火裂纹的产生。     

地面管制运行与跑道安全管理培训体会

引言 笔者有幸参加了民航局空管局组织的“地面管制运行与跑道安全管理”赴美国休斯敦培训活动。在美期间,中美双方管制人员进行了广泛深入的交流学习,由休斯敦Houston Airport System（HAS）机坪管理、大陆航空公司、休斯敦TRACON以及ARTCC等部门主管或教员对各自部门进行了详细介绍并带领中方学员参观了所有的工作场所。     

航天技术识别与预见的方法及应用

从方法应用和组织管理两个层面对国外航天技术识别与预见的现状进行了系统梳理和比较分析。在方法应用层面,将国外航天技术识别与预见方法从研究性方法和规范性方法两类进行梳理;在组织管理层面,从国外航天技术识别与预见的组织机构、制度标准、工作程序、创新文化和资源网络五个方面进行了简要分析。文章剖析了我国航天技术识别与预见的现状与差距,提出了提升我国航天技术识别与预见能力的途径。     

美国的商业发射许可证制度

《外空条约》第６条规定：本条约各缔约国对本国在外层空间，包括月球与其他天体在内的活动应负国际责任，不论这类活动是由政府机构或是由非政府实体进行的。它并应负国际责任保证本国的活动符合本条约的规定。非政府实体在外层空间，包括月球与其他天体在内的活动，应经本条约有关缔约国批准并受其不断监督。国际组织在外层空间，包括月球与其他天体在内进行活动时，遵守本条约的责任应由该国际组织和参加该国际组织的本条约缔约国共同承担。为履行外空条约的上述规定，绝大多数空间国家均制订了相应的国内立法，对本国非政府实体从事空间…     

Al-Ti-B晶粒细化剂的组织与细化效果

以较为常见的8011铝合金为研究对象,分析了Al-Ti-B中间合金对其组织及性能的作用机理,结果表明:Al-Ti-B对合金组织具有细化作用,同时对其性能也有一定的影响,最后对试验结果进行了分析与总结。     

卫星移动通信系统试验鉴定的实践与思考

卫星移动通信系统的试验鉴定与一般武器装备的相比,具有试验子样少、试验成本高、组织体系复杂、试验资源占用多等特点,这对试验鉴定策略和方法的研究提出了极大挑战。文章通过对美国航天装备试验鉴定体系进行分析,重点对美军MUOS试验鉴定的组织体系、测试项目等要素进行研究,提出对卫星移动通信系统试验鉴定的思考与建议。     

航天器系统级测试现状分析

从测试方法、测试计划、测试模式、测试用例设计方法、测试工具等方面对航天器系统级测试进行了探讨。测试方法主要包括测试覆盖性分析法、自上而下或自下而上的测试方法、面向对象或面向过程的测试方法等;测试计划参考了NASA航天器的分类方法,包括对低成本卫星、商业卫星及载人航天器等三大类航天器进行了论述;测试模式包括任务组织方式、测试系统部署方式及人员配置等;测试用例设计方法包括软件测试方法、基于模型的测试方法及试验测试方法等;测试工具主要包括手动工具、自动化工具、信息化管理工具等三个发展阶段。此外,文章还对当前航天器系统级测试的现状及面临的问题进行了分析。     

基于不确定性MDO的卫星总体优化设计研究

为了提高卫星总体设计质量,对基于不确定性多学科设计优化(UMDO)的卫星总体设计方法进行研究。首先提出了卫星总体的UMDO流程,重点对组织实现UMDO的优化过程进行了深入讨论。然后以某遥感小卫星的总体设计为例,对其UMDO数学问题进行了表述,采用UMDO优化过程对优化问题进行了组织与求解。优化结果表明,通过UMDO方法进行设计优化,能够在提高设计方案目标性能的同时,有效提高方案的稳健性和可靠性,验证了UMDO在卫星总体设计中快速形成稳健、可靠的优化方案的可行性和有效性。
     

飞上太空的路径

在美国,学生进行太空搭载实验,可通过多种途径获得支持和实现。利用航天飞机是学生进行太空搭载实验的选择之一。NASA及一些与航天科技领域相关的机构及企业组织都设有专门支持学生进行航天飞机飞行实验的计划,来培养学生对航天的兴趣爱好和科学素养。如果学生对太空实验感兴趣,就可以通过网络或邮寄等方式向这些专门计划的联络办公室（人员）提交报名表、实验设计方案或意向书,然后坐等随后而来的好消息。对参与太空实验的学生及其实验项目,NASA和相关部门会提供全程的指导和服务。一旦确认入选最后的太空飞行,学生们还有机会到梦想中的航天中心,亲自装载实验或观看发射。在此,我们为您介绍一下美国学生都通过哪些专门计划来实现航天飞机太空搭载实验的。     

CBI主题依托模式在地方高校大学英语教学中的应用研究

CBI是一种把语言和学科知识结合起来,在获得学科知识的同时获得语言能力的教学理念。经过近半个世纪的理论研究和实践探索,CBI理念日趋成熟,在西方发达国家被广泛用于二语教学和外语教学。与围绕语言结构或形式来组织教学的传统模式不同,CBI主题式则围绕着某个或某几个主题来组织教学。CBI主题模式比较适合现阶段的中国大学英语教学。本文介绍了CBI理念的起源和内涵,分析了CBI主题模式的特点和优势,最后探讨了在地方高校大学英语教学中的实施路径与方法。     

Principal investigators and project managers: Insights from Discovery

NASA’s Discovery, Explorer, and Mars Scout mission lines have demonstrated over the past 15 years that, with careful planning, flexible management techniques, and a commitment to cost control, small space science missions can be built and launched at a fraction of the price of strategic missions. Many credit management techniques such as co-location, early contracting for long-lead items, and a resistance to scope creep for this, but it is also important to examine what may be the most significant variable in small mission implementation: the roles and the relationship of the principal investigator, responsible to NASA for the success of the mission, and the project manager, responsible for delivering the mission to NASA. This paper reports on a series of 55 oral histories with principal investigators, project managers, co-investigators, system engineers, and senior management from nearly every competitively selected Discovery mission launched to date that discuss the definition and evolution of these roles and share revealing insights from the key players themselves. The paper will show that there are as many ways to define the principal investigator/project manager relationship as there are missions, and that the subtleties in the relationship often provide new management tools not practical in larger missions.     

项目组织管理能力不足造成的项目成本损失分析

文章旨在描述一种对项目组织管理能力不足造成的成本损失进行分析的思路和方法。在项目管理中,通过对“项目组织管理成本损失因子”的分析和有效管理,实现对项目组织管理能力的综合量化评价提供参考依据。     

航天产品计算机集成制造系统研发项目管理组织结构研究

通过分析复杂航天产品的研制特点,利用现代项目管理的理论和方法,阐述了建立平衡矩阵组织结构等组织管理手段,有效地解决了航天产品计算机集成制造系统研发项目组织管理中存在的问题,为军工制造业数字化项目的实施提供可借鉴的管理经验。     

航天项目管理——高技术复杂项目管理

航天项目是高技术项目。航天项目管理是高技术复杂项目管理。人的动机和行为的不确定性以及高新技术的挑战是复杂性的重要根源。高技术项目组织管理需要系统思维,高技术系统研制要采用系统工程方法。系统思维和系统工程方法是项目管理者应对复杂管理局面的有效方法。     

国外某航天企业项目管理模式探讨

分析了国外某航天企业的项目管理模式及其主要的管理组织结构和职能,指出项目管理能力已经成为衡量航天企业综合能力的重要标志,结合该企业先进的经验,讨论了目前国内航天院所项目管理现状的不足,并提出了提高相关项目管理能力和管理成熟度的建议。     

Cooperation and dialogical modeling for designing a safe Human space exploration mission to Mars

This paper proposes an approach for a complex and innovative project requiring international contributions from different communities of knowledge and expertise. Designing a safe and reliable architecture for a manned mission to Mars or the Asteroids necessitates strong cooperation during the early stages of design to prevent and reduce risks for the astronauts at each step of the mission. The stake during design is to deal with the contradictions, antagonisms and paradoxes of the involved partners for the definition and modeling of a shared project of reference. As we see in our research which analyses the cognitive and social aspects of technological risks in major accidents, in such a project, the complexity of the global organization (during design and use) and the integration of a wide and varie d range of sciences and innovative technologies is likely to increase systemic risks as follows: human and cultural mistakes, potential defaults, failures and accidents. We identify as the main danger antiquated centralized models of organization and the operational limits of interdisciplinarity in the sciences. Beyond this, we can see that we need to take carefully into account human cooperation and the quality of relations between heterogeneous partners. Designing an open, self-learning and reliable exploration system able to self-adapt in dangerous and unforeseen situations implies a collective networked intelligence led by a safe process that organizes interaction between the actors and the aims of the project. Our work, supported by the CNES (French Space Agency), proposes an innovative approach to the coordination of a complex project.     

Organizing and managing satellite solar power

Building an organization and management structure to create, launch, utilize and protect a satellite solar power energy system will require a global policy for the beneficial use of SSP. The fundamental organizational tasks are: (1) R&D, achieved through a project organization characterized by the integrated management of applied science, development research and construction engineering; (2) investment, generated by a series of groups creating financial vehicles for public and private investment; (3) transmission and distribution, characterized by attention to an engineering and maintenance process emphasizing high reliability; and (4) crisis response, demanding readiness for instant response to potential internal or external scenarios. A differentiated global organization spanning the long timeframe of SSP will need to have a central management core representative of all parts of the organization, with the capacity for self-renewal and re-adaptation. To be successful over its long timeframe, the SSP organization will need to build continuity and public confidence through intergenerational communication, public education, and community outreach. Integrating structures must be created at all levels of the organization, and should encompass joint work tasks and information-sharing among both industrial and government members. Developmental and alliance partners who support the formation and financing of a differentiated satellite solar power organization will share commensurately in the technologies and competencies that are created.     

Space policy for late comer countries: A case study of South Korea

Korea’s space development program was created almost 40 years behind those of the advanced countries but it has nevertheless made remarkable progress. Korean space development has been focused on technology catch-up, where commercialization and growth of industrial competitiveness are important rationales. However, the program has several problems, including: lack of a space equipment manufacturing industry, total system companies in the space manufacturing industry and communication between industry and researchers, and much concentration of projects and initiatives in the Korean Aerospace Research Institute (KARI). This study analyzes the problem by comparing space agencies and programs in Korea and other countries, particularly Japan and the USA. It is shown that the role of a national laboratory is critical in space industry development and argued that KARI should make greater efforts to promote the Korean space industry by encouraging technology transfer, sharing equipment and communication between companies. For successful space development, the main organization – usually the national research institute – should change its role from a research-only laboratory to manager and supporter of space development and industry. Such a move would invigorate Korea’s space industry and allow it to catch up with countries with a similar environment.