快回旋电子束波微波整流器及其应用

文章描述了把微波能量转变为直流电的回旋波整流器的结构和工作原理;分析了它在卫星太阳能电站等大功率无线输电工程应用中的优点,并与一般用于无线输电技术原理性演示和小功率输电的肖特基势垒二极管整流方法进行了比较;回顾分析了它的发展历史和研究现状;指出了今后需要进一步深化创新的有关问题;讨论了在卫星太阳能电站地面接收整流天线阵和其它电力工程中的应用前景;最后表达了作者自己的一点想法和希望。回旋波整流器从最早的理论研究、计算机模拟和实验室试品到现在准实用型的产品,已经受了30余年的漫长历程,其外观、性能正在逐步得到改进。将来高可靠性整流器的优化参数为：输入微波频率范围1GHz～10GHz,带宽0．5％～5％,输出电压高至100kV,输出功率大到100kW,微波整流效率85％～90％。     

无线供电模式在微小卫星供配电上的应用前景

针对微小卫星供配电体制，对两种无线供电模式，即卫星进行空间太阳能电站微波能量接收增加整星电能和卫星采用内部无线供电提供灵活结构、平台减重的可行性方案，进行适应性分析。     

空间高压发电输电及无线能量传输试验验证方案

面向未来的MW级及GW级空间太阳能电站发展，针对空间高压大功率发电输电技术和大功率无线能量传输技术空间验证需求，初步设计了百千瓦级高压发电输电及无线能量传输试验在轨验证方案，提出试验验证的必要性、验证目标、系统组成、技术指标及试验过程，并且对试验验证的关键技术进行分析，为后续开展深入研究提供参考。     

空间太阳能电站及其对微波无线能量传输技术的需求

1968年由Peter Glaser博士提出的空间太阳能电站(SPS)概念作为未来最有前景的能源方式之一,正在获得更多的关注。世界上已经提出许多的发展计划,并且已经研究了几十个典型的空间太阳能电站概念。无线能量传输是空间太阳能电站概念的基础,是决定空间太阳能电站效率、尺寸、重量的重要影响因素之一。同时,空间太阳能电站也是无线能量传输技术的最重要的应用方向。文章在空间太阳能电站的发展背景和典型概念方案介绍的基础上,分析了空间太阳能电站对于微波无线能量传输技术的需求,提出未来的发展建议。     

利用等离子体通道实现空间太阳能无线能量传输

空间太阳能电站是高效利用太阳能的有效途径,受到了国际的广泛关注。空间无线能量传输技术是空间太阳能电站的关键技术之一。文章首先分析了微波与激光无线能量传输技术的问题,根据空间太阳能传输的具体需求进一步提出基于等离子体通道的无线能量传输技术,并对基于此项技术的空间太阳能传输系统进行了论证,完善并发展了空间太阳能传输模型。基于等离子体通道的无线能量传输技术为多个领域的能量补给提供了新颖的技术途径,是具有广阔应用前景的战略选择。     

空间太阳能电站高低压混合供电系统设计

在调研美国NASA空间太阳能电站(SPS)供配电相关方案的基础上,针对空间太阳能电站平台设备和有效载荷设备两种不同的供电特性要求,提出将高低压混合供电技术应用于空间太阳能电站的供电系统设计。该设计在满足高效对地供电传输要求的同时,能够确保航天器平台自身的稳定、可靠运行。文章介绍了高低压混合供电技术的原理和系统构成;针对系统高于目前在轨卫星6个数量级的超高压需求,分析了高压电缆和高压继电器研制的可行性,得出高压电缆的重点研究方向,即通过材料及结构优化来减小质量、增加散热、减小弯曲半径等,高压继电器的研究方向为研制高压混合继电器(EMPC)中适用于航天任务的高压固态功率管;调研分析了目前常用的空间等离子体被动防护技术和主动防护技术,通过比较,说明主动防护技术更适用于空间太阳能电站的超高压系统,可为我国建设超大功率空间太阳能电站提供技术参考。     

空间太阳能电站的激光无线能量传输技术研究

以空间太阳能电站为研究背景,通过对大功率激光发射、高效激光能量接收、高功率激光光束控制等关键技术的研究,提出了一种可用于空间太阳能电站的激光无线能量传输系统,可为未来空间太阳能电站的建设和应用提供技术支撑和方法储备,同时也可为我国空间科学研究及新能源应用提出了一种安全、高效、先进的技术手段。     

大功率激光能量传输多光束协同捕获瞄准与跟踪技术研究

以用于空间太阳能电站的远距离、大功率激光无线能量传输为研究背景,以提高系统能量传输效率为宗旨,针对多光束传输的激光无线能量传输系统协同捕获、瞄准与跟踪(APT)方法进行研究。首先通过对大功率激光无线能量传输系统的分析,获知了单光束激光无线能量传输系统的局限性,然后针对大功率、多光束激光无线能量传输系统的协同APT系统组成,分析了单终端多光束系统和多终端多光束系统的实现方法及构成,最后针对单光束、7光束和9光束发射系统的目标重构光斑进行仿真,仿真结果表明,通过精确的多光束协同APT系统可以实现光束重构,重构后的能量光斑能量密度和分布都能得到改善。文章的研究成果将为建造用于空间太阳能电站的大功率、远距离激光能量传输系统提供技术储备和理论依据。     

空间太阳能电站反向波束控制仿真分析

分析几项重要的空间太阳能电站反向波束控制技术研究工作,提出空间太阳能电站微波无线能量传输(MPT)分系统的初步方案和主要参数,在此基础上建立空间太阳能电站微波波束发射和反向波束控制仿真模型,重点分析发射天线子阵列的微波馈电相位误差、频率误差和姿态误差等因素对于系统传输效率的影响,相关结论将为微波无线能量系统的设计和微波无线能量传输技术的研究提供参考。     

空间太阳能电站构想及其相关技术的发展

文章介绍了太阳功率卫星（SPS）的发展背景、基本原理和系统构成,分析了实现SPS的主要技术条件。通过分析目前国际上建设SPS所开展的实验及其相关技术的发展,以期对中国未来发展空间太阳能电站技术提供借鉴。     

空间太阳能电站技术的可行性研究

简要介绍世界空间太阳能电站的太阳发电卫星／太阳能发电（ＳＰＳ／ＬＳＰ）系统两种设想及相关技术的可行性研究与发展情况。总体说，实现空间电站所需无线电能传输技术（ＷＰＴ）、太阳电池技术及空间技术已基本成熟，可望于下世纪初建立初步的空间太阳能发电系统。     

Study on Multi-Rotary Joints Space Power Satellite Concept

The Space Power Satellite(SPS) would be a huge spacecraft capturing the power of solar radiation in space and to supply electric power to the electric grid on the ground. The SPS concept was proposed by Dr. Peter Glaser in 1968. SPS have been studied now for exactly fifty years by many scientists in various countries. It has been regarded as one of the most promising energy projects of the future and has been attracting more attention in recent years. More and more Chinese scholars and experts are paying attention to the development of SPS. Due to the huge size, immense mass and high power of such a satellite system, there are many technical difficulties which exist to realize SPS. In this paper, recent SPS research and development activities are reviewed first. Various SPS concepts are analyzed and compared. The primary scheme of the Multi-Rotary joint SPS(MR-SPS) is described. The main feature is that the huge solar array comprising many separate small solar sub-arrays and each solar sub-array has two middle power rotary joints. So, the most challenging technology, the high-power rotary joint, is simplified by using many middlepower rotary joints hence the possibility of a single-point failure of a single rotary joint is avoided. This enables easy assembly of the modular solar arrays. Finally some key technologies of MR-SPS are analyzed.     

Early commercial demonstration of space solar power using ultra-lightweight arrays

Space solar power shows great promise for future energy sources worldwide. Most central power stations operate with power capacity of 1000 MW or greater. Due to launch size limitations and specific power of current, rigid solar arrays, the largest solar arrays that have flown in space are around 50 kW. Thin-film arrays offer the promise of much higher specific power and deployment of array sizes up to several MW with current launch vehicles. An approach to early commercial applications for space solar power to distribute power to charge hand-held, mobile battery systems by wireless power transmission (WPT) from thin-film solar arrays in quasi-stationary orbits will be presented. Four key elements to this prototype will be discussed: (1) Space and near-space testing of prototype wireless power transmission by laser and microwave components including WPT space to space and WPT space to near-space HAA transmission demonstrations; (2) distributed power source for recharging hand-held batteries by wireless power transmission from MW space solar power systems; (3) use of quasi-geostationary satellites to generate electricity and distribute it to targeted areas; and (4) architecture and technology for ultra-lightweight thin-film solar arrays with specific energy exceeding 1 kW/kg. This approach would yield flight demonstration of space solar power and wireless power transmission of 1.2 MW. This prototype system will be described, and a roadmap will be presented that will lead to still higher power levels.     

The role of international organizations in SPS

Based on simulation of an SPS business case (described in the appendix), the requirements and options for international cooperation in the development and operation of solar power satellites (SPS) and power receiving plants on the ground (rectennas) are discussed. Industrial matters and financial aspects are included. Four specific near-term actions are suggested that fit within the responsibilities of international organisations such as the World Bank and EIB, IEA, ITU, WHO and UNCOPUOS.     

European Sail Tower SPS concept

Based on a DLR-study in 1998/99 on behalf of ESA/ESTEC called “System Concepts, Architectures and Technologies for Space Exploration and Utilization (SE&U)” a new design for an Earth-orbiting Solar Power Satellite (SPS) has been developed. The design is called “European Sail Tower SPS” and consists mainly of deployable sail-like structures derived from the ongoing DLR/ESA solar sail technology development activity. Such a SPS satellite features an extremely light-weight and large tower-like orbital system and could supply Europe with significant amounts of electrical power generated by photovoltaic cells and subsequently transmitted to Earth via microwaves. In order to build up the sail tower, 60 units - each consisting of a pair of square-shaped sails - are moved from LEO to GEO with electric propulsion and successively assembled in GEO robotically on a central strut. Each single sail has dimensions of 150m × 150 m and is automatically deployed, using four diagonal light-weight carbon fiber (CFRP) booms which are initially rolled up on a central hub. The electric thrusters for the transport to GEO could also be used for orbit and attitude control of the assembled tower which has a total length of about 15 km and would be mainly gravity gradient stabilized. Employing thin film solar cell technology, each sail is used as a solar array and produces an electric power in orbit of about 3.7 MW_e. A microwave antenna with a diameter of 1 km transmits the power to a 10 km rectenna on the ground. The total mass of this 450 MW SPS is about 2100 tons. First estimates indicate that the costs for one kWh delivered in this way could compete with present day energy costs, if launch costs would decrease by two orders of magnitude. Furthermore, mass production and large numbers of installed SPS systems must be assumed in order to lower significantly the production costs and to reduce the influence of the expensive technology development. The paper presents the technical concept and an economic assessment as well as results of a recent solar sail deployment ground demonstration at DLR's facilities in Cologne.     

多旋转关节空间太阳能电站概念方案设计

对于国际上典型的空间太阳能电站概念方案进行了分析,在此基础上提出了一种新的概念方案--多旋转关节空间太阳能电站,并给出总体构型和主要分系统初步方案设计结果。该方案采用多个相互独立的太阳电池子阵代替了传统的整体式太阳电池阵,以多个中等功率的导电旋转关节替代传统的极高功率的旋转关节,不仅解决了传统空间太阳能电站方案中的极大功率导电旋转关节技术难题,还可以避免导电关节的单点失效问题,模块化的设计也使得系统的组装和构建更加可行。     

绳系太阳能发电卫星姿态机动的主动振动控制

针对绳系太阳能发电卫星大角度回转机动时太阳能板的振动抑制问题,提出了主姿态控制和基于绳中张力的主动振动控制技术相结合的复合控制方法。建立了绳系太阳能发电卫星系统的动力学方程,并基于任务函数控制算法设计了主控制器保证卫星姿态的渐近稳定和挠性结构振动的衰减性;考虑到绳的非线性特性,基于任务函数控制算法设计了绳系卫星系统的主动振动抑制辅助控制器来抑制挠性结构的振动。设计的同时证明了系统的稳定性。将该方法应用于绳系卫星的大角度单轴回转机动的仿真研究,结果表明:该方法不仅能够使绳系卫星完成姿态机动,而且能够有效地抑制太阳能板的振动。     

The USSR and space power plants

The American idea of a Solar Power Satellite was proposed for the first time in 1968 by Peter Glaser in a famous article in Science. This concept has since been the subject of many theoretical studies, and of some limited practical studies (mainly about microwave energy transmission) in the USA with funding from NASA and the Department of Energy (DOE). Some evaluations have been also conducted in Western Europe, particularly within the European Space Agency (ESA). But very little is generally known about the attitude towards SPS of the second main space power: the USSR. Soviet literature on SPS is much less abundant, but it does exist. Very interesting articles on the subject have been written by leading Soviet space experts. Some of these articles are analysed here, and the practical meanings of the ex[ressed opinions, generally very favourable, are investigated in view of the growing Soviet space capability.